CHAPTER 1
Page 8: James P. Quirk and Rodney D. Fort. Hard Ball: The Abuse of Power in Pro Team Sports, pp. 96–116. Copyright © 1999 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.
Page 12: Andrew Zimbalist. Sport as Business. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. Vol. 19, Issue 4, pp. 503–511, 2003. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
Page 18: Rodney Fort. The Value of Major League Baseball Ownership. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 9–20. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 26: Genevieve F.E. Birren. NFL vs. Sherman Act: How the NFL’s Ban on Public Ownership Violates Federal Antitrust Laws. Sports Lawyers Journal. Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. 121. Used with permission.
Page 31: Ryan Schaffer. A Piece of the Rock (or the Rockets): The Viability of Widespread Public Offerings of Professional Sports Franchises. Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal. Vol. 5, 2006, p. 201. Used with permission.
Page 42: Edward N. Coulson and Rodney Fort. Tax Revisions of 2004 and Pro Sports Team Ownership. Contemporary Economic Policy. Published online January 21, 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Used with permission.
CHAPTER 2
Page 51: Kenneth Shropshire and Scott Rosner. On the Global Economic Downturn and Sports. Entertainment and Sports Lawyer. Vol. 27, Issue 2, pp. 2–3. Copyright © 2009 American Bar Association. Used with permission.
Page 53: Michael N. Danielson. Home Team: Professional Sports and the American Metropolis, pp. 83–96. Copyright © 1997 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.
Page 55: Roger G. Noll. The Economics of Promotion and Relegation in Sports Leagues: The Case of English Football. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 169–203, copyright © 2002 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by Permission of SAGE Publications.
CHAPTER 3
Page 66: The Economist. Local Heroes. © The Economist Newspaper Limited, London (July 31, 2008).
Page 69: India Knowledge@Wharton. Cricket in India: Moving Into a League of Its Own. Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. March 20, 2008. Used with permission.
Page 71: Christopher Hyde and Adrian Pritchard. Twenty20 Cricket: An Examination of the Critical Success Factors in the Development of Competition. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 132–142. Used with permission.
Page 76: Arsenal Football Club. Arsenal Holdings Plc Statement of Accounts and Annual Report 2007/2008. Used with permission.
Page 84: Scott R. Rosner and William T. Conroy. The Impact of the Flat World on Player Transfers in Major League Baseball. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law. Vol. 12, Issue 1, p. 79. Used with permission.
CHAPTER 4
Page 104: Tim Bezbatchenko. Bend it for Beckham: A Look at Major League Soccer and its Single Entity Defense to Antitrust Liability after the Designated Player Rule. University of Cincinnati Law Review. Vol. 76, Winter 2008, pp. 611–644. Used with permission.
Page 114: Marc Edelman and Elizabeth Masterson. Could the New Women’s Professional Soccer League Survive in America? How Adopting a Traditional Legal Structure May Save More Than Just a Game. 19 Seton Hall Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law, 283 (2009). Copyright © 2009 by Marc Edelman. Used with the authorization of Marc Edelman. All rights reserved.
Page 123: Marc Edelman and C. Keith Harrison. Analyzing the WNBA’s Mandatory Age/Education Policy from a Legal, Cultural, and Ethical Perspective: Women, Men, and the Professional Sports Landscape. Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy. Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 1–28. Copyright © 2008 by Marc Edelman and C. Keith Harrison. Used with the authorization of Marc Edelman and C. Keith Harrison. All rights reserved.
Page 128: Keith Willoughby and Chad Mancini. The Inaugural (and Only) Season of the Xtreme Football League: A Case Study in Sports Entertainment. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 227–235. Used with permission.
Page 132: Michael C. Davis. Called up to the Big Leagues: An Examination of the Factors Affecting the Location of Minor League Baseball Teams. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 1, Issue 4, pp. 253–264. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 147: Richard G. Sheehan. Keeping Score: The Economics of Big-Time Sports, pp. 155–179. Copyright 1996 by Diamond Communications, an imprint of Taylor Trade Publishing. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 151: Allen R. Sanderson and John J. Siegfried. Thinking about Competitive Balance. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 316–348. Copyright © 2003 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 159: Clay Moorhead. Revenue Sharing and the Salary Cap in the NFL: Perfecting the Balance Between NFL Socialism and Unrestrained Free-Trade. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law. Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp. 641–686. Used with permission.
Page 172: Adapted, with permission, from S. Kesenne, 2006, “Competitive balance in team sports and the impact of revenue sharing,” Journal of Sport Management 20(6): 39–51.
CHAPTER 6
Page 186: Jack Williams. The Coming Revenue Revolution in Sports. Willamette Law Review. Vol. 42, Issue 4, pp. 669–708. Used with permission.
Page 193: David J. Berri, Martin B. Schmidt and Stacey L. Brook. Stars at the Gate: The Impact of Star Power on NBA Gate Revenues. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 33–50. Copyright © 2004 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 199: Robert Lawson, Kathleen Sheehan, and E. Frank Stephenson. Vend It Like Beckham: David Beckham’s Effect on MLS Ticket Sales. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp. 189–195. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 202: Dennis Coates and Brad R. Humphreys. Ticket Prices, Concessions and Attendance at Professional Sporting Events. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 161–170. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 205: Adapted, with permission, from D.A. Rascher, C.D. McEvoy, M.S. Nagel, and M.T. Brown, 2007, “Variable ticket pricing in major league baseball,” Journal of Sport Management 21(3): 407–437.
Page 211: John S. Hill and John Vincent. Globalisation and Sports Branding: The Case of Manchester United. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. Vol. 7, Issue 3, pp. 213–230. Used with permission.
Page 220: Forest City Enterprises, Inc., Nets Sports and Entertainment, LLC and Subsidiaries. Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2009 and 2008, and Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Members’ Equity (Deficit), and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2009, 2008 and 2007, including the Notes thereto. Courtesy of EDGAR and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Page 223: Nets Sports and Entertainment, LLC and Subsidiaries. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, June 30, 2009, 2008 and 2007. Courtesy of EDGAR and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
CHAPTER 7
Page 230: Martin J. Greenberg. The Stadium Game, ScheerGame. ScheerGame Sports Development, LLC. Copyright 2000 by ScheerGame Sports Development, LLC. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 238: Marc Edelman. Sports and the City: How to Curb Professional Sports Teams’ Demands For Free Public Stadiums. Rutgers Journal of Law and Public Policy. Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 35–77. Copyright © 2008 by Marc Edelman. Used with the authorization of Marc Edelman. All rights reserved. Excerpts from this article have previously appeared in the author’s Spring 2003 Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Review article, How to Curb Professional Sports’ Bargaining Power Vis-à-Vis the American City, 2 Va. Sports & Ent. L.J. 280 (2003).
Page 243: Martin J. Greenberg and April R. Anderson. The Name is the Game in Facility Naming Rights. The Sports Lawyer. 2000. Used with permission.
Page 247: Brad R. Humphreys. Public Financing for Construction and Operation of Sports Stadiums and Economic Revitalization and Development in Urban America. Testimony for the Domestic Policy Subcommittee Hearing on Taxpayer Financed Stadiums, Convention Centers, and Hotels. March 29, 2007. Courtesy of the U.S. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
Page 251: Neil Demause. Testimony for the Domestic Policy Subcommittee Hearing on Taxpayer Financed Stadiums, Convention Centers, and Hotels. March 29, 2007. Courtesy of the U.S. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.
CHAPTER 8
Page 264: Ronald A. Cass, Mark Abbott, Irwin Kishner, Brad Ruskin, and Alan Vickery. Symposium: The Seventh Annual Symposium on Legal Issues in Professional Sports, Panel I: The Future of Sports Television. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal. Vol. 14, Issue 3, pp. 645–693. Copyright 2004 Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal and Ronald A. Cass, Mark Abbott, Irwin Kirshner, Brad Ruskin, and Alan Vickery. Used with permission.
Page 273: “NFL Agenda-Setting, the NFL Programming Schedule: A Study of Agenda-Setting” by John A. Fortunato, is reproduced from Journal of Sports Media with permission from the University of Nebraska Press. Copyright 2008. Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 27–49.
Page 280: Norm O’Reilly and Ryan Rahinel. Forecasting the Importance of Media Technology in Sport: The Case of the Televised Ice Hockey Product in Canada. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 82–97. Used with permission.
Page 287: Diana Moss. Regional Sports Networks, Competition, and the Consumer. Loyola Consumer Law Review. Vol. 21, 2008, p. 56. Used with permission.
Page 295: Irving Rein, Philip Kotler, and Ben Shields. The Future of Sports Media. THE FUTURIST. Vol. 41, Issue 1, pp. 40–43. Originally published in THE FUTURIST. Used with permission from the World Future Society, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 450, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 USA. Telephone: 301-656-8274; www.wfs.org.
CHAPTER 9
Page 301: Andrew P. Hanson. The Trend Toward Principled Negotiation in Major League Baseball Collective Bargaining. Sports Lawyers Journal. Vol. 15, Spring 2008, p. 221. Used with permission.
Page 310: Andrew Zimbalist. Labor Relations in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 332–355. Copyright © 2003 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 314: Ryan T. Dryer. Beyond The Box Score: A Look at Collective Bargaining Agreements in Professional Sports and Their Effect on Competition. Journal of Dispute Resolution. Vol. 2008, Issue 1, pp. 267–292. Used with permission.
Page 328: Paul D. Staudohar. The Hockey Lockout of 2004-05. 128 Monthly Labor Review. 12 (2005). Courtesy of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
CHAPTER 10
Page 338: James Quirk and Rodney D. Fort. Pay Dirt: The Business of Professional Team Sports, pp. 213–225, 238–239. Copyright © 1992 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.
Page 342: Lawrence M. Kahn. The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (3) pp. 75–94, Summer 2000. Copyright by American Economic Association. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 349: David J. Berri, Stacey L. Brook, Martin B. Schmidt. Does One Simply Need to Score to Score? International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 190–205. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 356: Jahn K. Hakes and Raymond D. Sauer. An Economic Evaluation of the Moneyball Hypothesis. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp. 173–185. Used with permission.
Page 361: Bill Gerrard. Is the Moneyball Approach Transferable to Complex Invasion Team Sports? International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 214–230. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 369: Andrew Healy. Do Firms Have Short Memories?: Evidence From Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp. 407–424. Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 374: Stephen M. Yoost. The National Hockey League and Salary Arbitration: Time for a Line Change. Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution. Vol. 21, p. 485. Used with permission.
Page 390: Richard A. Kaplan. The NBA Luxury Tax Model: A Misguided Regulatory Regime. Columbia Law Review. Vol. 104, pp. 1615–1624. Copyright 2004 by Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. Reproduced with permission of Columbia Law Review Association, Inc. in the formats Textbook and Other book via Copyright Clearance Center.
Page 400: William Duffy. Football May Be Ill, but Don’t Blame Bosman. Sports Lawyers Journal. Vol. 10, 2003, p. 295. Used with permission.
CHAPTER 11
Page 414: Mitchell Ziets and David Haber. The Financial Valuation of Sports Franchises, from The Business of Sports: Perspectives on the Sports Industry, Brad R. Humphreys and Dennis R. Howard, eds. Copyright © 2008 by Brad R. Humphreys and Dennis R. Howard. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC.
Page 423: Chad Lewis, Jessica Soltz Rudd, Laurence Monnier, and Cherian George. Fitch Criteria Report, Criteria Report Global Sports Rating Guidelines, May 9, 2007, pp. 1–18. Reprinted by permission of Fitch, Inc.
Page 436: Brad R. Humphreys and Michael Mondello. Determinants of Franchise Values in North American Professional Sports Leagues: Evidence from a Hedonic Price Model. International Journal of Sport Finance. Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 98–105. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 440: Donald L. Alexander and William Kern. The Economic Determinants of Professional Sports Franchise Values. Journal of Sports Economics. Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 51–66. Copyright © 2004 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 446: Jeffrey S. Phillips and Jeremy L. Krasner, CFA. Professional Sports: The Next Evolution in Value Creation. The SRR Journal. Fall 2008, pp. 16–19. Copyright © 2008 by Stout Risius Ross, Inc. (www.srr.com). Used with permission.
CHAPTER 12
Page 457: Jean-Loup Chappelet. Management of the Olympic Games: The Lessons of Sydney. Olympic Review, 2000. October–November, Vol. XXVII, No. 35, pp. 43–47. Used with permission.
Page 460: Brad Humphreys and Andrew Zimbalist. The Financing and Economic Impact of the Olympic Games, from The Business of Sports: Perspectives on the Sports Industry, Brad R. Humphreys and Dennis R. Howard, eds. Copyright © 2008 by Brad R. Humphreys and Dennis R. Howard. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC.
Page 470: Chrysostomos Giannoulakis and David Stotlar. Evolution of Olympic Sponsorship and Its Impact on the Olympic Movement. Eighth International Symposium for Olympic Research. 2006, pp. 180–190. Used with permission.
CHAPTER 13
Page 480: Rodney K. Smith. A Brief History of the NCAA’s Role in Regulating Intercollegiate Athletics. Marquette Sports Law Review. Vol. 11, Fall 2000, pp. 9–22. © Marquette University, reprinted with permission.
Page 485: Lisa Pike Masteralexis, Carol A, Barr, and Mary A. Hums. Principles and Practice of Sport Management, pp. 145–169. Copyright © 2009, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA, www.jblearning.com. Used with permission.
Page 494: Ray Yasser, James R. McCurdy, C. Peter Goplerud and Maureen A. Weston. Sports Law: Cases and Materials, 4th ed., pp. 92–99. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2002 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the LexisNexis Group. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 14
Page 507: Roger C. Noll. The Business of College Sports and the High Cost of Winning. Milken Institute Review, pp. 24–37, Third Quarter, 1999. Copyright by The Milken Institute Review. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 516: Jack Copeland. Unbound: How a Supreme Court Decision Tore Apart Football Television and Rippled Through 25 Years of College Sports. Champion Magazine. Summer 2009, pp. 38–45. © National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008-2010. All rights reserved.
Page 520: Myles Brand. The 2009 NCAA State of the Association Speech, as Delivered by Wallace I. Renfro, NCAA Vice President and Senior Advisor to President Myles Brand, January 15, 2009. © National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008-2010. All rights reserved.
Page 526: National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA 2008–2009 Revenue Distribution Plan. © National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008–2010. All rights reserved.
Page 530: National Collegiate Athletic Association. NCAA Financial Report, August 31, 2008. © National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008–2010. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 15
Page 544: James J. Duderstadt. Intercollegiate Athletics and the American University: A University President’s Perspective, pp. 126–145. Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2000, 2003. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 551: University of Michigan Athletic Department. University of Michigan Department of Athletics Operating Budgets, 2009–2010. Used with permission.
Page 555: Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. Faculty Perceptions of Intercollegiate Athletics Survey, Executive Summary, Knight Commission’s Faculty Summit on Intercollegiate Athletics. Used with permission.
Page 559: Jonathan M. Orszag and Peter R. Orszag. The Physical Capital Stock Used In Collegiate Athletics. Commissioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, April 2005, funded in part by the Mellon Foundation. Reprinted with permission of the authors.
Page 564: Jonathan M. Orszag and Peter R. Orszag. The Empirical Effects of Collegiate Athletics: An Update. Commissioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, April 2005. Reprinted with permission of the authors.
Page 567: Robert H. Frank. Challenging the Myth: A Review of the Links Among College Athletic Success, Student Quality, and Donations. Prepared for the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, May 2004. Used with permission.
Page 577: Devin G. Pope and Jaren C. Pope. The Impact of College Sports Success on the Quantity and Quality of Student Applications. Southern Economic Journal. Vol. 75, Issue 3, pp. 750–780. Used with permission.
Page 584: Jeffrey L. Stinson and Dennis R. Howard. Scoreboards vs. Mortarboards: Major Donor Behavior and Intercollegiate Athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly. Vol. 13, 2004, pp. 129–140. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 591: National Collegiate Athletic Association. The Impact of Reclassification from Division II to I-AA and from Division I-AA to I-A on NCAA Member Institutions from 1993 to 2003. © National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2008–2010. All rights reserved.
Page 599: Willie J. Burden and Ming Li. Circumstantial Factors and Institutions’ Outsourcing Decisions on Marketing Operations. Sport Marketing Quarterly. Vol. 14, 2005, pp. 125–131. Used with permission from Fitness Information Technology.
Page 603: Kristy Piccinini and Dennis Zimmerman. A CBO Paper: Tax Preferences for Collegiate Sports. May 2009. Courtesy of the Congressional Budget Office.
CHAPTER 16
Page 616: Scott R. Rosner. The Growth of NCAA Women’s Rowing: A Financial, Ethical and Legal Analysis. 11 Seton Hall Journal of Sports Law, 297 (2001). Copyright by Seton Hall University School of Law. Used with permission.
Page 622: Office for Civil Rights. Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test. January 16, 1996. Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Education.
Page 627: Mary Frances O’Shea. Letter Clarifying Apportionment of Financial Aid in Intercollegiate Athletics. July 23, 1998. Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Education.
Page 630: Gerald Reynolds. Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance. July 11, 2003. Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Education.
Page 631: Deborah L. Rhode and Christopher J. Walker. Gender Equity in College Athletics: Women Coaches as a Case Study. Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. Vol. 4, April 2008, pp. 1–50. Copyright 2008 by Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties. Reproduced with permission of Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center.
CHAPTER 17
Page 648: Kenneth L. Shropshire. Legislation for the Glory of Sport: Amateurism and Compensation. 1 Seton Hall Journal of Sport Law 7 (1991). Copyright by Seton Hall University School of Law. Used with permission.
Page 652: Peter Goplerud III. Symposium: Sports Law as a Reflection of Society’s Laws and Values: Pay for Play College Athletes: Now More Than Ever. 38 S. Texas Law Review 1081 (1997). Used with permission.
Page 658: Christopher A. Callanan. Advice for the Next Jeremy Bloom: An Elite Athlete’s Guide to NCAA Amateurism Regulations. Case Western Reserve Law Review. Vol. 56, Issue 3, pp. 687–694. Used with permission.
Page 661: James L. Shulman and William G. Bowen. The Game of Life: College Sports and Educational Values, pp. 258–267. Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University Press, 2002 paperback edition. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.
Page 666: Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. A Call to Action: Reconnecting College Sports and Higher Education, 2001 Report. Used with permission.
Page 677: Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics. Quantitative and Qualitative Research with Football Bowl Subdivision University Presidents on the Costs and Financing of Intercollegiate Athletics: Report of Findings and Implications, October 2009. Used with permission.
CHAPTER 18
Page 689: Edward Rimer. Discrimination in Major League Baseball: Hiring Standards for Major League Managers, 1975–1994. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. Vol. 20, Issue 2, pp. 118–133. Copyright © 1996 by SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.
Page 694: N. Jeremi Duru. The Fritz Pollard Alliance, the Rooney Rule, and the Quest to “Level the Playing Field” in the National Football League. Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal. Vol. 7, 2008, p. 179. Used with permission.
Page 700: Kenneth L. Shropshire. Diversity, Racism and Professional Sports Franchise Ownership: Change Must Come from Within, 67 University of Colorado Law Review 47 (1995). Reprinted with permission of the author and the University of Colorado Law Review.
Page 702: Lawrence M. Kahn. The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (3) pp. 75–94, Summer 2000. Copyright by American Economic Association. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Page 704: Michael Ryan, The European Union and Fan Racism in European Soccer Stadiums: The Time has Come for Action, 20 Fla. J. Int’l L. 245–78 (2008). Used with permission.
Page 720: Mary A. Hums, Carol A. Barr and Laurie Gullion. The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 20, 1999, pp. 51–66. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. With kind permission from the authors and Springer Science+Business Media.
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Page 725: Richard H. McLaren. Corruption: Its Impact on Fair Play. From the Symposium “Doping in Sports: Legal and Ethical Issues.” Marquette Sports Law Review. Vol. 19, Fall 2008, pp. 15–38. © Marquette University, reprinted with permission.