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I. Getting Started
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I. Getting Started
by Joseph Schmuller
Sams Teach Yourself UML in 24 Hours, Third Edition
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Acknowledgments
We Want to Hear from You
Introduction
What's New in This Edition
Who Should Read This Book?
Organization of This Book
Conventions Used Throughout This Book
I. Getting Started
1. Introducing the UML
Adding a Method to the Madness
How the UML Came to Be
Components of the UML
Class Diagram
Object Diagram
Use Case Diagram
State Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Activity Diagram
Communication Diagram
Component Diagram
Deployment Diagram
Some Other Features
Notes
Keywords and Stereotypes
New Diagrams in UML 2.0
Composite Structure Diagram
Interaction Overview Diagram
Timing Diagram
Something Old, Something New—The Package Diagram
Why So Many Diagrams?
But Isn't It Just a Bunch of Pictures?
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
2. Understanding Object-Orientation
Objects, Objects Everywhere
Some Object-Oriented Concepts
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Message Sending
Associations
Aggregation
The Payoff
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
3. Working with Object-Orientation
Visualizing a Class
Attributes
Operations
Attributes, Operations, and Visualization
Responsibilities and Constraints
Attached Notes
Classes—What They Do and How to Find Them
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
4. Working with Relationships
Associations
Constraints on Associations
Association Classes
Links
Multiplicity
Qualified Associations
Reflexive Associations
Inheritance and Generalization
Discovering Inheritance
Abstract Classes
Dependencies
Class Diagrams and Object Diagrams
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
5. Understanding Aggregations, Composites, Interfaces, and Realizations
Aggregations
Constraints on Aggregations
Composites
Composite Structure Diagram
Interfaces and Realizations
Interfaces and Ports
Visibility
Scope
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
6. Introducing Use Cases
Use Cases: What They Are
Use Cases: Why They're Important
An Example: The Soda Machine
The “Buy Soda” Use Case
Additional Use Cases
Including a Use Case
Extending a Use Case
Starting a Use Case Analysis
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
7. Working with Use Case Diagrams
Representing a Use Case Model
The Soda Machine Revisited
Tracking the Steps in the Scenarios
Visualizing Relationships Among Use Cases
Inclusion
Extension
Generalization
Grouping
Use Case Diagrams in the Analysis Process
Applying Use Case Models: An Example
Understanding the Domain
Understanding the Users
Understanding the Use Cases
Drilling Down
Taking Stock of Where We Are
Structural Elements
Relationships
Grouping
Annotation
Extension
. . . And More
The Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
8. Working with State Diagrams
What Is a State Diagram?
The Fundamental Symbol Set
Adding Details to the State Icon
Adding Details to the Transitions: Events and Actions
Adding Details to the Transitions: Guard Conditions
Substates
Sequential Substates
Concurrent Substates
History States
New in UML 2.0
Why Are State Diagrams Important?
Building the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
9. Working with Sequence Diagrams
What Is a Sequence Diagram?
Objects
Messages
Time
Cars and Car Keys
A Class Diagram
A Sequence Diagram
The Soda Machine
Sequence Diagrams: The Generic Sequence Diagram
Creating an Object in the Sequence
Framing a Sequence: Sequence Diagramming in UML 2.0
Interaction Occurrences
Combined Interaction Fragments
Building the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
10. Working with Communication Diagrams
What Is a Communication Diagram?
Cars and Car Keys
Changing States and Nesting Messages
The Soda Machine
Creating an Object
One More Point About Numbering
A Few More Concepts
Multiple Receiving Objects in a Class
Representing Returned Results
Active Objects
Synchronization
Building the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
11. Working with Activity Diagrams
The Basics: What Is an Activity Diagram?
Decisions, Decisions, Decisions
Concurrent Paths
Signals
Applying Activity Diagrams
A Process: Creating a Document
Swimlanes
Hybrid Diagrams
New Concepts from UML 2.0
The Objects of an Activity
Taking Exception
Deconstructing an Activity
Marking Time and Finishing a Flow
Special Effects
An Overview of an Interaction
Building the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
12. Working with Component Diagrams
What Is (and What Isn't) a Component?
Components and Interfaces
Reviewing Interfaces
Replacement and Reuse
What Is a Component Diagram?
Representing a Component in UML 1.x and UML 2.0
Representing Interfaces
Boxes—Black and White
Applying Component Diagrams
Component Diagrams in the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
13. Working with Deployment Diagrams
What Is a Deployment Diagram?
Applying Deployment Diagrams
A Home System
A Token-Ring Network
ARCnet
Thin Ethernet
The Ricochet Wireless Network
Deployment Diagrams in the Big Picture
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
14. Understanding Packages and Foundations
Package Diagrams
The Purpose of a Package
Interpackage Relationships
Merging Packages
A Hierarchy
An Analogy
Moving On
To Boldly Go . . .
Packaging the Infrastructure of UML
The Core
Primitive Types
Abstractions
Basic
Constructs
Profiles
And Now At Last . . . the UML!
The Four Layers Again
Packaging the Superstructure of the UML
Classes
CommonBehaviors
UseCases
CompositeStructures
AuxiliaryConstructs
Extending the UML
Stereotypes
Dependency
Class
Package
Graphic Stereotypes
Constraints
Tagged Values
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercise
15. Fitting the UML into a Development Process
Methodologies: Old and New
The Old Way
A New Way
What a Development Process Must Do
GRAPPLE
RAD3: The Structure of GRAPPLE
Requirements Gathering
Discover Business Processes
Perform Domain Analysis
Identify Cooperating Systems
Discover System Requirements
Present Results to Client
Analysis
Understand System Usage
Flesh Out Use Cases
Refine Class Diagrams
Analyze Changes of State in Objects
Define Interactions Among Objects
Analyze Integration with Cooperating Systems
Design
Develop and Refine Object Diagrams
Develop Component Diagrams
Plan for Deployment
Design and Prototype User Interface
Design Tests
Begin Documentation
Development
Construct Code
Test Code
Construct User Interfaces, Connect to Code, and Test
Complete Documentation
Deployment
Plan for Backup and Recovery
Install Finished System on Appropriate Hardware
Test Installed System
Celebrate
The GRAPPLE Wrap-up
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
II. A Case Study
16. Introducing the Case Study
Getting Down to Business
GRAPPLEing with the Problem
Discovering Business Processes
Serving a Customer
Preparing the Meal
Cleaning the Table
Lessons Learned
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
17. Performing a Domain Analysis
Analyzing the Business Process Interview
Developing the Initial Class Diagram
Grouping the Classes
Forming Associations
Associations with Customer
Associations with Server
Associations with Chef
Associations with Busser
Associations with Manager
A Digression
Forming Aggregates and Composites
Filling Out the Classes
Customer
Employee
Check
General Issues About Models
Model Dictionary
Diagram Organization
Lessons Learned
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
18. Gathering System Requirements
Developing the Vision
Setting Up for Requirements Gathering
The Requirements JAD Session
The Outcome
Now What?
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercise
19. Developing the Use Cases
The Care and Feeding of Use Cases
The Use Case Analysis
The Server Package
Take an Order
Transmit the Order to the Kitchen
Change an Order
Track Order Status
Notify Chef About Party Status
Description
Assumptions
Preconditions
Postconditions
Steps
Benefiting Actor
Total Up a Check
Description
Assumptions
Preconditions
Postconditions
Steps
Benefiting Actor
Print a Check
Description
Assumptions
Preconditions
Postconditions
Steps
Benefiting Actor
Summon an Assistant
Description
Assumptions
Preconditions
Postconditions
Steps
Benefiting Actor
Remaining Use Cases
Components of the System
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
20. Getting into Interactions
The Working Parts of the System
The Server Package
The Chef Package
The Busser Package
The Assistant Server Package
The Assistant Chef Package
The Bartender Package
The Coat-Check Clerk Package
Interactions in the System
Take an Order
Change an Order
Track Order Status
Implications
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
21. Designing Look, Feel, and Deployment
Some General Principles of GUI Design
The GUI JAD Session
From Use Cases to User Interfaces
UML Diagrams for GUI Design
Mapping Out System Deployment
The Network
The Nodes and the Deployment Diagram
Next Steps
And Now a Word from Our Sponsor
Empowering a Sales Force
Expanding in the Restaurant World
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
22. Understanding Design Patterns
Parameterization
Design Patterns
Chain of Responsibility
Chain of Responsibility: Restaurant Domain
Chain of Responsibility: Web Browser Event Models
Your Own Design Patterns
The Advantages of Design Patterns
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercise
III. Looking Ahead
23. Modeling Embedded Systems
Back to the Restaurant
The Mother of Invention
Fleshing Out the GetAGrip
What Is an Embedded System?
Embedded Systems Concepts
Time
Threads
Interrupts
Operating System
Modeling the GetAGrip
Classes
Use Cases
Interactions
General State Changes
Deployment
Flexing Their Muscles
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
24. Shaping the Future of the UML
Extensions for Business
Lessons from the Business Extensions
Graphic User Interfaces
Connecting to Use Cases
Modeling the GUI
Expert Systems
Components of an Expert System
An Example
Modeling the Knowledge Base
Web Applications
That's All, Folks
Summary
Q&A
Workshop
Quiz
Exercises
IV. Appendixes
A. Quiz Answers
Hour 1
Hour 2
Hour 3
Hour 4
Hour 5
Hour 6
Hour 7
Hour 8
Hour 9
Hour 10
Hour 11
Hour 12
Hour 13
Hour 14
Hour 15
Hour 16
Hour 17
Hour 18
Hour 19
Hour 20
Hour 21
Hour 22
Hour 23
Hour 24
B. Working with a UML Modeling Tool
What You Should Find in a Modeling Tool
Working with UML in Visio Professional Edition
Getting Started
The Class Diagram
The Object Diagram
The Sequence Diagram
A Few Words About a Few Tools
Rational Rose
Select Component Architect
Visual UML
C. A Summary in Pictures
Activity Diagram
Class Diagram
Communication Diagram
Component Diagram
Composite Structure Diagram
Deployment Diagram
Object Diagram
Package Diagram
Parameterized Collaboration
Sequence Diagram
State Diagram
Timing Diagram
Use Case Diagram
Windows Installation Instructions
Important Definitions
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Introduction
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1. Introducing the UML
Part I. Getting Started
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