Index
a
- abandoned wells 194–196
- accelerated silicosis 221
- acid additives 49
- acid‐based fluids 15
- acid treatment fluids 39
- acid fracturing 15
- acid injection 120–121
- acid neutralization 260
- acid (acidizing) treatments 5, 34, 38
- acritarchs 56
- active air screening and monitoring 238, 242
- active soil gas sampling 243–245, 497
- active vs. passive sampling methodology 325–326
- acute silicosis 221
- additives 6, 186
- ADIOS 293
- Advanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI) 75
- AEC. see US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
- aerobic biodegradation process 404
- aesthetic issues 172
- air emissions, sources of 215, 217, 218
- air quality issues 215, 216
- unconventional resource extraction 215
- air resources 139, 163–164
- air rotary casing hammer (ARCH) drilling method 329
- air sampling approach 238, 240
- Alaska’s Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 47
- alcohol‐based (fluids) 15
- aldehyde exposure 228
- algae 55, 56
- alginite 55
- Alluvium, Breathitt, and Lee Formations 160
- Alum Shale 75
- America First Energy Plan 19
- American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM) 393–394
- American Institute of Mining Engineers 38
- ammonium bisulfite 49
- amorphous bituminite 62
- Anadarko Basin 64, 69
- anaerobic biodegradation pathways 404
- anthropogenic‐induced earthquakes 208–210
- anthropogenic‐induced seismicity 203
- anti‐tank weapon 34
- Antrim Shale 71–72
- Appalachian Basin 62, 64, 66, 69, 85
- aqueous solubility 339
- aquifer exemptions 194
- ARCH. see air rotary casing hammer (ARCH) drilling method 329
- areal extent, evaluation of 86
- Arkoma Basin 64, 69
- aromatics 151
- artificial lighting 261
- asbestos 156
- asphaltics 151
- ASTM International Method D2488‐17 495
- ASTM soil classification flow chart 495
- atomic absorption (AA) 333
- availability, concept of 20
b
- Bakken and Three Forks Formations 127
- Bakken crude oil 485
- Bakken Formation 72–73, 145
- Bakken Shale 150, 427
- bans and moratoriums, on fracking 311–313, 384–386
- Barnett Formation 424
- Barnett Shale 21, 48, 49, 66, 68–69
- Barnett Shale Formation of Texas 69
- base fluid 6
- Battle of Fredericksburg 27–31
- Battlestar Galactica series 16
- bazooka technology 33–34, 36
- below quantitation limit (BQL) 333
- Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin Province 64, 68, 69, 70, 424
- benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds 149, 404
- best management practices (BMPs)
- Big Sandy Gas Field 48
- bill (creation of new law) 299
- biocides 49
- biogenic and thermogenic methane 3
- biogenic gas 82, 87
- biogenic hydrocarbon gases 232
- biogenic methane 232, 436
- biological or abiotic processes 404, 405
- biomagnification 295
- biomarkers
- BioNet 284
- bitumen 54, 55
- black gold 25
- Black shales 63
- Black Warrior Basin 64, 69, 81
- blowout preventer 109
- BMPs. see best management practices (BMPs) 257–258
- “bodying” agent 38
- The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World 26
- booms 294–295
- Boonesville Bend Conglomerate formation 424
- borehole methods 327
- borehole or well (dropping explosives down) to gun mechanisms 5
- boron and strontium isotope ratios 409–410
- Bradford and Susquehanna Counties 416, 417
- brittle fracture 210
- “brown fields” ROZs 126
- bullet devices 32
- Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 193
- burial history curve 89
- Burmister Soil Identification System (BS) 495
c
- California’s plugging regulations 195
- cannel coal 55, 56
- cannel shales 54–55
- Cannonball 428
- carbonates 53, 57, 62
- carbon capture and recovery (CCS) operations 203
- carbon dioxide (CO2) 149
- additives 44
- carboniferous sediments 75
- carbon isotopes 407
- carbon monoxide (CO) 149
- carbon range 336, 337
- Carnegie Mellon University 455
- Carter Doctrine 48
- Carter Years 48–49
- casing system
- Castera–Lou Oil Field 47
- catagenesis 87
- cation exchange capacity (CEC) 101
- Catskill and Lock Haven aquifers 412
- Catskill Formation 409
- CBM. see coalbed methane (CBM) 4
- CEC. see cation exchange capacity (CEC) 101
- cemented casing completion method 111, 112, 113
- cementing system 109
- cement testing 159
- cement well casing 31
- Center for Biological Diversity v. BLM 383
- Center for Biological Diversity v. Jewell 383
- Chappel Limestone 68
- Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number 407
- Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CASRN) 303
- chemical additives 120, 337
- in HVHF operations 481–483
- chemical and biological transformations 404, 406
- chemically resistant chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) 105
- chemical mixing 184–187, 415
- chemical ratios 406
- chemicals, fate and transport of 339–342
- Cherokee Platform 64, 69
- chloride
- chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons 405
- chronic (classic) silicosis 221
- circulation system (drilling mud) 97–98, 101
- Civil War 26, 29
- clay stabilizers 154
- Clean Air Act 304
- Clean Water Act (CWA) 303, 393
- Cleveland State University 456
- closed containment systems 104, 105
- closed loop systems 104, 105
- closed loop drilling (systems) 105
- coalbed methane (CBM) 4, 5, 53, 64, 71, 81, 233, 430
- coalbed natural gas (CBNG) 59
- coal terminology (classification of oil shale) 55
- Coastal Oil and Gas Corp. v. Garza Energy Trust 384
- Coccidioides immitis 230
- coccidioidomycosis 230
- Cold War 40
- Colorado Geological Survey 3
- Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) 3, 308, 432
- colorimetric glass sorbent gas detection tubes 240, 242
- colorimetric/IR methods 334
- combustion (products of Bakken crude) 398
- co‐metabolic degradation pathway 404
- common table salt 406
- completion techniques (innovative well stimulation and) 4
- composite samples 323
- compound‐specific isotope analysis 403–404
- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 304
- Comprehensive Soil Classification System (CSCS) 495
- conductor casing 108
- Conemaugh Group formations 421
- conically hollowed‐out explosive 34, 36
- construction particulates 221
- contained/controlled burns 487–488
- continuous core sampling 325
- conventional hydrocarbon reserves 53
- conventional resources 4–5
- coproduced fluids 415
- coproduced water 126
- Cornell University 455
- corrosion inhibitors 49
- Cotton Valley Group 71
- Cretaceous Hell Creek and Fox Hills formations 428
- cristobalite 75
- cross‐contamination 326
- crude oil 31, 39, 150–154
- cryogenic‐based fluids 15
- crystalline silica 219
- CSIA of biomarkers (CSIA‐B) 404
- cultural (and paleontological) resources 164–165
- cultural services, ecosystem resources 283
- cumulative impacts 278
- cyclic steam 19
- cycloparaffins 151
- cylindrical explosive device 30
d
- dam impoundment 203
- dawsonite 61
- Dear Mr. Obama (2016) 25
- decision support tools 369
- decontamination 493–494
- soil vapor quality control and sampling equipment 497–498
- deep‐focus earthquakes 204
- “delta carbon thirteen,” 407
- denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) 406
- Denbury decision 384
- Denver Basin 64, 69
- Department of Conservation’s Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) 19
- Department of Energy (DOE) 48
- detection limit for purposes of reporting (DLR) 332, 333
- development permit 22
- Devon Energy (Corporation) 48, 68
- Devonian age 63
- Devonian basin 65
- Devonian Catskill Formation 416
- Devonian–Mississippian age 60
- Devonian shale 25
- Devonian Three Forks Formation 73
- 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐DCA) 404
- diesel exhaust 227
- diesel exhaust particulate matter 227–228
- diesel fuel spill scenario 317
- site conceptual model 318–320
- direct circulation rotary drilling 329
- directional drilling 106–107
- direct air measurement methods 219
- direct push technology (DPT) 327–328
- discrete‐depth sampling 325
- discrete samples 323
- dissolved solids 193
- distribution coefficient (soil‐water partitioning) 339
- disturbed soil samples 325
- documentation
- domestic wells 415
- DOT‐117 tank car design 398–399
- Dow Chemical Company 38
- downhole drilling motors 47
- downhole “guns,” 34
- Dow Well Services Group 38
- Drake well 26, 30
- Drake well circa 1859 26
- drilled gas well laterals (horizontally), map 418, 419
- drilled oil and gas well diagram 418
- drilling (phase 3) 84, 94–111, 151
- drilling‐derived waste disposal 492
- drilling fluids 153, 154 (drilling muds)
- drilling fluids and production wastes‐impact from 159
- drilling muds 107, 152–153
- drilling pad construction 94
- drilling permit 22
- process and public participation 93–94
- drilling rig 95–96
- drilling technology 25
- drill stem testing (DST) 124, 154
- drill string
- drinking water resources 145, 191
- DST. see drill stem testing (DST) 124, 156
- ductile fracture 210
- Duke University 455–456
- Dunham Rule 384
- Dunn County 427–428
- DuPont 34
- dust release/generation (points) 226
- dust, silica 221
e
- E & P (Exploration‐Production) 153
- E & P environment concerns 153
- Eagle Ford Shale 150
- E.A.L. Roberts Torpedo, Patent No. 59936 29, 31
- earthquakes
- anthropogenic‐induced (see anthropogenic‐induced earthquakes) 208–210
- causes for induced seismicity 210
- deep‐focus 204
- distribution of oil and gas wells (Texas) 208, (map of Texas) 209
- human‐caused (see anthropogenic) 212
- hydraulic fracturing‐induced 203
- intermediate (depth) 204
- location of earthquakes in central and eastern United States 208
- magnitude classes 207
- mechanisms for inducing earthquakes 210, 211
- naturally occurring tectonic (earthquake) 205, 206
- severity (earthquake) 204
- Eastern U.S. Devonian–Mississippian oil shale case study 62–63
- Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP) 48
- ecological protection 284
- ecological resources 283
- economic limit calculation 128
- economic systems (environmental social and) 20
- ecosystem resources 283
- electric fracturing 6
- electron‐accepting process 405
- El Paso Natural Gas (EPNG) Company 41
- Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act 303
- emergency response planning 485, 486
- emulsion‐based fluids 15
- Energy Act (1980) 48
- energy and shale revolution 1
- Energy Information Administration (EIA) 1, 2
- Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) 193, 300
- energy revolution 453, 454
- energy supply chain 21
- enhanced gas recovery (EGR) strategies 124
- enhanced oil recovery (EOR) 124
- entry point 6, 46
- environmental checklists
- air and soil vapor field sampling 513
- air emissions 514
- air sampling, for possible chemical interference 512
- documentation of impacts 509–510
- drilling plan and operation activities 505
- exempt and nonexempt exploration 506
- existing wells and new wells 519
- exploration‐production life cycle inspections and documentation 503–504
- green remediation evaluation matrix 520–522
- mitigation plans 509–510
- production waste streams 506
- prospect evaluation and hazard assessment 505
- reducing air quality impacts 512
- sampling groundwater and surface water 517–518
- site conceptual model, sampling plan, and investigation 517
- site‐specific considerations 505
- sources of information 510–511
- special resource identification 505
- train accident response checklist 522
- unconventional oil and gas operations, visual impacts of 515–516
- worker safety standards 506–509
- environmental health and safety (ESH) violations 399, 400
- Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps 293, 294
- environmental stewardship, concept of 19–21
- environmental tort litigation 382–383
- enzyme activity probes (EAPs) 406
- Eocene Green River Formation 81
- Eocene Green River lakes 62
- EPA Method TO‐15 497
- EPA Method TO‐17 498
- EPA Science Advisory Board (SAB) 415
- equal loudness contours 265
- equivalent circulating density (ECD) 149
- ERMA® 293
- erosion and sediment control plan (ESCP) 399
- European Commission Joint Research Centre 6
- exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 101
- exemption process 192–194
- exploration–production (E&P) life cycle 82, 153
- direct and indirect impacting factors 138, 142–143
- overview of 82
- phases, environmental impacts 137
- project phase 138, 140–141
- scale of impacts 138, 144
- summary of 127
- explosive(s)
- fracturing 6, 16
- and guns (1820s–1930s) 26, 34–35
- Battle of Fredericksburg 28–31
- Bazooka technology 33–34
- first perforating guns 33
- matrix acidizing treatment 34–35
- modern age of acidizing 38
- modern‐day well stimulation techniques 27–28
- nonexplosive, injection of 26, 28
- paraffin‐rich crude oil 26
- Roberts Petroleum Torpedo Company 28–31
- Sulfur King 35–38
- tooling in oil well 26
- waxy crude oil 26
- well casing perforators 31–32
- exposure pathways 315–317
- exposure, worker 220
- expulsion‐driven secondary migration 5
- Exxon 68
- Exxon Mobil Corporation 392
f
- fate and transport of spilled crude (of chemicals) 339, 394, 397–398
- “Father of the Shale Gas Boom” (Mitchell, George) 48
- Fayetteville Shale 69, 71
- Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulations 57
- federal laws and regulations 157–158, 299–304
- Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) 393
- field blanks 499–500
- field documents 493
- field duplicate samples 500
- Field Investigation Daily Log 501
- field quality control samples 499
- field screening methods
- fingerprint evaluation 401
- firefighting procedures 486
- flame ionization detectors (FIDs) 238, 241
- flare combustion noise components 270
- flares 217–218
- flare stacks 270
- flaring mitigation measures 261–263
- flexible shafts, use of 46, 47
- flowback fluids 17, 123, 415
- flowback water 6, 104, 187
- fluid management system
- fluid recovery and waste management Impacts from (phase 5) 156, 123, 154–155
- fluids and additives, recent innovations (2000–2010) 49
- fluid spills 145, 146, 147
- fluids, use of 25
- flushing phase 122
- foam‐based fracturing fluids 15, 44
- foam frac method 49
- forensic analysis 399–400
- biomarkers 403–404
- boron and strontium isotope ratios 409–410
- chemical and biological transformations 404, 406
- chemical ratios 406
- forensic isotope analysis 408–409
- gas chromatograms 400–401
- geochemical tracers 406–407
- isotopes 407–408
- piper diagrams 401–403
- radioactive isotopes 410–411
- tentatively identified compounds 401
- water isotope case study, Northern California 411–413
- forensic isotope analysis 408–409
- forensic methods 407, 408
- formation fracturing 16
- formation water 65
- Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Program 43–44
- Fort Worth 48
- fossil fuels 3
- fraccing 16
- FracFocus 184, 188, 304
- fracing 16
- frac job 16
- The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters 26
- fracking 1, 3, 16
- FrackNation (2013) 3, 25
- frac sands and air quality 219–220
- fracture treatment design 25
- fracturing fluid 6
- Fracturing Responsibility and Awareness of Chemicals Act of 2009 (FRAC Act) 300
- fracturing rock, concept of 25
- fracturing simulation 16
- fracturing with dynamic loading (explosive and electric fracturing) 6
- Franchuk 44‐20 SHW well 427
- Franklin Heavy Oil Field 47
- freshwater injection 160
- fugitive (gas) emissions 218–219
- F‐word 16
g
- gas chromatograms (GC) 400–401
- gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) 333
- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) techniques 270, 333–334, 403
- gas explosions 233
- Gasland (2010) 3, 25
- Gasland Part II (2013) 25
- gas leaks 230–232
- gasoline 39
- gas production activities 413
- Gas Research Institute (GRI) 48
- gas shale basins 5, 53
- subsurface information 523
- gas shales basins, subsurface information 65, 70
- gas well (first) 1
- gas window (wet and dry) 87
- GC with an isotope‐ratio mass spectrometer (GC‐IRMS) 403
- generic sub‐slab vapor sampling ports 244, 246
- genetically modified organisms (GMO) or processes 137
- geochemical and isotopic fingerprinting techniques 420
- geochemical sampling 147
- geochemical tracers 406–407
- geochemistry studies 92
- and basin history 87–88
- geological and soil resources 145
- geologic and reservoir study 86
- geologic information sources 91
- geologic provinces 64, 69
- geomagnetic surveys 92
- geophysical data acquisition 92
- geophysical surveys 92, 147–148
- geothermal energy development 203
- GHG. see greenhouse gases (GHG) 141
- global meteoric water line (GMWL) 411
- global methane leakage 232
- glyoxal 48
- GMO. see genetically modified organisms (GMO) or processes 139
- GNOME 293
- “go‐devil,” 30
- Good Friday earthquake 1964 207–208
- gravity surveys 92
- green alga, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca 56
- green and sustainable remediation 366–368
- The Green and the Black: The complete Story of the Shale Revolution, the Fight over Fracking, and the Future of Energy 26
- “green fields” ROZ 126
- greenhouse gases (GHG) 139
- Green Remediation Evaluation Matrix Checklist (GREM) 366, 368
- green river formation 60–62
- Green River Formation of Eocene age 60–62
- Green River lake system 60–62
- groundwater‐bearing zones 195
- groundwater impacts 190–198
- groundwater monitoring wells 415
- groundwater sampling 498
- groundwater wells 412
- Gulf Coast Region 64
- Gulf Coast Basin 69
- Gypsy Oil Company 37
h
- Habitat preservation 284, 285
- Halliburton Loophole 300, 303
- Haynesville Shale 71
- hazard identification 293
- health and safety (regulations limit) 487, 488
- issues 174
- health protective concentrations 488, 490
- Hearn v. BHP Billiton Petroleum (Arkansas) Inc. 383
- heavy crude oils 5
- HFS (process) 18–19, 21
- high density polyethylene (HDPE) liners 105
- higher cleanup cost projects 370–371
- high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 334
- high‐volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) 16, 81, 117, 203, 353–354
- high‐volume or super hydraulic fracturing 15
- highway disasters (checklist for) 486
- hollow stem auger (HSA) method 328–329
- home prices, near well sites 356–357
- horizontal drain holes 115, 117
- horizontal drilling 1, 4, 5, 6, 25, 46–48, 66, 106–107, 110
- horizontal (oil) wells 47, 49
- Hubbert curve 45, 46
- human‐caused earthquakes 212
- human health (effects of exposure of crude oil on) 487, 489
- HVHF. see high‐volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) 16
- hydrafrac process 16, 38–39
- hydraulic fracturing process 2, 4, 5, 6, 15
- hydraulic fracturing water cycle 184–188
- “A Hydraulic Process for Increasing the Productivity of Wells,” 38
- hydrocarbon
- hydrochloric acid (HCl) 35–38, 122
- hydrofluoric acid (HF) 35
- hydrogen isotopes 407
- hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas 139, 149, 228
- hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymer‐based gel 48
- hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) 48
- hypothetical scenario 317–318
i
- impacts (potential) 139, 140
- impact significance classification system 138
- incremental sampling methodology (ISM) 325
- indirect impacts, of oil and gas development project 272
- indoor air quality degradation
- induced hydraulic fracturing 16
- induced seismicity
- inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) 334
- inertinite 55, 56
- infrastructure‐related litigation 384
- injection process 6
- in situ samples 325
- in situ steam‐assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) 81
- instrument calibration and maintenance 494
- integrity management program (IMP)
- for transmission pipelines 231
- interim reclamation 286
- intermediate casing 109
- intermediate earthquakes 204
- International Shale Gas Resource Assessment 75
- invasive species 284, 285
- ion chromatography (IC) 334
- isoparaffins 151
- isotopes
k
l
- laboratory analytical methods 245
- lacustrine oil shales 55, 56
- Ladies’ Well 29
- lamalginite 55
- lamosite 55
- land disturbance 259–260
- land ethic, concept of 19
- landowner royalty payments 352–353
- land use (planning) 255
- Laramie Formation 3
- Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Raton Formation 432
- Late Cretaceous Vermejo and Trinidad Formations 432
- Late Devonian and Early Mississippian age 62, 63
- law solubilities, Henry’s 339
- lead 156
- leases 93
- light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) 328
- light pollution
- limestone 53
- line pit or sump 153
- lipid‐rich organic matter 55, 56
- liptinite 55
- lithium source 127
- litigation
- logging equipment 101–102, 104
- logging methods
- logging while drilling (LWD) 101, 104
- Lone Pine orders 382
- Louisiana Department of Natural Resources 154
- low‐cost cleanup projects 369
- lower limit of detection (LLD) 333
- lower limit of quantification (LLQ) 333
- low‐permeability reservoirs 64
- low permeability rocks 53
- low‐volume soil method 492
m
- M1A1 “bazooka,” Army’s 34, 36
- maceral nomenclature system 55
- machine gun 35
- magnitude 5 earthquake 206
- man‐induced gas leaks 233
- Marble Falls Limestone 68
- Marcellus and Fayetteville black shale formations 410
- Marcellus Formation 21, 69, 85, 122, 419
- Marcellus Shale 17, 64, 69, 407, 410, 416
- Marcellus Shale of Devonian age 1
- Marietta College 456
- marine algae 56
- marine dinoflagellates 56
- marine oil shales 56
- marinite 55, 56
- Martha oil field 159–160
- The Maryland Department of Natural Heritage Program 284
- The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 456
- MassDEP Air Petroleum Hydrocarbon (APH) method 247, 326–327
- Mass Flux Toolkit 369
- massive frac 47
- massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) 43, 48
- matrix spikes 500
- matrix stimulation treatments 6
- MBAS 341
- measured concentration (MC) 333
- measurement while drilling (MWD) 104, 107
- medium cleanup cost projects 370
- mental health issues 272
- mercalli intensity scale (mm) 205
- methane 152
- methane clathrate 81
- methane hydrates 5, 53, 81
- methanol 186
- Method 8015 247
- method detection limits (MDL) 333
- methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) 234, 271
- Michigan Basin 64, 69
- microseismicity and microseismic monitoring, induced 212
- Mikulov Shale 75
- mining
- Miocene Monterey Formation 85
- Mississippian Shale 424
- Mitchell Energy 48–49, 68
- mitigation measures, silica dust exposure
- mixed thermogenic/biogenic sources 436
- mobile downwind sampling methods 219
- modern‐day perforators 33, 35
- modified Mercalli (MM) intensity scale 205, 206
- Mohr–Coulomb model 210, 211
- moment magnitude scale (MMS) 205
- Monterey Formation/Monterey Temblor 73–75, 85, 86
- The Moral Case for Fossil Fuels 3
- Morgantown Energy Research Center (MERC) 48
- mud logging 102
- mud rotary drilling 329
- multigas meters 238, 242
- multiple fractures 76
- multiple‐shot perforator, creation of 33
- municipal wells 415
- Munsell Rock Color Chart 495
- My‐T‐Frac 39
n
- Napalm gel 38–39
- naphthalenes 151
- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 20
- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program 158, 303
- National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) 418, 419, 432
- National Water Information System (NWIS) 418, 432
- “native brines,” 65
- Natural Attenuation Software (NAS) 368–369
- natural fractures, role of 75–76
- natural gas 25, 41, 53
- natural gas plant liquids (NGPL) 127
- Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 (NGPA) 57
- natural inorganic sorbents 295
- naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) (impacts from) 123, 155–156, 230, 410
- natural or induced fracturing 210
- 2‐n‐butoxyethanol tracer case study 407
- Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) 338
- New Albany Shale 72
- new energy landscape and environmental challenges 21–22
- New Method Oil Well Cementing Company 31
- NIOSH methods 327
- nitrogen (N2) additives 19, 44
- nitrogen‐energized fracking 15
- nitrogen foam fracking 15, 19
- nitrogen gas fracking 15, 16, 19
- nitrogen gel‐water fracs 49
- nitroglycerin 29, 31, 37–38
- noise (unwanted sound) 263
- nonexplosive (fluid), injection of 26, 28
- non‐fire spill responses 486
- nongovernmental organizations (NGO) 415
- non‐PWS sources 190
- non‐straight line (drilling), modern concept of (short radius drilling) 46
- NORM. see naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) 126
- North Dakota Administrative Code (NDAC) 429
- North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources (NDDMR) 118
- North Dakota Geological Survey 72
- North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) 427, 429
- North Dakota State Water Commission (NDWC) database 429
- Northeast Pennsylvania (case studies) 416–421
- case studies 439
- North Fork Ranch Area 436
- North Texas (case study) 424, 427
- not detected/non‐detect (ND) 333
- nuclear during peak oil (1960s to mid‐1970s) 39–45
- nuclear explosions 41
- nuclear fracking 39
- nuclear stimulation concept 41
- nuclear tests 41
- nuclear weapons 40
- nucleic acid hybridization (NAH) 406
o
- Occam’s razor 439
- odorants 271
- odors 270–271
- Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) 420
- Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management (ODNR‐DOGRM) 310
- Ohio State University 456
- oil and gas production (phase 6) 123–126
- oil and gas wells 2, 5
- abandonment process 128–129
- oil and natural gas extraction 1
- oil‐based fluids 15
- oil and gas field locations, specific (impacts from) 161
- oil/chemical spills
- oil, gas and water wells, Historic and abandoned, impacts from 161
- Oil Creek 25, 26
- oil–gas basins 2
- oil industry conversions (units) 473
- oil sands 5, 40, 53, 81
- oil shales 5, 40, 53, 81
- oil well 25
- oil‐wetting surfactants 154
- Oklahoma City University 456
- olfactometer tool 271
- Onondaga Formation 416
- opal (opal‐A) 75
- OPEC crisis 19
- open borehole completion method 112, 113
- open fluid impoundments 104–105
- open fractures, formation of 39
- operating permit 22
- operators and contractors 111, 112
- Orcutt Oil Fields 85
- Ordovician Utica Formation 87
- organic carbon–water partitioning coefficient 339
- organic‐rich sediments 61
- organic‐rich shales 54
- organic sorbents 294–295
- original gas in place (OGIP) 90
- original oil in place (OOIP) 89
- orphaned wells 148
- orphan well destruction costs 362–363 (survey) 362
- oxidation–reduction reaction 61
- oxygen isotopes 407
p
- Paleocene Poison Canyon Formation 432, 435
- Paleocene–Upper Cretaceous Raton Formation 435
- paleontological resources 164–165
- Panama Canal, widening 40
- paraffin‐rich crude oil 26
- Particulates‐construction 221
- passive air monitoring 238, 239, 242
- passive air screening 240, 243
- passive soil gas sampling 498
- passive soil vapor sampling 240, 243
- passive sorber isoconcentration map 243, 244
- passive vs. active sampling methodology 325–326
- Patterson and others (2017) 390, 392
- peaceful nuclear explosions (PNE) 43
- peak oil 44–45
- Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) 392, 418
- Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group 421
- Pennsylvania State University 456
- perforating guns 25, 112, 115, 116
- perforating levers 32, 34
- perforating technologies 31
- permanent multiple soil vapor probes 244, 246
- permanent vs. temporary samples 325
- Permian Basin 64, 65, 69, 81, 126
- Permian Dunkard Group 421
- personal protective equipment (PPE)
- silica dust control 224
- petroleum 150
- Petroleum Division (American Institute of Mining Engineers) Fall Meeting 38
- petroleum engineer, birth of 38–39
- petroleum hydrocarbons
- petroleum source rock studies 54, 55
- petroleum torpedo, development of 25
- phases of activity
- hydraulic fracture stimulation 84–85
- phase 1: prospect generation 85–92, 147–148
- phase 2: planning phase 92–94, 148
- phase 3: drilling 94–98, 101–109, 149–150
- phase 4: completion 111–112, 115, 154
- phase 5: fluid recovery and waste management 154–155
- phase 6: oil and gas production 156–157
- phase 7: well abandonment and site restoration 161–163
- unconventional oil and gas production activities 82, 84
- photoionization detector (PID), for vapor screening 238, 241
- Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) 231, 393, 394
- pipelines 161
- piper diagrams 401–403
- pitless drilling 105
- planning (phase 2) 92
- Plowshare Program 39
- pneumatic fracturing (air) 6
- Poison Canyon Formation 437
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 149, 152, 247
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods 406
- Popular Science Monthly, 1938 33
- pore pressure response 115, 116
- Posidonia Shale 75
- positive annular isolation method 112, 114
- possible animal exposure 167–168
- potassium chloride 44
- Powder River Basin 81
- precautionary principle 139
- primary noise sources (exploration and production) 263, 264
- primary thermogenic gas 232
- proactive litigation 385
- produced fluids and gases (impacts) 150–151
- constituents of environmental concern 151
- produced water 6, 17
- production casing 109
- production recovery 91
- production wells 415
- production zone 188
- Project Bronco 41
- Project Dragon Trail Study 40, 42
- Project Gasbuggy 40, 41, 44
- Project Ketch 41
- Project Plowshare 40–41
- Project Rio Blanco 41
- Project Rulison 41
- Project Wagon Wheel 41, 43, 45
- Project Wasp 41
- Promised Land (2012) 3, 25
- property value survey 356
- proppants 6, 185–186, 219–220
- prospect generation (phase 1) 85
- unconventional oil and gas targets
- estimating oil and gas 89
- evaluation of areal extent 86
- geochemistry and basin history 87–88
- geochemistry studies 92
- geologic and reservoir study 86
- geophysical data acquisition 92
- original gas in place (OGIP) 90
- original oil in place (OOIP) 89
- production activities 82, 84
- production recovery 91
- risk factors 90–91
- site‐specific technical details 86–87
- unconventional resource issues 88–89
- unconventional resource prospecting 85–86
- unconventional oil and gas targets
- prospective case studies 414
- provisioning services, ecosystem resources 283
- Public Land Survey System 194
- public water system (PWS) sources 189, 191
- pumping and blending equipment 25
- pure nitrogen gas fracking 15
- Pure Oil Company 38
q
r
- radioactive isotopes 410–411
- radiobarite 410–411
- radon 230
- rail case studies 393–394
- rail disasters 486
- railway cleanup costs 371, 372
- Range Resources Corporation 69
- Raton Basin 81, 430, 431, 432
- Raton Basin–Sierra Grande Uplift 64, 69
- reactive litigation 385
- real estate valuation 351
- domestic water well costs 357
- home prices near well sites 356–357
- landowner royalty payments 352–353
- operational timing of unconventional oil and gas operations 352
- perceived risks 355
- property value survey 356
- public water supplies 357–358
- residential property value 355
- split estate 352
- water treatment systems 358, 359
- refracturing 16
- regulating services, ecosystem resources 283
- reliability (versus availability‐environmental stewardship) 20
- remediation strategies 365, 366
- reporting limit (RL) 333
- reservoirs 53
- residential real estate value 355
- residual oil zones (ROZs) 81–82, 124–126
- resource categories 140–147
- Resources and Issues (summary) 165
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 302–304
- response actions, oil spills 293
- retrospective case studies 415
- Rice University 456
- Richter scale 205, 207
- rigs (drilling) 105–106
- risk assessment
- oil spills (prevention) 293
- risk‐based cleanup 369
- risk‐based decision‐making 369
- risk factors 90
- Roberts Petroleum Torpedo Company 28–32
- Roberts Petroleum Torpedo Company–the Otto Cupler Company 30
- Roberts Well Torpedo 28
- rock formations 6
- Rocky Mountain Arsenal 203
- Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists 3
- Rospo Mare Oil Field 47
- rulemaking 299
- Rulison project nuclear test 41
s
- Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 161, 187, 193, 300, 302–303
- sales comparison approach 355
- Salt Lake Oil Field 152
- sample labeling 499
- sampling procedures 493 (plan) 320
- active vs. passive sampling methodology 325–326
- air sampling 326–327
- composite vs. incremental sampling methodology 323, 324, 325
- continuous core vs. discrete‐depth sampling 323
- cross‐contamination 326
- discrete vs. composite soil samples 323
- groundwater 494
- manuals 322
- permanent vs. temporary samples 325
- preparation methods 496
- in situ vs. disturbed samples 325
- soil and water sampling 327–329
- soil samples 490–491
- soil vapor evaluation 327
- soil vapor sampling 497
- (A) Sand County Almanac 19
- sand quartz (crystalline silica) 219
- “sanding up” 33
- sandstone (formations) 39, 53, 57
- “Sanish sand,” 72
- San Joaquin Basin 64, 69
- San Juan Basin 64, 69, 81
- Santa Maria Basin 85
- sapropelic coals 55
- scale inhibitors 49
- secondary thermogenic gas 232
- seismic reflection surveys 92
- seismicity issues 174
- seismographs 207
- semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) 163
- Sentinel Butte formations 428
- “separation distance,” 189
- shale gas 1, 2, 4, 53, 56, 57, 58, 68, 82
- shale plays 63
- shallow domestic water wells 421
- shallow‐induced earthquakes 204, 205, 207
- “shooting a well,” 29, 31
- shortite 61
- side‐by‐side steel fluid tanks 105, 106
- significant post‐extraction processing (oil sand) 81
- silica (crystalline) 219
- silica dust (exposure) 221
- silica gel cleanup (SGC) 336
- silica sand, mining 287, 289
- silica substitute 221
- siliceous shale 54
- silicosis 221
- siltstones 53
- Silurian Shale 75
- single‐stage treatment 119
- four‐phase treatment 119
- 15‐stage hydraulic fracture stimulation treatment 119
- site‐specific impact analysis 148
- crude oil 152–154
- direct and indirect impacts 146–147
- drilling fluids and production wastes 157–159
- historic and abandoned oil, gas, and water wells 159–161
- natural gas 151–152
- NORMS 155–156
- other miscellaneous hazardous compounds 156
- phases (see phases of activity) 148, 149
- procedure 146
- produced fluids and gases 150–151
- specific oil and gas field locations 159
- transportation activities 161
- site restoration 130, 131
- site‐specific purge volume
- vs. contaminant concentration test 497
- site‐specific technical details 86–87
- SiteWise TM tool for Green and Sustainable Remediation 366, 368
- skimming methods 295
- slickwater formulations, emergence of 49
- slickwater (hydraulic) fracturing 15
- slickwater injection 121
- sliding sleeve method 112, 115
- Smackover Formation 71
- smoking sulfuric acid, use of 37
- social systems 20
- socioeconomic indicators 271–276
- socioeconomic and infrastructure issues 174
- sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 101
- sodium chloride (NaCl) 406
- soil and rock heterogeneity 332
- soil gas field blanks 499–500
- soil sampling
- air rotary casing hammer drilling method (ARCH) 329
- borehole methods 327
- direct circulation rotary drilling 329
- direct push technology 327–328
- hollow stem auger method 328–329
- lithologic description 495
- mud rotary drilling 329
- preparation, packaging, and handling 496–497
- sampling procedures 493
- shipment 496
- sonic drilling 328
- texture and grain size 495–496
- soil/shallow water cleanup, costs for
- soil vapor intrusion 234
- soil vapor quality control and decontamination 497–498
- soil vapor sampling 327, 497
- sonic drilling 328
- soundproofing equipment sheds, costs for 358, 359
- sour gas. see hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas
- “sour” oil 35
- Southeast Colorado (case study) 430–438
- chemical additives for HVHF fluids 432, 434
- coalbeds 432
- FracFocus 432, 435
- historic databases 432
- isotopic methane source analysis 436
- Little Creek Field Area 436–438
- methane 435–436
- naturally and anthropogenic chemicals 432, 433
- North Fork Ranch Area 436
- Raton Basin 430, 431, 432
- tertiary butyl‐alcohol (TBA) 435
- US EPA retrospective case study 432
- Southwestern Wyoming Basin 64, 69
- Southwest Pennsylvania (case studies) 421, 424
- spilled fluids 187
- Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) 167
- spill settlement case study 389–392
- spill studies
- split estate 352
- squeeze‐cementing operations 39
- “squib,” 30
- standard conversion factors 474–475
- Stanford University 456
- Stanolind Oil and Gas Company 38, 72
- state legislation and regulations 304–305
- state well plugging regulations, elements of 195
- steamflooding 19
- steam injection 212
- stray gas 420
- contamination 183
- Strudley v. Antero Resources Corp. 382–383
- sub‐slab depressurization system 244, 247
- subsurface issues 3 (impacts) 362
- subsurface vapor sampling (approach) 238, 240
- sulfate 61
- sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC‐SCD) 248
- sulfuric acid 38
- Sulfur King 35–37
- sulfur‐tainted oils, purification of 37
- SUMMA air sampling canister 244, 245
- Summit Petroleum Corp. v. EPA 383
- Supporting services, (ecosystem resources) 283
- surface and groundwater risks
- surface casing 108–109
- surface mining (oil sands) 81
- surface water sources 415
- surfactant additives 49
- suspected (hypothetical) Bakken crude oil pipeline spill project 364–365
- sustainability 20
- sustainable development 20
- Sustainable Remediation Tool (SRT) 368
t
- target zone 188
- tasmanite(s) 55, 56, 62
- tax credits and rules 48
- Tcf of gas 75
- technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) 126, 160–161, 410
- Tedlar® sampling bags 243–245
- telalginite 55, 56
- TENORM. see technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) 410
- tentatively identified compounds (TICs) 401, 402
- terrestrial oil shales 55
- tertiary butyl‐alcohol (TBA) 435
- Tertiary age Ludlow formation 428
- tetrachloroethane (PCA) 404
- tetrachloroethene (PCE) 404
- Texas Barnett Shale 48
- Texas Bureau of Economic Geology 48
- Texas’ Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk Formation 47
- Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) database 425
- thermogenic gas zone 87, 88
- thermogenic hydrocarbon gases 232
- thermogenic methane 436
- Three Forks Formations 72–73
- Three Mile Island (nuclear facility) incident 19
- tight formations 53
- tight gas 5, 53, 57, 58, 82
- reservoir (see Barnett Shale)
- tight natural gas 57–59
- tight oil 5, 53, 59, 82
- tight oil and shale gas resource development 59
- general concerns 137, 138
- precautionary principle 137
- primary wastes generated 146, 147
- resource categories 138–145
- resources and issues 163–174
- aesthetic issues 170
- air resources 163–164
- cultural and paleontological resources 164–165
- ecological resources 164
- environmental justice issues 165
- hazardous materials and waste violation issues 168
- health and safety issues 172
- quality of life 168–170
- seismicity issues 172, 174
- TIC 401, 481
- socioeconomic and infrastructure issues 172, 174
- urban use issues 170–173
- water quality 167–170
- water resources 165–168
- tight sands 4, 56
- time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC‐TOFMS) 407
- tired wells 37
- titanium(IV) 48
- TO‐13 327
- TO‐15 327
- TO‐14a 327
- TO‐17 327
- toluene 420
- Tongue River 428
- torbanite 55, 56
- tort litigation 378
- total dissolved solids (TDS) 192, 393
- total organic carbon (TOC) 60
- Total Petroleum System (TPS) 73
- toxic inhalation chemicals (TICs) 485
- toxic soil fungus 230
- tracer ratio measurements 218–219
- traditional oil and gas issues, in nontraditional forums 384
- train accident response checklist 522
- transition zone 126
- transportation and traffic 272
- travel blanks 499
- trillion cubic feet (Tcf) 56
- trimethylbenzenes (TMB) 420
- Trinity aquifer 424, 426
- trydimite (opal‐CT) 75
- type II kerogen 73
u
- Uinta–Piceance Basin 64, 69
- uncemented pre‐perforated liner method 112, 114
- unconventional hydrocarbon 82
- unconventional oil and gas parameters of interest 337
- conductivity 337
- laboratory tests for water well samples 341–342
- Exposure Pathway Group 0 315
- Exposure Pathway Group 1 315–316
- Exposure Pathway Group 2 316
- Exposure Pathway Group 3 317
- Exposure Pathway Group 4 317
- real estate valuation 351–357
- remediation strategies 365–369
- resources (unconventional oil and gas) 25, 88
- road construction projects 358, 360–362
- soundproofing equipment sheds, costs for 358, 359
- subsurface impacts, mitigation of 362–365
- supplies for 287
- TDS (total dissolved solids) 337
- turbidity 338
- water well quality 339–341
- unconventional resources 5
- geology of
- underground drinking water resources (UDWR) 110
- underground injection control (UIC) program 158, 187, 191, 192, 300
- abandoned wells 194–196
- categories
- “underground machine gun,” 33
- Underground Service Alert (USA) 494
- “underground sources of drinking water,” 193
- underground sources of drinking water (USDWs) 17, 158, 190–191, 193, 194
- Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 495
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 43
- Union Pacific Resources 48
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 389
- United States shale deposits
- Antrim Shale 71–72
- Bakken Formation 72–73
- Barnett Shale 66, 68–69
- Eastern Devonian–Mississippian oil shale case study 62–63
- Fayetteville Shale 69, 71
- Green River Formation 60–62
- Haynesville Shale 71
- Marcellus Shale 69
- Monterey Formation/Monterey Temblor 73, 75
- New Albany Shale 72
- Specific Shale Plays 63–65
- Tcf of gas 75
- Three Forks Formations 72–73
- Woodford Shale 71
- world shale deposits (geology) 75
- The University of Maryland 456
- The University of Michigan 456–457
- The University of Texas at Austin 457
- Upper Cretaceous Trinidad Formation 435
- Upper Cretaceous Vermejo Formation 435
- upper limit of quantification (ULQ) 333
- urban use issues 172
- usable water 193, 194
- US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (now the USDOE) 39–41
- US Bureau of Mines 41
- US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 193
- US CO2 emissions 2
- US crude oil and natural gas production (2000–2015) 354–355
- US Crude Oil Prices (1859–2016) 525–526
- US Department of Energy (USDOE) see USAEC 40
- US Department of Energy/Groundwater Protection Council study 188
- US dry natural gas production 5
- US Energy Information Administration (EIA) 59
- US EPA Method 8015 Modified 335
- US EPA Method TO‐15 247
- US EPA Method TO‐17 248
- US EPA Method TO‐13A 247–248
- US EPA retrospective case study 414–415
- US EPA study 389
- US Geological Survey (USGS) 3, 54, 418
- US Patent Office No. 2,947,250 1960, 36
- US Patent Office records 31
- US private sector employment 1, 2
- USSR program experiments 43
- US university studies 455
- unconventional oil and gas production issues 455–457
v
- van Krevelen diagram 55
- vapor flux chamber sampling 244, 245
- vapor sample collection 245–246
- vertical drilling 4
- vertical fracking 16
- vertical wells (versus horizontal well drilled‐number) 49
- Vibroseis 147
- Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) 411
- violations (health and safety) 399
- visual aesthetics 277–278
- vitrinite 55, 56
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 139, 149, 228–230
- vulnerability analysis, oil spill prevention 293
w
- Washington County 421, 422, 423
- waste management (fluid recovery) 123
- wastewater injection activities 203, 212
- wastewater treatment and waste disposal 415
- water acquisition 184–186, 415
- water analyses 412
- water and waste management 158
- water‐based fluids 15, 39
- water‐based treatments 39
- wastes‐primary generated 148, 149
- waste disposal (drilling derived) 492
- water deluge system 233
- water disposal 19
- waterflooding 19
- water injection and squeeze‐cementing techniques 25
- water isotope case study in Northern California 411–413
- water quality 190
- water quantity 188
- water resources 145, 146, 165–168, 191
- drinking water resources (DWR)
- public water systems (PWS)
- water sampling
- water supply wells 415
- water tampering, use of (to keep explosive activity down) 29
- waterway disasters 486
- water wells 3
- wavelength 263
- wax paper (invention of) 35
- waxy crude oil 26
- weathering processes 403
- Welex Jet Services 34
- well abandonment (or decommissioning) and site restoration (phase 7) 163
- well blowout 150
- wellbore zones 31
- well casing perforators 25, 31–32
- well completion and hydraulic fracture stimulation (phase 4) 111–112, 115, 154
- impacts from 156
- well destruction 129–130
- well injection 184, 187, 415
- well or field abandonment 129–130
- site restoration 130–131
- well plugging requirements 194–196
- well stimulation technologies 6
- West North Dakota (case study) 427–430
- wetlands, ecosystem resources 283–286
- Williston Basin 64, 69, 72–73, 85, 389, 427, 428
- wire line logging 102, 104
- Woodford Shale 71
- Woodin well 29
- worker safety 220, 278
- worker training, in crude oil handling 487, 488
- workshops 128
- world shale deposits 75
- World War I 26
- Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC) 311
x
z
- zirconium(IV) 48
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