Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Dedication

Copyright

Preface

Part 1: Transducers

Introduction to Transducers

1.0 Transducers

Chapter 1.1: Measurement systems

1.1.1 Transducers

1.1.2 Methods of measurement

1.1.3 Sensitivity

1.1.4 Zero, linearity and span

1.1.5 Resolution, hysteresis and error

1.1.6 Fourier analysis

1.1.7 Dynamic response

1.1.8 PID control

1.1.9 Accuracy and repeatability

1.1.10 Mechanical models

Chapter 1.2: Temperature

1.2.1 Temperature

1.2.2 Standard thermometers

1.2.3 Industrial thermometers

1.2.4 Platinum resistance thermometer

1.2.5 Liquid-in-glass thermometer

1.2.6 Radiation pyrometer

1.2.7 Thermocouple

1.2.8 Thermistors

1.2.9 Relative humidity

1.2.11 Activities

Chapter 1.3: Light

1.3.1 Light

1.3.2 Measuring light

1.3.3 Standards of measurement

1.3.4 Thermal detectors

1.3.5 Light dependent resistor (LDR)

1.3.6 Photodiode

1.3.7 Other semiconductor photodetectors

1.3.8 Optical detectors

1.3.9 Photomultiplier

Chapter 1.4: Position and motion

1.4.1 Mechanical switch

1.4.2 Potentiometric sensor

1.4.3 Capacitive transducer

1.4.4 LVDT

1.4.5 Angular velocity transducer

1.4.6 Position sensitive diode array

1.4.7 Motion control

Chapter 1.5: Force, pressure and flow

1.5.1 Strain gauge

1.5.2 Force

1.5.3 Piezoelectric sensor instrumentation

1.5.4 Acceleration and vibration

1.5.5 Mass

1.5.6 Atmospheric pressure

1.5.7 Pressure

1.5.8 Industrial pressure measurement

1.5.9 Sound

1.5.10 Flow

1.5.11 Level

Part 2: Interfacing

Introduction to Interfacing

2.0 Interfacing

Chapter 2.1: Number systems

2.1.1 Binary number system

2.1.2 Decimal to binary conversion

2.1.3 Hexadecimal

2.1.4 Decimal to hex conversion

2.1.5 2’s complement

2.1.6 Signed numbers

2.1.7 Subtraction and multiplication

2.1.8 Binary coded decimal (BCD)

2.1.9 Gray code

2.1.10 ASCII code

2.1.11 Boolean algebra

2.1.12 Digital logic circuits

2.1.14 Activities

Chapter 2.2: Computer architecture

2.2.1 Computer architecture

2.2.2 Memory

2.2.3 Segmented memory

2.2.4 Memory data

2.2.5 Buffers

2.2.6 Latches

2.2.7 Flip-flop

2.2.8 Input/Output (I/O)

2.2.9 Microprocessor unit (MPU/CPU)

2.2.10 Registers

2.2.11 ROM

2.2.12 Interrupts

2.2.13 Memory map

2.2.14 Real and protected mode CPU operation

2.2.16 Activities

Chapter 2.3: Assembly language

2.3.1 Instruction set

2.3.2 Assembly language

2.3.3 Program execution

2.3.4 Assembly language program structure

2.3.5 Assembler directives

2.3.6 Code segment

2.3.7 Assembly language shell program

2.3.8 Branching

2.3.9 Register and immediate addressing

2.3.10 Memory addressing

2.3.11 Indirect memory addressing

2.3.12 Indexed memory addressing

2.3.14 Interrupts

2.3.16 Activities

Chapter 2.4: Interfacing

2.4.1 Interfacing

2.4.2 Input/Output ports

2.4.3 Polling

2.4.4 Interrupts

2.4.5 Direct memory access (DMA)

2.4.6 Serial port

2.4.7 Serial port addresses

2.4.8 Serial port registers

2.4.9 Serial port registers and interrupts

2.4.10 Serial port baud rate

2.4.11 Serial port operation

2.4.12 Parallel printer port

2.4.13 Parallel port registers

2.4.14 Parallel printer port operation

Chapter 2.5: A to D and D to A conversions

2.5.1 Interfacing

2.5.2 The Nyquist criterion

2.5.3 Resolution and quantisation noise

2.5.4 Oversampling

2.5.5 Analog to digital converters

2.5.6 ADC (integrating method)

2.5.7 ADC (successive approximation)

2.5.8 Aperture error

2.5.9 ADC08xx chip

2.5.10 Sample-and-hold

2.5.11 Sample-and-hold control

2.5.12 Digital to analog conversion

2.5.13 DAC0800

2.5.14 Data acquisition board

Chapter 2.6: Data communications

2.6.1 Communications

2.6.2 Byte to serial conversion

2.6.3 RS232 interface

2.6.4 Synchronisation

2.6.5 UART (6402)

2.6.7 Line drivers

2.6.8 UART clock

2.6.9 UART Master Reset

2.6.10 Null modem

2.6.11 Serial port BIOS services

2.6.12 Serial port operation in BASIC

2.6.13 Hardware handshaking

2.6.14 RS485

2.6.15 GPIB

2.6.16 USB

2.6.17 TCP/IP

Chapter 2.7: Programmable logic controllers

2.7.1 Programmable logic controllers

2.7.2 Timing

2.7.3 Functional components

2.7.4 Programming

2.7.5 Ladder logic diagrams

2.7.6 PLC specifications

Chapter 2.8: Data acquisition project

2.8.1 Serial data acquisition system

2.8.2 Circuit construction

2.8.3 Programming

2.8.4 Sample-and-hold

2.8.5 Digital to analog system

Part 3: Signal processing

Introduction to Signal processing

3.0 Signal processing

Chapter 3.1: Transfer function

3.1.1 Instrumentation

3.1.2 Transfer function

3.1.3 Transforms

3.1.4 Laplace transform

3.1.5 Operator notation

3.1.6 Differential operator

3.1.7 Integrator – passive

3.1.8 Differentiator – passive

3.1.9 Transfer impedance

3.1.11 Activities

Chapter 3.2: Active filters

3.2.1 Filters

3.2.2 T –network filters

3.2.3 Twin-T filter

3.2.4 Active integrator/differentiator

3.2.5 Integrator transfer function

3.2.6 Low pass filter – active

3.2.7 2nd order active filter

3.2.8 Double integrator

3.2.9 Bandpass filter – narrow

3.2.10 Differentiator transfer function

3.2.11 High pass filter – active

3.2.12 High pass filter – ω-domain

3.2.13 Bandpass filter – wide

3.2.14 Voltage gain and dB

3.2.16 Activities

Chapter 3.3: Instrumentation amplifier

3.3.1 Difference amplifier

3.3.2 CMRR

3.3.3 Difference amplifier with voltage follower inputs

3.3.4 Difference amplifier with cross-coupled inputs

3.3.5 CMRR cross-coupled inputs

3.3.6 Instrumentation amplifier

3.3.7 Log amplifier

3.3.8 Op-amp frequency response

3.3.10 Activities

Chapter 3.4: Noise

3.4.1 Intrinsic noise

3.4.2 Environmental noise

3.4.3 Signal-to-noise ratio

3.4.4 Optical detectors

3.4.5 Lock-in amplifier

3.4.6 Correlation

Chapter 3.5: Digital signal processing

3.5.1 Digital filters

3.5.2 Fourier series

3.5.3 Fourier transform

3.5.4 Sampling

3.5.5 Discrete Fourier transform

3.5.6 Filtering

3.5.7 Digital filtering (ω-domain)

3.5.8 Convolution

3.5.9 Discrete convolution

3.5.10 Digital filtering (t-domain)

3.5.11 Example

3.5.12 Smoothing transfer function

3.5.14 Activities

Index

Further reading

Parts lists