Index

A

Absolute deviation, 72

Accuracy, 104

Action research design, 127

Action research, 9

Active models, 191

Agent-based simulators, 192

Algorithm design, 184

Algorithmic research, 182

Alternate hypothesis, 138, 139

Alternative approaches, 204

Analysis of algorithm, 183

Analysis of alternatives (AoA), 176

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 162

one-way, 163

two-way, 163

Applicable to population, 105

Applied research, 8, 190

Audience analysis, 237

Availability sampling, 108

Average deviation, 74

B

Basic research, 190

Binomial distribution, 78

Bivariate data, 61

Bottom-up approach, 11

Bottom-up method, 132

Bowley’s skewness, 69

Business report, 216

planning, 216

structuring of, 216

C

Capability-based design, 176

Case method, 204

Case study design, 128

Casual research, 125

Central tendency, 65

Chi-squared test, 172, 175

Closed format questions, 49

Closed-end questions, 49

Cluster analysis, 91

Cluster sampling, 106

Coding, 57

Coefficient of variation (CV), 76

Comparative method, 205

Comparative research. 9

Complementary perspectives, 201

Computer simulators, 191

Conceptual research, 9

Conclusive research design, 124

Confidence level, 104

Conflict theory, 201, 204

Confusion matrix, 153

Conjoint analysis, 93

Continuous dat, 60

Continuous simulators, 192

Correlation analysis, 94

Correspondence analysis, 93

Critical analysis, 27

Critical evaluation, 28

Critical region, 139

Critical thinking, 27

Critical value, 139

Cross-cultural method, 205

Cross-sectional design, 126

D

Data analysis, 87–116

Data collection, 39–61, 195

Data processing, 55

stages, 56

types of, 55

Data, 2

bivariate, 61

classification of, 59

collection methods, 44

collection, 39–61

continuous, 60

discrete, 60

presentation, 232

primary, 39–41

processing, 54

processing, 55

qualitative, 59

quantitative, 59

secondary, 41–42

sources, 43

univariate, 61

Databases, 39

Decision making, 14

Deduction, 132

Dependent variable, 139

Descriptive research, 8, 125

Descriptive statistics, 88

Design patents, 248

Developmental research, 190

Discrete data, 60

Discrete event simulators, 192

Discriminant analysis, 92

Document coding area, 257

Document generation tools, 255

E

Editing, 56

field, 57

in-house, 57

types of, 57

Elementary units, 104

Empirical research, 9

Empirical rule, 84

Engineering research, 2

hierarchy, 3

Enterprise reporting, 216

Ethics and politics in social research, 211

Ethics, 16

morals in, 17

Exchange theory, 204

Experimental research, 8

Experimental research design, 122, 129

Explanatory research, 125

Exploratory research, 9

Exploratory research design, 123

Exponential distribution, 83

External criticism, 129

F

Factor analysis, 91

False negative (FN), 154

False positive (FP), 154

Field editing, 57

Fisher-Snedecor distribution, 149

Formulative design, 123

f-test, 149

Functional theory, 204

Functionalism, 201

Fundamental research, 8

G

Generalized samples, 105

Geometric mean, 65, 67

Geometric median, 66

Goal setting, 3

Good design, 120

Good sample design, 104

Graph representation, 115

H

Harmonic mean, 65, 67

Historic research, 9

Historic research design, 129

Historical method, 204

Homogeneity of variance, 164

Human development index (HDI) value, 87

Hybrid simulators, 193

Hypothesis, 14, 138

alternate, 138

null, 138

Hypothesis formulation, 14

Hypothesis testing, 139, 142

I

Independent variable, 139

Induction, 132

Inferential statistics, 88

In-house editing, 57

Intellectual property right, 246, 249

Inter quartile range, 75

Interactive model, 191

Interdisciplinary approaches, 205

Interdisciplinary research area, 205

Interval scale, 64

Interview(s), 51

types of, 52

K

Knowledge formation, 199

Kruskal-Wallis test, 161, 169

Kurtosis, 70

L

LaTeX, 255

algorithm mode, 273

bibliographic references, 275

comments, 265

creating title page, 261

document creation, 259

figures, 268

math mode, 270

sections, 262

special characters, 266

tables, 266

templates, 278

Left-tailed test, 143

Level of significance, 139

Linear programming (LP), 195

Literature review, 27

gaps, 36

importance of, 29

objectives of, 29

pitfalls, 36

primary and secondary sources of, 35

process, 32

Logistic regression analysis, 91

Longitudinal design, 127

Lower tail test, 139

M

Mann-Whitney test, 161, 165

MANOVA, 176

Marginal systematic bias, 104

Mean, 65, 66, 139

geometric, 65, 67

harmonic, 65, 67

relationship of, 70

trimmed, 66

truncated, 66

weighted, 66

winsorized, 66

Mean deviation, 73

Median, 65, 66

Midhinge, 66

Midrange, 66

Mode, 65, 66

Model fitting, 188

Model formulation, 195

Model selection, 188

Model solution, 195

Model validation, 188

Mukherjee’s view on research methods, 9

Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), 93

Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), 90

Multiple regression analysis, 91

Multivariate analysis (MVA), 87, 90, 176

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), 93

N

Narrative method, 209

Nominal scale, 64

Non-parametric statistics, 161

Non-parametric test, 161

Non-probability sampling, 107

Normal distribution, 84

Null hypothesis, 138, 139

Numeric style, 242

O

Observation, 53

Open format questions, 49

Open-access initiatives, 249

Open-access journals, 250

Open-access publishing, 250

Operational research, 193

Oral presentation, 233

effective, 237

Ordinal scale, 64

Ordinary least squares (OLS), 99

Orientation, 194

P

Parameter, 66, 104

Parametric test, 161

Partial least squares (PLS), 90

Participatory action research (PAR), 128

Part-worth utility, 93

Perfectly negative correlation, 95

Plagiarism, 251

Poisson distribution, 80

Poisson variables, 81

Politics in research, 214

Population, 104, 139

Positive correlation, 95

Power, 139

Precision, 104

Presentation, 14

Principle component analysis (PCA), 102

Probability, 139

Probability density function (PDF), 78

Probability distribution, 77

Probability sampling, 105

Problem, 21

formulation, 26

necessity of, 25

selection, 24

Problem definition, 13, 194

Product patent, 248

Pure research, 8

Purpose sampling, 108

Purposive samples, 134

P-value, 139

Q

Quadratic mean, 66

Qualitative analysis, 59, 189

Qualitative data, 59

Qualitative methods, 140

Qualitative research, 8, 207

Qualitative research approach, 11

Qualitative research methods, 208

Quantitative analysis, 189

Quantitative approach, 59

Quantitative data, 59

Quantitative research, 8, 207

Quantitative research approach, 10

Quantitative research methods, 208

Quartile deviation, 75

Questionnaire, 44

design, 46

disguised, 50

non-disguised, 51

non-structured, 50

structured, 50

types of, 49

Quota sampling, 108

R

Range, 71

Ratio scale, 65

Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) graph, 155

Regression analysis, 98

Relative standard deviation (RSD), 76

Research, 5

action, 9

algorithmic, 182

analysis, 14

applied, 190

applied, 8

approaches, 10

basic, 190

casual, 125

comparative. 9

conceptual, 9

descriptive, 8, 125

design, 119–134

developmental, 190

empirical, 9

engineering, 2

ethics, 16

experimental, 8

exploratory, 9

fundamental, 8

goals of, 3

good, 15

hierarchy, 3

historic, 9

objectives of, 3, 4

plan, 13

process, 2

pure, 8

qualitative, 8

quantitative, 8

questions, 27

scientific, 3, 185

steps in; process, 11

types of, 7

Research design, 119–134

conclusive, 122

experimental, 122

exploratory, 122

need for, 120

principles, 131

types of, 122

Research ethics, 212

Research hypothesis, 140

generation of, 141

Research models, 189

Research questions, 27

characteristics of a good, 30

definitional, 27

evidence, 27

theoretical, 27

Research report, 223

Residual error, 99

Right-tailed test, 143

Role of statistics, 205

Root-mean-square deviation, 73

S

Sample design, 104

Sample distribution, 139

Sampling

availability, 108

cluster, 106

non-probability, 107

probability, 105

purpose, 108

quota, 108

simple random, 105

stratified random, 106

systematic random, 106

theoretical, 108

types of, 105

Sampling errors, 104

Sampling frame, 104

Sampling, 103

Scale, 63

interval, 64

nominal, 64

ordinal, 64

ratio, 65

types of, 63

Schedules, 54

Scientific control group, 130

Scientific modeling, 187

Scientific research, 185

Secondary dataset, 39

Semi-interquartile range, 75

Significance level, 104

Simple random sampling, 105

Simulation models, 191

Simulation, 190

Skewed left, 68

Skewed right, 68

Skewness, 68

Social research, 197–214

characteristics, 198

methods of, 202

objectives, 199

perspectives of, 200

scope of, 199

theory of, 198

Social research design, 206

Social science approaches, 203

Social surveys, 211

Specific aim, 13

SPSS, 110

Standard deviation, 139, 72

Statistical analysis, 88

Statistical thinking, 63

Statistics, 104

Stratified random sampling, 106

Structural equation modelling (SEM), 94

Study of social problem, 199

Symbolic interaction, 200

Symbolic interaction theory, 204

Symmetric, 68

Synopsis, 13

Systematic random sampling, 106

T

Target population, 103

Technical report, 222

Technical writing, 230

goal of, 231

Test procedures, 161–179

Test statistics, 139

Theoretical sampling, 108

Theory and policy making, 199

Top-down approach, 11

Trimean, 66

Trimmed mean, 66

True negative (TN), 154

True positive (TP), 154

Truncated mean, 66

t-Test, 146

Two-tailed test, 139, 143

Type I error, 140

Type II error, 140

Type III error, 140

U

Uniform distribution, 82

Univariate data, 61

Universe, 104

Upper tail test, 139

V

Validation and analysis, 195

Vancouver style, 242

Variable, 6

Variation,

measure of, 70

W

Weighted mean, 66

Winsorized mean, 66

Writing report, 230

Z

Z-test, 144