In 2005, Google launched a satellite-imagery-based system for outdoor navigation, and in the next 11 years, Google Maps evolved to include real-time traffic conditions, panoramic street views, and route planning. For the first time, people were introduced to a new system of navigation where they were not dependent on physical maps or transit booklets. They could confidently go to a new city and navigate like a local.
Here is a Google Maps car that collects street view data:

The practicality of Google's idea fits well with the concept of the Internet of Things. In the IoT's context, either a user needs to know the location of the IoT devices or vice versa. To understand this, consider the example of Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, United States. It is a football stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area and has served as the home of the San Francisco 49ers in the NFL since 2014. When they were building the stadium, they needed to install an indoor navigation system. Since this is a state-of-the-art stadium, people should have a smart way to find the closest hot dog stand, get their food delivered right to their seats, or find the closest washroom. This problem could not be solved by Google Maps because it relies on satellite navigation, which does not work indoors. 

In light of this example, you can think of hundreds of situations where indoor navigation is required. Estimote, in their BLE Location Beacons, addressed this issue and provided a BLE-based indoor navigation solution. In this chapter, we will study how indoor navigation can be easily implemented in our homes or any other indoor location.