INDEX
- AC to AC, 248, 317
- AC to DC, 174, 248, 313, 317
- advanced metering infrastructure, 336, 342, 345
- advanced power electronics, 391
- advanced transmission, 357
- aerospace, 270
- air gap, 2, 40, 44, 46, 94, 104–105, 171, 179–180, 184, 188
- air-gap flux, 86, 92–93, 112
- alkaline, 207, 235
- Alnico magnets, 174
- alternator, 137, 303
- ammeter, 50, 52, 66, 69, 80–81
- Ampere's law, 32
- analog/digital (A/D) converter, 377
- ANSI C12.18, 346
- ANSI C12.21, 346
- anti-aliasing filter, 377
- application layer, 373–375, 381, 384, 396
- approximation model, 97
- architecture of a smart grid, 353
- architecture of information network, 407
- architecture of power network, 407
- area regulation, 242
- armature reaction, 126, 148, 151, 167, 171
- armature resistance, 119, 136, 142, 150, 154–155, 160–163, 166–167, 172, 318
- automated meter reading, 376
- automatic generation control, 393
- automatic generator tripping, 133
- automatic load disconnection, 133
- automatic voltage regulators, 393
- automation functions, 338, 358, 361
- autotransformer, 54, 56, 71, 79
- average penetration, 327
- balanced Y-connected 3-phase source, 11
- battery energy storage systems, 242
- battery model, 233
- battery specific cost, 233
- battery specific power, 233
- battery state of charge, 232
- battery storage and renewable energies, 235
- bioenergy, 204
- biomass, 194–195, 204–205, 216–217, 374
- bipolar, 249–250, 258, 268–269
- botanical ceramic fuel cells (BCFC), 208
- brittle ceramics, 173
- brushless, 109, 186, 190, 313
- buck-boost converter, 291, 294
- C12.19, 346, 398
- C12.22, 341
- capacitor, 224, 236–237, 240, 243–244, 248, 269, 273, 280, 282–285, 290, 292–293, 295–296, 301, 304, 314–316, 338–339, 359–360, 371–372, 385–386, 392, 404
- capacity model, 233
- carbon footprint, 370
- Carnot limits, 207
- central controller, 330, 344
- central generation, 195, 353
- ceramic ferrite magnets, 174
- chemical sensitivity, 173
- choppers, 257, 276–277, 296–297
- circuit analysis, 259
- circuit breaker, 247–248, 280, 330–331, 371–372, 392
- CO2, 196, 203, 205, 208, 215, 327, 344
- co-design process, 408
- coercivity, 173
- combined heat and power, 194, 329, 338
- common information model, 345, 383
- communication model, 395
- communication network, 345, 357, 379–380, 383, 391, 396, 406
- communication networks and systems in substations, 345
- communication protocols and standards, 380
- communications layer, 373–375, 379
- communication transformers, 53
- complex power, 5, 8
- component lifecycle optimization, 370
- compressed air energy storage, 217, 224, 238
- computation of CBA, 243
- computation technologies, 356
- conductor, 139–140, 142, 144, 165, 171, 235, 247
- contingency analysis, 293
- control strategy, 329, 332, 369
- converters and inverters, 289
- core loss, 153
- co-simulator, 409
- cost–benefit layer, 373–375, 386
- CúK DC–DC converter, 295
- current grid, 353
- cyber, 330, 352–353, 364–365, 367, 380, 391, 394–395, 399
- cyber model, 395
- cyber-physical, 365, 367, 395
- cyber-physical system, 394, 399
- damping, 107, 133, 183, 249, 283–284, 340, 393
- data link layer, 381
- DC to AC, 199, 202, 247–248, 317
- DC to DC, 248, 317
- DC–DC converter, 289, 291, 295, 313, 403
- DC-machine applications, 167
- deficient pockets, 134
- define the baseline, 388
- demagnetizing curve, 174
- demagnetizing fields, 173
- demand response, 2, 333, 341, 343, 346, 348–349, 353, 373, 397, 403
- demand side management, 2, 338, 342, 348, 370, 396
- depth of charge, 232
- depth of discharge, 232–234
- deregulated, 193, 337
- design of a microgrid, 329
- device level control, 368
- digital economy, 353
- digital layer, 352
- diodes, 109, 247–250, 252, 255, 257, 297, 299, 301–303, 314, 316
- disadvantages of SMES, 239
- discounted cost–benefit ratio, 348
- dispatchable DG, 332
- dispersion, 327
- distance from the grid, 327
- distributed energy resources, 75
- distributed generation, 1, 47, 193, 326, 329, 355–356, 358, 362, 371, 403
- distributed network protocol, 381
- distributed resources, 323–324, 329, 333–344, 352, 382
- distributed winding, 86, 111
- distribution automation, 333, 338, 347–348, 351, 354, 359, 361, 383, 404
- distribution network operator, 346
- distribution system, 1, 247–248, 315, 324, 329, 336–337, 341, 354–355, 359–361, 375, 380, 386, 398
- disturbance, 12, 131–133, 315, 328–329, 340–341, 348, 353, 368, 377, 385–386, 391, 393, 403, 407
- diversion, 205
- DNP3, 381–382
- double layer top windings, 107
- doubly-fed induction, 85
- droop control, 369
- dynamic instability, 131, 133
- economic dispatch, 328, 343, 355–356
- eddy current loss, 38–39, 44, 75, 128, 170–171
- eddy and hysteresis losses, 61
- efficiency computation, 128
- electric supply capacity, 242
- electricity coads, 327
- electromechanical, 29, 45, 47, 50, 82, 84, 103, 106, 137, 140, 168, 237, 282
- eMEGAsim, 411
- EMS structure, 336
- energy efficiency, 225, 327, 333, 342, 349, 373, 390
- energy markets, 324
- energy pricing, 343
- energy processing, 1–3, 31, 33, 45, 49, 84, 249, 395, 402
- energy resource availability, 328
- energy storage system, 223–224, 226, 233, 236, 238–239, 241–242, 327, 343, 346
- energy supply and energy demand, 407
- environmental concerns, 73, 207, 235
- environmental factors, 171, 179
- equipment specifications, 330
- equivalent circuit, 59, 61–66, 68, 70–71, 78–81, 88–89, 92–96, 104–105, 112–115, 142–143, 171–172, 181–183, 196–198, 269, 273
- equivalent magnetic circuit, 34, 181
- ETAP, 2
- evaluation of merit and social impact, 389
- excess generation, 134
- excitation, 71, 73, 75, 78, 81, 103, 108–111, 114, 117, 122, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–136, 171, 177, 188, 281, 319
- exciting current, 44, 96, 142
- fabrication, 195
- FACTS devices, 248, 358
- Faraday law, 32–33, 50–51
- fault analysis, 343, 357
- fault protection, 368
- feeder flow control configuration, 338
- ferromagnetic materials, 2, 35–36, 56, 61
- field area network, 375
- field control, 163
- field programmable gate arrays, 408
- flicker factor, 341, 360, 385
- flux-speed–current relationship, 172
- flywheel, 218, 223–226, 240, 245, 392, 404
- forecast, 82, 329, 335–336, 343, 348, 350, 356, 362, 368, 387
- frequency reduction, 110
- friction, 39, 91, 96, 98, 100, 104–105, 128–129, 154, 167, 172, 176, 202
- fuel cell, 1, 193, 207–210, 224, 314, 323, 343, 374
- fuel diversity, 194, 215
- full-pitch distribution, 186
- gas turbines, 107, 201, 214, 219
- gate turn-off thyristor, 249, 314
- Gauss’ law of electricity, 32
- Gauss’ law of magnetism, 33
- generation/load match, 329
- geographic information system, 378
- geothermal heat pumps, 214
- global positioning system (GPS), 377
- global solar, 331
- GPS satellite-synchronized, 377
- green power, 195–196, 203, 205, 208, 216, 326
- GridIQ, 410
- GridLink, 410
- hardware-in-the-loop, 394, 401, 411
- harmonics, 12, 73, 298, 300–302
- high voltages, 275
- home-area network, 379–380, 398
- home energy management systems, 371
- horizontal axis wind turbines, 201
- Howard University, 347–348, 394
- HVDC, 174–75, 281, 314, 316, 393
- hydraulic, 110, 130, 210–213, 226
- hydropower, 195, 205–207, 218, 222, 240
- hydro-turbine, 107
- hysteresis loop, 34, 36–38, 43
- I2R losses, 39
- ideal transformer, 57, 59, 79–80
- IEC standards, 383
- IEC 61850, 345
- IEEE 1379, 382
- IEEE 1547, 344, 382
- IEEE 1646, 382
- IEEE C37.1, 344
- IEEE standard for interconnecting distributed resources with the electric power system, 344
- IEEE standards for microgrids, 344
- IEEE standards for synchro phasors for power systems, 344
- impedance matching, 53
- impoundment, 205, 207
- induction, 2, 39, 51, 54, 78, 83, 87, 89, 91–92, 96–97, 100–101, 107, 137, 140, 160, 164, 178, 182, 202, 217, 247, 257, 281, 289, 316, 368, 401
- induction generator, 99, 101–102, 104, 202
- induction machine, 2, 39, 82, 84–85, 97, 101, 104, 107, 178, 182, 345, 410
- information communication technology, 364
- instability, 131–133, 352, 371
- instantaneous tower, 7, 308–309
- instrumentation, 78, 257
- instrument transformers, 52–53
- integrated communications, 383
- integration of energy storage, 362
- integration of utility, 362
- intelligent transmission system, 391, 406
- internal combustion engines, 107
- inverters, 2, 78, 184, 195, 201, 208, 215, 236, 242, 249, 264, 275, 281–282, 287, 289, 296, 298, 300, 305, 313–315, 317, 327, 343, 345, 349, 368
- IPS design, 407
- Ireland, 405
- isolating transformers, 52
- lagging, 20, 27–28, 66, 69–70, 78, 81, 91, 93, 102, 119, 124, 130, 136–137
- laminated, 56, 83, 177
- large currents, 52, 286
- leakage reactance, 66, 87–88, 90, 92–93
- lifetime model, 233–234, 244
- load circuit, 58
- load flow, 284, 333, 350, 368
- load following, 243
- load frequency control, 339, 372, 386
- load optimization, 370
- load tap changers, 360
- local area control, 369
- local controls, 328
- Lorentz equation, 49–50
- Lorentz's force, 49–50
- LVDC, 174–75
- magnetic circuit losses, 38
- magnetic fringing, 39
- magnetizing current, 183
- main grid/utility connection, 327
- manufacturers, 196, 216, 249, 363, 377
- Master-Slave strategy, 369
- Maxwell, 50, 78
- mechanical load, 224, 315
- mechanically switched capacitors/reactors, 283
- mega grid, 323–324
- megawatts, 206, 247
- mercury arc rectifiers, 249
- mesh or delta connection, 12–13
- microgrid, 195, 247, 313, 317, 320, 323–325, 327, 329–330, 332–333, 335–339, 341–342, 346–347, 349, 367–369, 375, 382, 394–395, 398, 404, 407, 411
- microgrid controller, 324, 330
- microturbine and stirling engine, 214
- mixed control configuration, 338
- MMF, 181–182
- modeling, 196, 202, 245, 291, 296, 320, 330, 332, 336–337
- modeling of a microgrid, 330, 332
- monetize the benefits, 388
- motor slip, 88
- ocean energy, 210
- on-load tap changer, 71
- Opal-RT, 337, 394, 409
- open circuit test, 65–67, 70, 80, 115–116, 128
- operation and maintenance cost, 241, 346
- optimal power flow, 371, 392, 404
- optimization model, 395
- optimization of assets and operates efficiently, 353
- oscillating float system, 210
- oscillating paddle system, 211
- oscillating snake system, 211
- oscillating water column, 211–222
- outage management systems, 378, 384
- overtopping wave systems, 211
- overvoltage limits, 392
- penetration, 2, 193, 218–219, 241, 327, 351, 374, 402
- permanent magnet dc motor, 169–172
- permanent magnet synchronous motors, 169, 190
- per-unit system, 22
- per-unit value, 23
- phosphoric acid fuel cells, 208
- physical layer, 373–374, 376, 381
- picogrid, 324
- plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, 402
- PMU, 3, 371, 377–378, 385, 387, 392–393, 395
- pole changing motors, 100
- pollutants, 196, 203, 205, 208, 346
- polymer electrolyte membrane, 217
- polyphase systems, 9–10
- power balance constraint, 357
- power and distribution, 51–52
- power electronics, 174, 165, 218, 242, 247–249, 276, 281, 322, 357
- power factor, 7–8, 17, 25–27, 66, 68, 70, 78–81, 120–123, 130–131, 135–136, 282, 310, 315–316, 320, 322, 360, 368
- power flow and efficiency, 152
- power invariance principle, 58
- power line communication, 380–381
- power meter, 404, 407, 411
- power MOSFET, 268, 270
- power quality, 2–3, 174–75, 193, 215, 248, 282, 315, 338, 340–341, 353, 355, 360–361, 364, 377, 382, 384, 386, 391, 395, 403–404
- power quality control, 369, 396
- presentation layer, 381
- pressure transducer system, 211
- primary winding, 56–57, 59, 76, 79
- producing magnetic flux in air gap, 40
- protection control, 78, 371
- protection coordination module, 330
- proton-exchange membrane, 207
- PSPICE, 2
- pulses, 188, 302–303
- pumped hydro energy storage system, 223, 226
- pumped storage, 206, 218, 245, 277
- pumper hydro storage, 217
- purely capacitive circuit, 7–8
- purely inductive circuit, 7
- rare earth magnets, 174
- reactance theory, 125
- real-time measurable quantities, 391
- real-time measurement layer, 374–375
- real-time simulation, 336–337
- real-time measurement, 367, 373–374, 377, 385, 396
- reciprocating engine, 323
- reconfiguration, 2–3, 338, 342–343, 352, 355, 357, 360, 384, 397
- rectifiers, 109, 164, 249, 256–257, 281, 301–302, 313–314
- reduced cost control, 85
- regenerative, 102, 298, 292
- relays, 50, 133–134, 247, 250, 280, 343, 371–372, 374, 392
- reliability index, 372
- reluctance, 34–35, 40–42, 44, 181, 187–189, 313
- remnant flux density, 36
- remote power systems, 325
- remote terminal unit, 373, 378, 405
- renewable energy, 2, 193, 195, 200–201, 205, 210, 216–221, 235, 237, 241, 247–248, 314, 316–317, 323, 326–327, 349, 352, 356, 362, 368, 370, 390–391, 393, 395, 407
- residual, 38, 170, 173, 180
- residual magnetic flux density, 38
- resiliency, 352, 364
- restoration, 3, 337–338, 350, 374, 379, 392
- resynchronization control, 369
- rotating field, 83, 107–108, 188
- rotating field structures, 107
- rotating machines, 50, 140, 213
- rotor copper loss, 91, 97, 100, 105
- rotor resistance control, 101
- RTDS, 337, 404, 410–411
- saliency, 116, 125–127, 188
- salient pole machine, 125–126, 188
- samarium cobalt, 174, 180, 184
- saturation, 36–38, 108, 116, 254, 256, 258, 260–261, 263, 265, 268, 270
- SCADA, 336, 346, 360, 372, 374, 378, 380, 382–383, 391, 393, 405, 411–412
- SCR characteristics, 271
- seamless transfer control, 369
- secondary side, 60–63, 69–70, 174, 79–81, 88, 93, 283
- secondary winding, 56, 68, 72, 80, 83, 303
- security measures, 392
- self-discharge time, 232
- sensitivity analysis, 244
- series compensation, 283–284
- service delivery optimization, 406
- session layer, 417
- shipping/transportation cost, 242
- short circuit test, 66, 68–71, 79, 81
- silicon-based PV, 195
- silicon diodes, 109
- simple magnetic circuit, 41
- simulation of smart grid hardware, 409
- simulation tools, 408
- single-phase rectifiers, 301–302
- slip ring, 84, 86, 90
- smart grid, 2–3, 5, 223, 246, 248, 281–282, 351–353, 355, 357, 359, 362–365, 367, 371, 373–374, 377, 381, 383, 386, 390–392, 394, 396
- smart grid with CPS attributes, 396
- smart grid maturity model, 371
- smart grid simulators in the market place, 410
- smart grid test bed, 402, 405
- smart meters, 324, 375–376, 379, 386, 388, 393, 401
- soft magnetic materials, 37
- solar cells, 196, 199
- solar PV, 235–236
- solar thermal electric storage, 238
- solid oxide fuel cells, 207
- solid-polymer molten carbonate fuel cells, 207
- solid-state batteries, 217
- solid-state electronics, 247
- solid-state rectifier control, 164
- solid-state relay, 280
- solid-state transformer, 72, 174special transmission line tripping schemes, 133
- speed control, 100–101
- speed regulation, 104, 157, 163, 318
- squirrel cage, 84, 101, 332
- stability control, 372
- state estimation, 336, 371
- static synchronous compensators, 248
- static var compensators, 248, 393
- stator, 10, 83–84, 90, 92–93, 96–97, 100, 111, 185–186
- step-up (boost) converter, 291–292
- stepper motor, 188
- stirling engine, 215
- stray loss, 128
- substation automation system, 406
- supercapacitor energy storage model, 237
- supercapacitors, 236–237
- supercapacitor or ultra-capacitor energy storage system, 224
- superconducting magnetic energy storage, 224, 238
- supervisory control functions, 369
- supervisory controls, 328
- switched reluctance motor, 189
- synchronize, 108
- synchronous generator, 107, 110, 113, 122
- synchro-phasors, 377, 393
- system model, 395
- system stability, 131
- TCP/IP, 381
- temperature sensitivity, 173
- terminal voltage, 60, 80, 92, 114–116, 118, 122, 136–137, 142–144, 150–151, 154, 158, 173, 231–232, 234
- test-bed, 401
- the payback period, 348
- the voltage model, 233
- thermal storage, 217
- three-phase winding, 83–84
- thyristor-controlled reactors, 248
- thyristor-switched capacitor, 248
- thyristor-protected series capacitor, 284
- thyristors, 247–248, 270, 275, 280–281, 284–285, 290, 303–304, 314
- torque angle, 114, 118–119, 126, 130–131, 188
- torque relationship, 172
- total harmonic distortion, 341, 360, 385
- transformation ratio, 62, 70, 80, 87, 90
- transmission congestion, 243
- transmission support, 243
- transmission voltages, 52
- transport layer, 381
- trapezoidal, 179
- TRIAC, 271
- turbine blades, 110, 201
- type of load, 328
- value proposition, 390
- variable speed drives, 189
- vertical axis wind turbine, 201
- V-I equations, 196
- virtual microgrids, 325
- voltage control, 371
- voltage regulation, 337
- voltage sag, 341, 360, 385
- voltage stability, 3, 357, 371
- voltage stability indices, 371
- voltage support, 242, 369
- voltage transient impulse, 341, 360, 385
- voltage/frequency control, 368
- voltage/var, 3, 386
- voltage/var control, 338, 385
- voltmeter, 50, 52, 69, 76
- vulnerability indices, 372
- Ward Leonard system, 164
- wattmeter, 50, 52, 68, 69
- wave capture systems, 211
- wide-area measurement systems, 402
- wide-area monitoring, control and protection, 403
- wide-area network, 379
- wind energy systems, 201
- windage, 39, 91, 96, 98, 104–105, 128, 154
- wind turbines, 107
- wireless network, 380
- wireline network, 380
- wound-rotor induction motors, 101
- wound rotors, 84
- zero-energy point, 209
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