-
- a
- absorbed glass mat (AGM VRLA)
- ac microgrid
- components
- distributed generation
- fixed and flexible loads
- fully centralized control
- fully decentralized approach
- interconnected mode
- islanded mode operation
- primary control
- secondary control
- tertiary control
- ac module inverter
- active frequency drift (AFD)
- active solar heating systems
- direct circulation systems
- indirect circulation systems
- active stall power control, of wind turbines
- ac-to-dc converters
- single-phase diode bridge rectifiers
- single-phase fully controlled rectifiers
- single-phase uncontrolled half-wave converter
- three-phase full-wave bridge diode rectifiers
- three-phase fully controlled bridge converter
- actuator disc model, of wind turbines
- AD see anaerobic digestion (AD)
- adjustable speed generators (ASGs)
- advanced carbon lead–acid battery
- aerodynamic brakes
- AFC see alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
- agriculture residues
- air heating systems, solar
- air turbines
- alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
- in Apollo space shuttle
- carbon-supported catalysts
- drawbacks
- lifetime
- schematic representation
- amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cells
- amplitude modulation index
- anaerobic digestion (AD)
- acetic acid and carbon dioxide
- for dairy manure
- direct combustion biomass power plant
- mesophilic and thermophilic conditions
- stages
- angle of incidence
- Angstrom electrical compensation pyrheliometer
- aquifer underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage
- Archimedes wave swing (AWS) device
- automatic solar tracker design
-
- b
- Bacon fuel cells see alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
- batch-type biogas plants
- Bernoulli's equation see conservation of energy
- Betz's coefficient
- binary cycle power plant
- biochemical/biological conversion
- anaerobic digestion
- definition
- fermentation
- biofuel resources
- biogas plants
- fixed-dome-type
- floating drum/constant pressure type
- slurry level
- biomass
- biochemical/biological conversion
- biofuel resources
- biogas plants
- conversion process
- electricity generation
- energy
- feedstocks
- mechanical extraction
- methods
- municipal solid waste
- production
- thermochemical conversion
- biostil process
- bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
- braking systems, for wind turbine generating system
- Brayton cycle
-
- c
- cadmium sulfide (CdS) photoresistor
- cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells
- cage-type induction generator
- Campbell–Stokes sunshine recorder
- Carnot cycle
- cascaded multicell inverter (CMCI)
- catalysts for PEM fuel cell
- cellulosic ethanol
- centralized inverter
- central receiver concentrating solar power plants
- centrifugal pumps
- charcoal production with pyrolysis
- chemical storage (batteries)
- advanced battery energy storage
- compressed air energy storage
- lead–acid batteries
- Clausius statement
- climate change
- CO2 emissions
- combined ac/dc microgrid
- autonomous mode
- modelling of three-phase transmission lines
- operation and control
- combined heat and power (CHP) plants
- compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR) technology
- compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)
- compressed air energy storage (CAES)
- concentrated solar–thermal desalination plants
- concentrating photovoltaic systems
- concentrating type solar collectors
- cylindrical trough collector
- heliostat field collector
- linear Fresnel reflector
- parabolic collectors
- parabolic dish reflector
- parabolic trough collector
- condition monitoring system (CMS), for wind turbines
- conservation of energy
- conservation of mass
- conservation of momentum
- constant pressure type plants see floating drum plants
- constant-voltage (CV) method
- constant volume type plants see fixed-dome-type biogas plant
- continuous-type biogas plants
- copper indium diselenide (CIS) solar cell
- copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cell
- copper indium selenide technology
- Coriolis force
- CPC see compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)
- cross-draft gasifiers
- cross-flow turbine
- crystalline silicon (c-Si) thin film solar cells
- current source inverter (CSI), three-phase
- cylindrical trough collector (CTC)
- Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth process
-
- d
- Darrieus-type wind turbine
- dc microgrid
- application of
- control methods
- energy storage system
- grid-connected operation mode
- islanding operating modes
- layout
- power electronics technology
- static storage integration
- dc-to-ac converters
- multiple-pulse-width modulation
- single-phase current source inverters
- single-phase voltage source bridge inverter
- single-pulse-width modulation
- sinusoidal-pulse-width modulation
- square-wave PWM inverter
- three-phase voltage source inverters
- declination angle (δ)
- DERs see distributed energy resources (DERs)
- desalination, of water
- diffused solar radiation
- diode-clamped multilevel inverters
- direct/beam radiation
- direct combustion steam turbine system
- direct-drive conversion system
- direct-flow evacuated tube collectors
- direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
- applications
- CO removal
- methanol crossover rate
- vs. PEMFC
- schematic representation
- distributed energy resources (DERs)
- DMFC see direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
- doping process
- double-flash power plant
- double-sided linear permanent magnet synchronous machine
- doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
- above and below synchronous speed
- braking systems
- equivalent circuit of
- operation of
- schematic illustration
- for super-synchronous speed operation
- downdraft gasifiers
- drain-back hot water system
- dry steam power plants
- dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) see also solar cells
-
- e
- electrically excited synchronous generator (WRSG) see permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
- electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) see supercapacitors
- electricity production from wood and solid biomass
- electrochemical capacitors see supercapacitors
- electrodynamic braking systems
- electrolytes for SOFC
- electromechanical storage
- compressed air energy storage
- flywheel storage
- pumped hydro storage system
- underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage
- energy conversion
- energy crops
- energy sources
- and environmental impact
- non-renewable
- renewable
- energy storage technologies
- chemical storage (batteries)
- electromechanical storage
- compressed air energy storage
- flywheel storage
- pumped hydro storage system
- underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage
- hydrogen
- supercapacitors
- superconducting magnetic energy storage
- thermal energy storage
- wind power generation system with
- enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
- enthalpy
- environmental impact
- of wind energy systems
- aerodynamic noise
- electromagnetic interference
- mechanical noise
- swishing sound
- equivalent circuit
- of doubly fed induction generator
- of induction machine
- of permanent magnet synchronous generator
- photovoltaic solar cells
- evacuated tube collectors
- direct-flow
- heat-pipe
- extrinsic semiconductor
-
- f
- fast pyrolysis system
- feedback diodes
- fermentation
- first law of thermodynamics
- five-level capacitor-clamped inverter
- five-level diode-clamped inverter
- fixed-dome-type biogas plant
- flat-plate collectors
- number of cover sheets
- schematic illustration
- thermal performance of
- floating drum plants
- float method
- flow batteries
- fluid dynamics
- conservation of energy
- conservation of mass
- conservation of momentum
- fluidized-bed boiler
- fluidized-bed gasifier
- flying-capacitor multilevel inverters
- flywheel energy storage system
- food and industrial wastes
- forebay tank
- forest industries
- forest residues
- forest thinnings
- fossil fuels
- benefits of
- Francis turbine
- frequency bias method see active frequency drift (AFD)
- frequency modulation ratio
- fuel cells
- alkaline
- application in automobile industry
- applications
- direct methanol
- liquid cooling
- molten carbonate
- phosphoric acid
- portable applications
- proton exchange membrane
- separate airflow cooling
- solid oxide fuel cell
- stacks
- stationary power applications
- steady-state model
- technologies
- types of
- full-wave bridge rectifier, advanatages of
-
- g
- gasification
- applications
- cross-draft gasifiers
- downdraft gasifiers
- flow diagram
- fluidized-bed gasifier
- updraft gasifier
- gas reserves
- gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor
- gel batteries (GEL VRLA)
- geochemical techniques
- drilling
- gas geothermometers
- isotopes
- solute geothermometers
- geopressured resources
- geothermal energy
- combined heat and power plants
- combined/hybrid plants
- direct use
- electrical methods
- environmental impact
- geochemical techniques
- geopressured resources
- hard rock resources
- hydrothermal resources
- magnetic measurements
- methods
- origin of
- resources see geothermal resources
- thermal methods
- geothermal resources
- binary cycle power plant
- double-flash power plant
- dry steam power plants
- electricity generation
- energy content
- physical parameters
- single-flash steam power plant
- types of
- global warming, impacts of
- greenhouse effect
- grid-connected operational modes
- ac microgrid
- fully centralized and decentralized controls
- three-level hierarchical control
- dc microgrid
- grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems
- with battery storage
- bipolar inverter
- filters for
- functions
- galvanic isolation
- H-bridge inverter
- high-frequency transformer
- inner current loop
- inverters selection
- islanding detection methods
- line-frequency transformer
- power decoupling
- side dc/dc converter
- single-phase control
- synchronization
- three-phase control
- transformerless systems
- without battery storage
- grid-connected wind energy system
- doubly fed induction generator
- grid integration
- PMSG-based wind energy conversion system
- grid-connected wind energy system (contd.)
- power electronics
- variable-speed operation
- grid-scale energy storage see energy storage technologies
-
- h
- hard dry rock resources
- HAWTs see horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
- heat-pipe evacuated tube collectors
- heliostat field collector (HFC)
- high-speed flywheel-based energy systems
- high-temperature magnesium–antimony liquid metal battery
- hill-climbing techniques see perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm
- horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
- advantages and disadvantages
- downwind wind turbine
- drag-type wind turbine
- drive train
- lift-type wind turbine
- nacelle
- towers of
- turbine blades of
- upwind wind turbine
- with wake rotation
- annular stream tube model
- optimal tip speed ratio
- tip speed ratio
- hot dry rock resources
- hotspots
- hour angle (ω)
- HPP see hydropower plants (HPP)
- hydraulic PTO systems
- hydraulic turbine
- hydrogen adsorption, in metal hydrides
- hydrogen energy storage technologies
- hydrogen storage
- hydropower plants (HPP)
- classification
- design of
- generation
- generators
- hydroelectric station
- large and small systems
- resource assessment
- direct and indirect methods
- float method
- flow records
- velocity area method
- system components
- turbines see turbines
- hydrothermal resources
- geothermal reservoir
- vapour-dominated systems
- water-dominated systems
-
- i
- impedance measurement method
- impulse turbines
- cross-flow turbine
- Pelton turbine
- turgo turbine
- incremental conductance (IC) algorithm
- induction generator
- induction generators, for wind energy conversion systems
- DFIG systems
- equivalent circuit of induction machine
- for limited variable-speed turbine
- operating conditions
- torque–slip characteristics
- wound-rotor induction machine
- insolation
- insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)
- advantages
- high-power applications
- n-channel equivalent circuit
- integrated collector storage system
- interior permanent magnet machine
- internal energy
- inverters, for PV system
- ac module
- central
- grid-side
- multi-string
- string
- islanding detection techniques
- active frequency drift method
- impedance measurement method
- remote and local techniques
- Sandia frequency shift
- slip-mode frequency shift method
-
- j
- Joule's law
-
- k
- Kaplan turbine
- Kelvin–Planck statement
-
- l
- laminar flow
- latent heat storage (LHS)
- latitude
- light-activated SCR (LASCR)
- linear Fresnel reflector (LFR)
- linear generators
- linear induction generators
- linear permanent magnet synchronous machine
- advantages
- characteristics
- double-sided
- transverse-flux permanent magnet
- vernier hybrid generator
- line-commutated converters
- liquefaction
- liquid cooling
- liquid metal battery
- lithium–antimony–lead (Li-Sb-Pb) battery
- lithium-ion batteries
- load frequency control (LFC), in microgrids
-
- m
- magma
- matrix converters
- maximizing power output, of photovoltaic array
- load matching, for optimal operation
- simple automatic solar tracker design
- solar trackers
- tracking methods
- maximum power point tracking algorithm
- constant-voltage method
- incremental conductance algorithm
- perturb and observe algorithm
- MCFC see molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
- mechanical extraction
- memory effect
- metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
- microgrids
- ac
- centralized and decentralized controls
- combined ac/dc
- dc see dc microgrid
- definition
- distribution system
- islanding detection techniques
- load frequency control
- single and multi-master operations
- stability analysis
- types of
- unplanned islanding process
- micromorph tandem solar cells
- molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
- monocrystalline solar cells see also solar cells
- MSW see municipal solid waste (MSW)
- multi-junction solar cells see also solar cells
- multilevel inverters
- cascaded multicell inverter
- diode-clamped
- features of
- flying-capacitor
- structure of
- multiple-pulse-width modulation
- multi-stage flash (MSF) process
- multi-string inverters
- municipal solid waste (MSW)
- combustion gases
- composition of
- grate systems
-
- n
- NDZ see Non-detection zone (NDZ)
- neutral-point clamped multilevel inverters
- Newton's second law of motion, for fluids
- nickel–cadmium (NiCd) batteries
- nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries
- nickel–zinc (NiZn) batteries
- non-concentrating type solar collectors
- evacuated tube collectors
- flat-plate collectors
- non-detection zone (NDZ)
- non-renewable energy resources
-
- o
- ocean
- energy of tides
- high and low tides
- Newton's law
- piezoelectric generators
- power takeoff systems
- spring and neap tides
- support structure
- thermal energy conversion
- tidal energy
- turbine technologies
- wave energy
- ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
- closed-cycle system
- hybrid system
- open-cycle system
- technology
- offshore wind turbines
- advantages
- electrical connection and installation
- foundation system
- operation and maintenance
- technical modifications and system upgrades
- oil reserves
- organic photovoltaics (OPVs)
- oscillating body converters
- oscillating water column
- overtopping converters/terminators
-
- p
- PACF see phosphoric acid fuel cell (PACF)
- parabolic collectors
- parabolic dish reflector
- parabolic trough collector (PTC)
- parallel resonant inverters
- partially molten rock see magma
- passive batch solar water heating
- passive stall power control, of wind turbines
- Pelton turbine
- PEM see proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
- PEMFC see proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
- penstock
- per capita annual energy consumption
- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
- advantages
- axial-flux machines
- cost of
- current-source converter topology
- direct power conversion
- equivalent circuit
- interior/buried permanent magnet type
- modelling of
- MPPT controller
- radial-flux machines
- surface permanent magnet type
- perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm
- phase-changing materials (PCMs)
- phase control method
- phase-leg capacitor-clamped inverter
- phase-locked loop (PLL)
- phosphoric acid fuel cell (PACF)
- photovoltaic (PV) array
- design of
- maximizing power output of
- load matching, for optimal operation
- simple automatic solar tracker design
- solar trackers
- tracking methods
- power curve of
- photovoltaic effect
- photovoltaic energy systems
- photovoltaic power
- photovoltaic solar cells see also solar cells
- characteristics
- equivalent circuit
- PV array
- schematic illustration
- series and parallel connections
- solar PV module
- solar PV panel
- semiconductor technology
- photovoltaic (PV) system see grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems
- piezoelectric generators
- electrical circuit
- power extraction system
- schematic representation
- pitch control, of wind turbines
- plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)
- PMSG see Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)
- point-absorber wave energy converter
- polycrystalline silicon cells
- power conditioning system (PCS)
- power decoupling
- power electronic converters
- ac-to-dc converters
- dc-to-ac converters
- matrix converters
- multilevel inverters
- resonant converters
- semiconductor devices
- power semiconductor devices
- gate turn-off thyristor
- insulated gate bipolar transistor
- p–n diodes
- power bipolar junction transistor
- power MOSFET
- thyristor
- power takeoff (PTO) systems
- air turbines
- direct drive
- hydraulic systems
- inverted pendulum
- water turbines
- power transistors
- bipolar junction transistor
- insulated gate bipolar transistor
- metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
- pressurized hydrogen technology
- propeller turbine
- propeller-type horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
- proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell
- catalysts for
- definition of
- electrochemical reactions
- fuel requirement
- hydrogen storage
- property
- reforming technologies
- water management
- pumped hydro storage (PHS) system
- pyranometer
- pyrheliometer
- pyrolysis
- biomass cycle
- charcoal production
- fast pyrolysis
- slow pyrolysis
- torrefaction
-
-
- r
- radiation meters, sources of errors
- Rankine cycle
- reaction turbine
- Kaplan turbine
- propeller
- reverse pump
- reciprocating hydrofoils
- redox flow battery (RFB)
- renewable energy sources
- benefits
- biomass
- geothermal energy
- hydrogen
- hydropower
- solar energy
- wind energy
- renewable energy system, technologies for
- resonant converters
- parallel resonant inverter
- resonant dc-link inverters
- series resonant converters
- zero-current switching
- zero-voltage switching
- resonant dc-link inverters
- reverse pump turbine
- runaway speed
- run-of-the-river hydropower systems
- diversion Weir
- forebay tank
- penstock
- pictorial representation
- power plant
- spillways
- water conductor system/channels
-
- s
- Sandia frequency shift (SFS)
- secondary load-frequency control, of microgrid
- second law of thermodynamics
- Clausius statement
- coefficient of performance
- heat engine
- heat pump
- heat pump and heat engine
- Kelvin–Planck statement
- thermal reservoir
- sensible heat storage (SHS) systems
- series resonant converters
- side intake with/without Weir
- silicon
- silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) see thyristor
- simple automatic solar tracker design
- sine–triangle pulse-width modulation (STPWM) control method
- single-flash steam power plant
- single-phase current source inverters
- single-phase diode bridge rectifiers
- single-phase fully controlled rectifiers
- single-phase generator
- single-phase grid-connected PV systems
- block diagram
- configuration of
- grid-side inverter control
- inner current loop
- side dc/dc converter control
- single-phase uncontrolled half-wave converter
- single-phase voltage source bridge inverter
- single-pulse-width modulation
- sinusoidal-pulse-width modulation
- sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter
- slip-mode frequency shift (SMS) method
- slip ring induction motor, with rotor resistance control.
- small hydropower plant see hydropower plants (HPP)
- SOFC see solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
- solar-cell pyranometers
- solar cells
- crystalline
- monocrystalline solar cells
- polycrystalline silicon cells
- silicon solar cells
- thin-film
- solar energy
- applications
- active solar systems
- air heating systems
- integrated collector storage systems
- solar water heating
- thermosiphon systems
- spectral distribution
- thermal power generation
- utilization of
- solar irradiance
- solar PV systems
- grid-connected photovoltaic systems
- with battery storage
- without battery storage
- stand-alone system
- design and control of
- schematic illustration
- solar radiations
- on different Earth surfaces
- angle of incidence
- declination angle
- hour angle
- latitude
- solar time
- surface Azimuth Angle
- tilt angle
- Zenith and Zenith angle
- on Earth
- on inclined surface
- measurement of
- pyranometer
- pyrheliometer
- radiation meters, sources of errors
- sunshine recorder
- wavelength band of
- solar thermal approach, advantages of
- solar thermal systems
- concentrating type solar collectors
- cylindrical trough collector
- heliostat field collector
- linear Fresnel reflector
- parabolic collectors
- parabolic dish reflector
- parabolic trough collector
- non-concentrating type solar collectors
- evacuated tube collectors
- flat-plate collectors
- residential and industrial applications
- solar time
- solar tracker design
- solar water heating
- solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
- characteristics
- discovery
- electrolytes
- principle of operation
- specific heat
- spectral distribution, of solar energy
- spillways
- square-wave PWM inverter
- squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG)
- Staebler–Wronski effect
- stall power control, of wind turbines
- steady-state fuel cell model
- steam pressurization systems
- stoker boilers
- string inverter
- sunshine recorder
- supercapacitors
- advantage
- disadvantages
- equivalent capacitance
- equivalent circuit
- equivalent series resistance
- principle
- superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system
- surface Azimuth Angle (Y)
-
- t
- thermal energy storage (TES)
- definition
- latent heat storage
- sensible heat storage
- for solar thermal power plants
- thermochemical storage
- thermochemical conversion
- combustion
- gasification
- liquefaction
- pyrolysis
- thermochemical energy storage systems
- thermodynamic power cycles
- Brayton cycle
- Carnot cycle
- Rankine cycle
- thermodynamics
- definition
- enthalpy
- first law
- internal energy
- second law
- specific heat
- thermodynamic state of a system
- third law
- zeroth law
- thermoelectric pyranometer
- thermosiphon systems
- thin-film solar cells
- amorphous silicon
- cadmium telluride films
- CIS technology
- copper indium diselenide
- copper indium gallium diselenide
- crystalline silicon
- third law of thermodynamics
- three-level capacitor-clamped inverter
- three-level diode-clamped inverter
- three-phase full-wave bridge diode rectifiers
- three-phase fully controlled bridge converter
- three-phase generator
- three-phase grid-connected utility-scale systems
- three-phase voltage source inverters
- thyristor
- forced commutation
- line/natural commutation
- load commutation
- static V-I characteristics
- voltage commutation
- tidal energy
- dynamic tidal power generation
- hydroelectric power plant
- tidal barrage power
- tidal barrage technology
- tidal range power
- tidal stream power
- tidal technology structure
- floating foundations
- gravity base structures
- piled structures
- tilt angle (β)
- time equation
- torrefaction
- total energy consumption
- in industrialized country
- renewable energy share
- transverse-flux permanent magnet (TFPM) machine
- tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator (TPMLWG)
- turbines
- classes of
- conventional pumps
- impulse
- power
- reaction
- speed of
- turbine technologies
- horizontal-axis turbines
- reciprocating hydrofoils
- vertical-axis turbines
- turgo turbine
-
- u
- UltraBattery
- ultracapacitors see supercapacitors
- underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage
- updraft gasifier
-
- v
- valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries
- vapour-dominated systems
- variable frequency control method
- VAWTs see vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
- velocity area method
- vernier hybrid generator
- vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
- advantages
- disadvantages
- drive train
- nacelle
- towers
- turbine blades
- VRLA batteries see valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries
-
- w
- water conductor system/channels
- water-dominated systems
- water flow rate
- water management, in PEMFC
- water turbines
- wave energy
- advantages
- converters
- and power
- wind
- energy and power in
- energy distribution curve
- origin of
- power potential
- wind energy conversion (WEC) system
- components of
- generator types
- induction generators
- linear induction generators
- linear PM synchronous machine
- permanent magnet synchronous generator
- tubular permanent magnet linear wave generator
- wind energy conversion systems (WECS)
- with doubly fed induction generator
- permanent magnet synchronous generators
- power generation capacity
- systems without power electronics
- wound rotor synchronous generators
- wind farm control, of wind turbines
- wind turbines see also grid-connected wind energy system
- active stall power control
- aerodynamics of
- actuator disc model
- momentum theory
- components of
- control system
- drive train
- nacelle
- towers
- turbine blades
- condition monitoring system
- environmental impact of
- generators for
- horizontal-axis
- offshore
- operational control
- passive stall power control
- pitch control
- subsystem control
- supervisory control
- vertical-axis
- wind farm control
- yaw control
- wound-rotor induction machine
- electronic control of rotor resistance
- slip ring induction motor, with rotor resistance control
- three-phase windings
- torque–slip characteristic
-
-
- y
- yaw control, of wind turbines
-
- z
- Zenith and Zenith angle
- zero-crossing method
- zero-current switching (ZCS) resonant converters
- zeroth law of thermodynamics
- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) resonant converters
- zinc bromine flow battery
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