You Manage It! 2: Emerging Trends Why Women Lag Behind in MBA Programs
by Robert L. Cardy, David B. Balkin, Luis R. Gómez-Mejía
Managing Human Resources, Eight Edition
- Full-Circle Learning MyLabTM: Learning Full Circle for Marketing, Management, Business Communication, Intro to Business, and MIS
- Managing Human Resources
- Managing Human Resources
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Preface
- PART I Introduction
- CHAPTER 1 Meeting Present and Emerging Strategic Human Resource Challenges
- CHALLENGES
- Human Resource Management: The Challenges
- Planning and Implementing Strategic HR Policies
- The Benefits of Strategic HR Planning
- Encouragement of Proactive Rather than Reactive Behavior
- Explicit Communication of Company Goals
- Stimulation of Critical Thinking and Ongoing Examination of Assumptions
- Identification of Gaps between Current Situation and Future Vision
- Encouragement of Line Managers’ Participation
- Identification of HR Constraints and Opportunities
- Creation of Common Bonds
- The Challenges of Strategic HR Planning
- Maintaining a Competitive Advantage
- Reinforcing Overall Business Strategy
- Avoiding Excessive Concentration on Day-to-Day Problems
- Developing HR Strategies Suited to Unique Organizational Features
- Coping with the Environment
- Securing Management Commitment
- Translating the Strategic Plan into Action
- Combining Intended and Emergent Strategies
- Accommodating Change
- Strategic HR Choices
- The Benefits of Strategic HR Planning
- Selecting HR Strategies to Increase Firm Performance
- The HR Department and Managers: An Important Partnership
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- References
- CHAPTER 1 Meeting Present and Emerging Strategic Human Resource Challenges
- PART II The Contexts of Human Resource Management
- CHAPTER 2 Managing Work Flows and Conducting Job Analysis
- CHALLENGES
- Work: The Organizational Perspective
- Work: The Group Perspective
- Work: The Individual Perspective
- Designing Jobs and Conducting Job Analysis
- The Flexible Workforce
- Human Resource Information Systems
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 3 Understanding Equal Opportunity and the Legal Environment
- CHALLENGES
- Why Understanding the Legal Environment Is Important
- Challenges to Legal Compliance
- Equal Employment Opportunity Laws
- EEO Enforcement and Compliance
- Other Important Laws
- Avoiding Pitfalls in EEO
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 3 Human Resource Legislation Discussed in This Text
- CHAPTER 4 Managing Diversity
- CHALLENGES
- What Is Diversity?
- Challenges in Managing Employee Diversity
- Diversity in Organizations
- Improving the Management of Diversity
- Creating an Inclusive Organizational Culture
- Top-Management Commitment to Valuing Diversity
- Appraising and Rewarding Managers for Good Diversity Practices
- Diversity Training Programs
- Support Groups
- Accommodation of Family Needs
- Senior Mentoring Programs
- Apprenticeships
- Communication Standards
- Diversity Audits
- Management Responsibility and Accountability
- Some Warnings
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 2 Managing Work Flows and Conducting Job Analysis
- PART III Staffing
- CHAPTER 5 Recruiting and Selecting Employees
- CHALLENGES
- Human Resource Supply and Demand
- The Hiring Process
- Challenges in the Hiring Process
- Meeting the Challenge of Effective Staffing
- Selection
- Legal Issues in Staffing
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 6 Managing Employee Separations, Downsizing, and Outplacement
- CHAPTER 5 Recruiting and Selecting Employees
- PART IV Employee Development
- CHAPTER 7 Appraising and Managing Performance
- CHAPTER 8 Training the Workforce
- CHALLENGES
- Key Training Issues
- Training Versus Development
- Challenges in Training
- Managing the Training Process
- A Special Case: Orientation and Socialization
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 9 Developing Careers
- PART V Compensation
- CHAPTER 10 Managing Compensation
- CHALLENGES
- What Is Compensation?
- Designing a Compensation System
- Job Versus Individual Pay
- Compensation Tools
- Job-Based Compensation Plans
- Skill-Based Compensation Plans
- Special Compensation Issues in Small Firms
- The Legal Environment and Pay System Governance
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 11 Rewarding Performance
- CHALLENGES
- Pay for Performance: The Challenges
- Meeting the Challenges of Pay-for-Performance Systems
- Develop a Complementary Relationship Between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards
- Link Pay and Performance Appropriately
- Use Pay for Performance as Part of a Broader HRM System
- Build Employee Trust
- Promote the Belief That Performance Makes a Difference
- Use Multiple Layers of Rewards
- Increase Employee Involvement
- Stress the Importance of Acting Ethically
- Use Motivation and Nonfinancial Incentives
- Types of Pay-for-Performance Plans
- Designing Pay-for-Performance Plans for Executives and Salespeople
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- References
- CHAPTER 12 Designing and Administering Benefits
- CHAPTER 10 Managing Compensation
- PART VI Governance
- CHAPTER 13 Developing Employee Relations
- CHALLENGES
- The Roles of the Manager and the Employee Relations Specialist
- Developing Employee Communications
- Encouraging Effective Communications
- Employee Recognition Programs
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 14 Respecting Employee Rights and Managing Discipline
- CHAPTER 15 Working with Organized Labor
- CHALLENGES
- Why Do Employees Join Unions?
- Labor Relations and the Legal Environment
- Labor Relations in the United States
- Labor Relations in Other Countries
- Labor Relations Strategy
- Managing the Labor Relations Process
- The Impact of Unions on Human Resource Management
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 16 Managing Workplace Safety and Health
- CHAPTER 17 International HRM Challenge
- CHALLENGES
- The Stages of International Involvement
- Determining the Mix of Host-Country and Expatriate Employees
- The Challenges of Expatriate Assignments
- Effectively Managing Expatriate Assignments with HRM Policies and Practices
- Developing HRM Policies in a Global Context
- Human Resources Management and Exporting Firms
- Summary and Conclusions
- Key Terms
- Discussion Questions
- CHAPTER 13 Developing Employee Relations
- Appendix
- Concise Dictionary of HR Terminology
- Company, Name, and Product Index
- Subject Index
- Pearson’s MyLab™
You Manage It! 2: Emerging Trends Why Women Lag Behind in MBA Programs
In some professional fields such as medicine and law, women are now exceeding men as a percentage of the entering classes, something that would have been incredible 30 or so years ago when few women entered these fields. Yet colleges of businesses in the United States and abroad seem to be bucking this trend. Although women are now close to matching men in enrollment for undergraduate business programs, the situation is very different at the MBA (graduate) level. Women score higher than men on the GMAT test needed to enter graduate business programs, but in 2014, women still accounted for less than 30 percent of the U.S.-enrolled MBA candidates, a percentage that has not changed much since the early 1990s. Similar findings were recently reported in France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Australia. This data is revealing of future career tracks for men and women because an MBA degree is frequently required to enter mid- to upper-level management.
Critical Thinking Questions
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4-18. What do you think is the main reason for the large disparity in the enrollment of women in full-time MBA programs versus enrollment in medical and law school programs? Explain.
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4-19. Should business schools actively promote the enrollment of women into their full-time MBA programs? If so, how should they do it? Explain.
Team Exercise
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4-20. Assume that you are part of a group of faculty chosen by the dean of the College of Business to help the dean increase the percentage of women in the MBA program. Students divide into groups of six, preferably three males and three females, to role-play this situation and develop some recommendations for the dean. The instructor may play the role of the dean.
Experiential Exercise: Team
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4-21. One student will role-play Sylvia Ann Hewlett, a controversial author who has reminded women about the limitations of the biological clock for having children; one to three students will role-play a hypothetical 22-year-old female student who has recently graduated from college with a degree in business administration. Both sides will exchange views as to what recent female graduates should do in the next 20 years to balance family and work life and whether it is a good idea to pursue an MBA. The role-play should last approximately 15 minutes. At the end of the role-play, the entire class will discuss the issues raised by both sides, with the instructor serving as a moderator.
Experiential Exercise: Individual
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4-22. Several schools, including DePaul University, the University of Toronto, and Pepperdine University, have started special MBA programs to appeal to stay-at-home mothers. Others, such as the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, have initiated programs to increase their female MBA enrollment by stressing networking between students, female executives, and faculty. Go online and research these schools and draw some conclusions about how effective their programs are. If applicable, analyze how this type of program may be implemented at your own institution.
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