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PROCEDURE FOR SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

Report:

Name of the Compound:

Structural formula of the Compound:

Name of the prepared derivative:

SOME PRACTICAL EQUATIONS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATION

Solubility

Water

Phenol and formaldehyde can soluble in water due to formation hydrogen bonds.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Organic acids which are insoluble in water normally dissolved in NaOH solution due to the formation of respective conjugate base.

Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

With dilute HCl, acetic acid does not regenerate.

Lassaigne’s test

Preparation of sodium fusion extract

1. 
2. Na + C + N → NaCN
3. 2Na + S → Na₂S
4. Na + X → NaX (Where X = Cl, Br, I)

N, S, Cl, Br are bonded with organic substances by covalent bonds; in the preparation of sodium fusion extract covalent bonds are converted into ionic bonds. Covalent bond is less reactive than ionic.

Test for nitrogen

In the presence of H₂SO₄. ferrous sulphate is converted into ferric sulphate.

Halogen

Sulphur

Esterification

Borsche’s reagent

2, 4 Dinitro phenyl hydrazine (or) 2, 4 DNP

Tollen’s reagent

Ammonical solution of silver nitrate is known as Tollen’s reagent.

Fehling’s solution

Fehling’s solution is a blue coloured alkaline solution of cupric ion complexed with sodium potassium tartrate ions.

Benzaldehyde reduces only Tollen’s reagent.

Schiff’s reagent

A diluted solution of rosaniline hydrochloride,

Phenols azodye test

Bromination

Amines

Carbylamine reaction

Diazotisation

Amides

Derivatives

Amines

Bromo derivative

Acetyl derivative

Molisch’s test

Glucose CH₂—OH—(CHOH)₄—CHO

Reduction of Fehling solution

Reduction of Tollen’s reagent

2,4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine

Phenols derivatives

Benzoate derivative

Reaction with benzyl chloride is known as schottan Baumann reaction.

Carboxylic acids

Anilide derivative