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by Raj P. Chhabra, Ron Dar
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition, 3rd Edition
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Unit Conversion Factors
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
I. Fundamentals
A. Introduction and Scope
B. Basic Laws
C. Experience
II. Objective
A. A Note on Problem Solving
III. Phenomenological Rate or Transport Laws
A. Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
B. Fick’s Law of Diffusion
C. Ohm’s Law of Electrical Conductivity
D. Newton’s Law of Viscosity
1. Momentum Flux and Shear Stress
2. Vectors and Dyads
3. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
IV. The “System”
V. Turbulent Macroscopic (Convective) Transport Models
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 2 Dimensional Analysis and Scale-Up
I. Introduction
II. Units and Dimensions
A. Dimensions
B. Units
C. Conversion Factors
III. Conservation of Dimensions
A. Numerical Values
B. Consistent Units
IV. Dimensional Analysis
A. Pipeline Analysis
B. Uniqueness
C. Dimensionless Variables
D. Problem Solution
E. Alternate Groups
V. Scale-Up
VI. Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics
VII. Accuracy and Precision
Problems
Notation
Chapter 3 Fluid Properties in Perspective
I. Classification of Materials and Fluid Properties
II. Determination of Fluid Viscous (Rheological) Properties
A. Cup and Bob (Couette) Viscometer
B. Tube Flow (Poiseuille) Viscometer
III. Types of Non-Newtonian Fluid Behavior
A. Newtonian Fluid
B. Bingham Plastic Model
C. Power Law Model
D. Structural Viscosity Models
1. Carreau Model
2. Other Models
IV. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
A. Liquids
B. Gases
V. Density
VI. Surface Tension
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 4 Fluid Statics
I. Stress and Pressure
II. The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics
A. Constant Density Fluids
B. Ideal Gas: Isothermal
C. Ideal Gas: Isentropic
D. The Standard Atmosphere
III. Moving Systems
A. Vertical Acceleration
B. Horizontally Accelerating Free Surface
C. Rotating Fluid
IV. Buoyancy
V. Static Forces on Solid Boundaries
Summary
Problems
Notation
Chapter 5 Conservation Principles
I. The System
II. Conservation of Mass
A. Macroscopic Mass Balance
B. Microscopic Mass Balance
III. Conservation of Energy
A. Internal Energy
1. Ideal Gas
2. Nonideal Gas
3. Solids and Liquids
B. Enthalpy
1. Ideal Gas
2. Nonideal Gas
3. Solids and Liquids
IV. Irreversible Effects
A. Kinetic Energy Correction
V. Conservation of Linear Momentum
A. One-Dimensional Flow in a Tube
B. The Loss Coefficient
C. Conservation of Angular Momentum
D. Moving Boundary Systems and Relative Motion
E. Microscopic Momentum Balance
Summary
Problems
Notation
Reference
Chapter 6 Pipe Flow
I. Flow Regimes
II. General Relations for Pipe Flows
A. Energy Balance
B. Momentum Balance
C. Continuity
D. Energy Dissipation
III. Newtonian Fluids
A. Laminar Flow
B. Turbulent Flow
1. Boundary Layer
2. Turbulent Momentum Flux
3. Mixing Length Theory
4. Friction Loss in Smooth Pipe
5. Friction Loss in Rough Tubes
6. Friction Loss in Rough Pipe
7. Wall Roughness
C. All Flow Regimes
IV. Power Law Fluids
A. Laminar Flow
B. Turbulent Flow
C. All Flow Regimes
V. Bingham Plastics
A. Laminar Flow
B. Turbulent Flow
C. All Reynolds Numbers
VI. Pipe Flow Problems
A. Unknown Driving Force
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
B. Unknown Flow Rate
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
C. Unknown Diameter
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
D. Use of Tables
VII. Tube Flow (Poiseuille) Viscometer
VIII. Turbulent Drag Reduction
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 7 Internal Flow Applications
I. Noncircular Conduits
A. Laminar Flows
1. Flow in a Slit
2. Flow in a Film
3. Annular Flow
B. Turbulent Flows
II. Most Economical Diameter
A. Newtonian Fluids
B. Non-Newtonian Fluids
1. Power Law Fluid
2. Bingham Plastic
III. Friction Loss in Valves and Fittings
A. Loss Coefficient
B. Equivalent L/D Method
C. Crane Method
D. 2-K (Hooper) Method
E. 3-K (Darby) Method
IV. Non-Newtonian Fluids
V. Pipe Flow Problems with Fittings
A. Unknown Driving Force
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
B. Unknown Flow Rate
1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
C. Unknown Diameter
1. Newtonian Fluids
2. Power Law Fluid
3. Bingham Plastic
VI. Slack Flow
VII. Pipe Networks
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 8 Pumps and Compressors
I. Pumps
A. Positive Displacement Pumps
B. Centrifugal Pumps
II. Pump Characteristics
III. Pumping Requirements and Pump Selection
A. Required Head
B. Composite Curves
IV. Cavitation and NPSH
A. Vapor Lock and Cavitation
B. Net Positive Suction Head
C. Specific Speed
D. Suction Specific Speed
V. Compressors
A. Isothermal Compression
B. Isentropic Compression
C. Staged Operation
D. Efficiency
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 9 Compressible Flows
I. Gas Properties
A. Ideal Gas
B. The Speed of Sound
II. Pipe Flow
A. Isothermal Flow
B. Adiabatic Flow
C. Choked Flow
1. Isothermal
2. Adiabatic
D. The Expansion Factor
E. Frictionless Adiabatic Flow
F. General Fluid Properties
III. Generalized Gas Flow Expressions: Ideal Gas
A. Governing Equations
1. Continuity
2. Energy
3. Momentum
B. Applications
C. Solution of High-Speed Ideal Gas Problems
1. Unknown Driving Force
2. Unknown Flow Rate
3. Unknown Diameter
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 10 Flow Measurement
I. Scope
II. Pitot Tube
III. Venturi and Nozzle
IV. Orifice Meter
A. Incompressible Flow
B. Compressible Flow
C. Friction Loss Coefficient
D. Other Geometries
V. Orifice Problems
A. Unknown Pressure Drop
B. Unknown Flow Rate
C. Unknown Diameter
VI. Noninvasive Techniques
A. Vortex-Shedding Flow Meter
B. Magnetic Flow Meter
C. Ultrasonic Flow Meter
D. The Coriolis Flow Meter
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 11 Safety Relief and Control Valves
I. Safety Relief Valves
A. Background
B. Valve Sizing
1. Flow Model
2. Fluid Property Model
3. Flow Data
C. Fluid Models
1. Incompressible Fluids
2. Ideal Gases
3. The Homogeneous Direct Integration Method for Any Single- or Two-Phase Flow
4. Nonequilibrium (Flashing) Flows
D. The Discharge Coefficient
II. Control Valves
A. Valve Characteristics
B. Overview of Control Valve Sizing
C. The Equation Constant
1. Incompressible Fluids
D. Valve Coefficients
1. The Valve Sizing Coefficient
2. FP: The Piping Geometry Factor
3. FL2 (Km): The Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor
4. Fd: The Valve Style Modifier
E. Cavitating and Flashing Liquids
1. Introduction
2. FF = rc: The Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio
3. xT: The Pressure Differential Ratio Factor for a Control Valve without Attached Fittings at Choked Flow
F. Viscous Fluids
G. Compressible Fluids
1. Subsonic Flow
2. Choked Flow
H. General (HDI) Method for All Fluids and All Conditions
I. Valve-System Interaction
J. Matching Valve Trim to the System
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 12 External Flows
I. The Drag Coefficient
A. Stokes Flow
B. Form Drag
C. All Reynolds Numbers
D. Cylinder Drag
E. Boundary Layer Effects
II. Falling Particles
A. Unknown Velocity
B. Unknown Diameter
C. Unknown Viscosity
III. Correction Factors
A. Wall Effects
B. Effect of Particle Shape
C. Drops and Bubbles
IV. Non-Newtonian Fluids
A. Power Law Fluids
1. Unknown Velocity
2. Unknown Diameter
B. Wall Effects
C. Carreau Fluids
D. Bingham Plastics
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 13 Fluid-Solid Separations by Free Settling
I. Fluid-Solid Separations
II. Gravity Settling
III. Centrifugal Separation
A. Separation of Immiscible Liquids
IV. Cyclone Separations
A. General Characteristics
B. Aerocyclones
1. Velocity Distribution
2. Pressure Drop
3. Separation Efficiency
4. Other Effects
C. Hydrocyclones
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 14 Flow in Porous Media
I. Description of Porous Media
A. Hydraulic Diameter
B. Porous Medium Friction Factor
C. Porous Medium Reynolds Number
II. Friction Loss in Porous Media
A. Laminar Flow
B. Turbulent Flow
C. All Reynolds Numbers
III. Permeability
IV. Multidimensional Flow
V. Packed Columns
VI. Filtration
A. Governing Equations
B. Constant Pressure Operation
C. Constant Flow Operation
D. Cycle Time
E. Plate-and-Frame Filter
F. Rotary Drum Filter
G. Compressible Cake
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 15 Fluidization and Sedimentation
I. Fluidization
A. Governing Equations
B. Minimum Bed Voidage
C. Nonspherical Particles
II. Sedimentation
A. Hindered Settling
B. Fine Particles
C. Coarse Particles
D. All Flow Regimes
III. Generalized Sedimentation/Fluidization
IV. Thickening
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Chapter 16 Two-Phase Flow
I. Scope
II. Definitions
III. Fluid-Solid Two-Phase Pipe Flows
A. Pseudohomogeneous Flows
B. Heterogeneous Liquid-Solid Flows
C. Pneumatic Solids Transport
1. Horizontal Transport
2. Vertical Transport
IV. Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Pipe Flow
A. Flow Regimes
B. Homogeneous Gas-Liquid Models
1. Omega Method for Homogeneous Equilibrium Flow
2. Generalized (Homogeneous Direct Integration) Method for All Homogeneous Flow Conditions
C. Separated Flow Models
D. Slip and Holdup
Summary
Problems
Notation
References
Appendix A: Viscosities and Other Properties of Gases and Liquids
Appendix B: Generalized Viscosity Plot
Appendix C: Properties of Gases
Appendix D: Pressure–Enthalpy Diagrams for Various Compounds
Appendix E: Microscopic Conservation Equations in Rectangular, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates
Appendix F: Standard Steel Pipe Dimensions and Capacities
Appendix G: Flow of Water/Air through Schedule 40 Pipe
Appendix H: Typical Pump Head Capacity Range Charts
Appendix I: Fanno Line Tables for Adiabatic Flow of Air in a Constant Area Duct
Index
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