Contents
Nominal Signal Levels and Dynamic Range
Frequency Response: Cascaded Stages
Amplification Then Attenuation
Attenuation Then Amplification
Raising the Input Signal to the Nominal Level
Bipolar Transistor Voltage Noise
Bipolar Transistor Current Noise
Ultra-Low-Noise Design With Multi-Path Amplifiers
Ultra-Low-Noise Voltage Buffers
Multiple Amplifiers for Greater Drive Capability
Copper and Other Conductive Elements
Impedances and Crosstalk: A Case History
Resistor Accuracy: Two-Resistor Combinations
Resistor Accuracy: Three-Resistor Combinations
Capacitor Non-Linearity Examined
Non-Electrolytic Capacitor Non-Linearity
Electrolytic Capacitor Non-Linearity
Chapter 3 Discrete Transistor Circuitry
Why Use Discrete Transistor Circuitry?
The Constant-Current Emitter-Follower
The Push-Pull Emitter-Follower
One-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Gain Stages
One-Transistor Series-Feedback Gain Stages
Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Gain Stages
Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Improving Linearity
Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Noise
Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages: Bootstrapping
Two-Transistor Shunt-Feedback Stages as Summing Amplifiers
Two-Transistor Series-Feedback Gain Stages
Discrete Opamp Design: The Input Stage
Discrete Opamp Design: The Second Stage
Discrete Opamp Design: The Output Stage
High-Input-Impedance Bipolar Stages
Chapter 4 Opamps and Their Properties
A Very Brief History of Opamps
Opamp Properties: Common Mode Range
Opamp Properties: Input Offset Voltage
Opamp Properties: Bias Current
Common-Mode Distortion: Bipolar Input Opamps
Common-Mode Distortion: JFET Opamps
Opamps Surveyed: BJT Input Types
Opamps Surveyed: JFET Input Types
Chapter 5 Opamps for Low Voltages
High Fidelity From Low Voltages
Running Opamps From a Single +5 V Supply Rail
Opamps for 3.3 V Single-Rail Operation
Combined Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
Sallen and Key Low-Pass Filters
Sallen and Key High-Pass Filters
Distortion in Sallen and Key Filters
Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filters
Chapter 7 Preamplifier Architectures
Amplification and the Gain-Distribution Problem
Active Gain Controls Plus Passive Attenuators
Chapter 8 Variable Gain Stages
Amplifier Stages With Gain From Unity Upwards: Single-Gain Pot
Amplifier Stages With Gain From Unity Upwards: Dual-Gain Pot
Combining Gain Stages With Active Filters
Amplifier Stages With Gain From Zero Upwards: Single-Gain Pot
Amplifier Stages With Gain From Zero Upwards: Dual-Gain Pot
Chapter 9 Moving-Magnet Inputs: Levels and RIAA Equalisation
Maximum Signal Levels From Vinyl
Moving-Magnet Cartridge Sensitivities
Overload Margins and Amplifier Limitations
Equalisation and Its Discontents
Calculating the RIAA Equalisation Components
Implementing RIAA Equalisation
Implementing the IEC Amendment
RIAA Series-Feedback Network Configurations
RIAA Optimisation: C1 as a Single E6 Capacitor, 2xE24
RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 3 x 10 nF Capacitors, 2xE24
RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 4 x 10 nF Capacitors, 2xE24
RIAA Optimisation: The Willmann Tables
RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 3 x 10 nF Capacitors, 3xE24
RIAA Optimisation: C1 as 4 x 10 nF Capacitors, 3xE24
Switched-Gain MM RIAA Amplifiers
Switched-Gain MM/MC RIAA Amplifiers
Open-Loop Gain and RIAA Accuracy
Passive and Semi-Passive RIAA Equalisation
MM Cartridge Loading and Frequency Response
MM Cartridge–Preamplifier Interaction
MM Cartridge DC and AC Coupling
Noise in MM RIAA Preamplifiers
Cartridge Load Synthesis for Lower Noise
Subsonic Filtering: Butterworth Filters
Subsonic Filtering: Elliptical Filters
Subsonic Filtering by Cancellation
Chapter 10 Moving-Coil Head Amplifiers
Moving-Coil Cartridge Characteristics
The Limits on MC Noise Performance
An Effective MC Amplifier Configuration
A Brief History of Tape Recording
Chapter 12 Guitar Preamplifiers
Guitar Preamplifier Noise: Calculations
Guitar Preamplifier Noise: Measurements
Guitar Amplifiers and Guitar Effects
The Baxandall Active Volume Control
The Baxandall Volume Control Law
A Practical Baxandall Active Volume Stage
Low-Noise Baxandall Active Volume Stages
The Baxandall Volume Control: Loading Effects
An Improved Baxandall Active Volume Stage With Lower Noise
Baxandall Active Volume Stage Plus Passive Control
Switched Attenuator Volume Controls
Relay-Switched Volume Controls
Transformer-Tap Volume Controls
Integrated Circuit Volume Controls
The Newcomb and Young Loudness Control
Combining Balance Controls With Other Stages
Chapter 15 Tone Controls and Equalisers
The Baxandall One-LF-Capacitor Tone Control
The Baxandall Two-LF-Capacitor Tone Control
The Baxandall Two-HF-Capacitor Tone Control
The Baxandall Tone Control: Impedance and Noise
Combining a Baxandall Stage With an Active Balance Control
Switched-HF-Frequency Baxandall Controls
A New Type of Switched-Frequency LF EQ
Variable-Frequency HF and LF EQ in One Stage
Fixed Frequency Baxandall Middle Controls
Three-Band Baxandall EQ in One Stage
Wien Fixed Middle EQ: Altering the Q
Single-Gang Variable-Frequency Middle EQ
Switched-Q Variable-Frequency Wien Middle EQ
Switchable Peak/Shelving LF/HF EQ
The In-Line Mixing Architecture
A Closer Look at Split-Format Modules
The Channel Module (Split Format)
Talkback and Oscillator Systems
Chapter 17 Microphone Preamplifiers
Microphone Preamplifier Requirements
The Simple Hybrid Microphone Preamplifier
The Balanced-Feedback Hybrid Microphone Preamplifier (BFMA)
Microphone and Line Input Pads
The Padless Microphone Preamplifier
Capacitor Microphone Head Amplifiers
The Advantages of Balanced Interconnections
The Disadvantages of Balanced Interconnections
Balanced Cables and Interference
Electronic Versus Transformer Balanced Inputs
The Basic Electronic Balanced Input
The Basic Balanced Input and Opamp Effects
Opamp Frequency Response Effects
Amplifier Component Mismatch Effects
Variations on the Balanced Input Stage
Combined Unbalanced and Balanced Inputs
Combined Line Input and Balance Control Stage With Low Noise
The Self Variable-Gain Line Input
High Input-Impedance Balanced Inputs
Instrumentation Amplifier Applications
The Instrumentation Amplifier With 4x Gain
The Instrumentation Amplifier at Unity Gain
The Instrumentation Amplifier and Gain Controls
The Instrumentation Amplifier and the Whitlock Bootstrap
Low-Noise Balanced Inputs in Action
Ultra-Low-Noise Balanced Inputs
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Basics
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Zero-Impedance Output
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: CMRR
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Send Amplifier Noise
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: Into a Balanced Input
Ground-Cancelling Outputs: History
Balanced Outputs: Output Impedance
Output Transformer Frequency Response
Reducing Output Transformer Distortion
Chapter 20 Headphone Amplifiers
Opamp-Transistor Hybrid Amplifiers
Discrete Class-AB Headphone Amplifiers
Discrete Class-A Headphone Amplifiers
Input-Select Switching: Mechanical
The Virtual Contact: Mechanical
Switching with CMOS Analogue Gates
CMOS Series-Shunt Current Mode
Control Voltage Feedthrough in CMOS Gates
The Series JFET Switch in Voltage Mode
The Shunt JFET Switch in Voltage Mode
Reducing Distortion by Biasing
Dealing With the DC Conditions
Control Voltage Feedthrough in JFETS
Summing Systems: Voltage Summing
Summing Systems: Virtual-Earth Summing
Ground-Cancelling Summing Systems
Balanced Hybrid Summing Amplifiers
Balancing Tracks to Reduce Crosstalk
The Multi-Function Summing Amplifier
Talkback Microphone Amplifiers
Console Cooling and Component Lifetimes
Chapter 23 Level Indication and Metering
A More Efficient LED Bar-Graph Architecture
Chapter 24 Level Control and Special Circuits
A Brief History of Gain-Control Elements
Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs)
Voltage-Controlled Amplifiers (VCAs)
Active Clipping With Transistors
Using Variable-Voltage Regulators
Dual Supplies From a Single Winding
Power Supplies for Discrete Circuitry
Microcontroller and Relay Supplies
Chapter 26 Interfacing With the Digital Domain