List of Tables

Missing tables are found in Appendices F, G, H, I.
Table 1.1 Summary of well stimulation techniques.
Table 2.1 Chronology of significant technological developments and events leading up to modern‐day well stimulation techniques.
Table 2.2 Modern‐day types of perforators.
Table 2.3 Plowshare Program experiments.
Table 2.4 USSR program experiments.
Table 3.1 General scheme of oil‐shale components.
Table 3.2 Classification of oil shale.
Table 3.3 Geologic provinces containing more than 5000 hydraulic fracturing treatment records associated with wells drilled from 2000 to 2010.
Table 3.4 Summary of subsurface information on major gas shales basins in the United States.
Table 4.1 General project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities.
Table 4.2 Project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities and approximate duration.
Table 4.3 Maturity indicators for the Ordovician Utica Formation, Ohio.
Table 4.4 Production recovery estimates for unconventional oil and gas fields.
Table 4.5 Summary of the classes of compounds commonly found at drilling and production sites.
Table 4.6 Summary of the types of drilling fluids and additives.
Table 4.7 Common geophysical logs used in drilling operations.
Table 4.8 General comparison of low‐volume and high‐volume hydraulic fracturing.
Table 4.9 Example of a single stage of a sequenced 15‐stage hydraulic fracture stimulation treatment.
Table 4.10 Example of chemical additives for fracturing, main compounds, and common uses (US DOE 2009).
Table 4.11 Estimated water needs for drilling and fracturing wells in selected shale gas provinces.
Table 4.12 Economic limit calculation.
Table 5.1 Summary of general concerns associated with tight oil and shale gas resource development.
Table 5.2 Project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities and possible significant impacts based on resource category.
Table 5.3 Example of direct and indirect impacting factors for exploration–production life cycle.
Table 5.4 Scale of impacts for each resource.
Table 5.5 Summary of wastes produced during field operations.
Table 5.6 Gas composition of various US shale gas plays.
Table 5.7 Composition of natural gas at various stages of production and distribution.
Table 5.8 Common petroleum hydrocarbon products derived from the refining of crude oil.
Table 5.9 Summary of hydraulic fracturing fluid additives, main compounds, and common uses.
Table 5.12 Summary of pipeline distribution system.
Table 5.13 Examples and causes of pipeline failures.
Table 5.14 Urban areas in the United States situated over unconventional resources.
Table 5.15 Urban areas around the world situated over unconventional resources (non‐US).
Table 5.16 Potential hazards from exposure to selected hydraulic fracturing chemicals and selected chemicals associated with crude oil, combustion and fuels.
Table 5.21 Summary of main challenges and opportunities of HVHF.
Table 6.1 Water use per hydraulically fractured well between January 2011 and February 2013.
Table 6.2 Summary of Studies Pertaining to Alleged Groundwater Impacts from Hydraulic Fracturing Operations.
Table 7.1 Summary of anthropogenic activity proposed to have induced earthquakes.
Table 7.2 Abbreviated modified Mercalli intensity scale.
Table 7.3 Earthquake magnitude classes.
Table 7.4 Summary of select reported cases of induced seismicity with ≥Mw 4.0.
Table 8.1 Description of possible air quality issues for each phase of exploration–production life cycle.
Table 8.2 Assumed Bakken gas composition.
Table 8.3 Gas flaring rate for Bakken wells, December 2011 Data.
Table 8.4 Summary of direct air measurements and mobile downwind sampling.
Table 8.5 Locations of selected frac sand sources in the United States.
Table 8.7 Mitigation measures for silica dust.
Table 8.8 Example PEL calculation for silica dust exposure.
Table 8.9 Examples of VOCs and methane emission sources.
Table 8.10 Exposure limits for selected petroleum hydrocarbons found at well sites.
Table 8.12 Selected laboratory analytical methods for soil vapor or indoor air contaminants and leak detection compounds.
Table 8.13 Summary of soil vapor and indoor air analytical methods.
Table 8.14 Common analytical conversion factors.
Table 8.16 Air and vapor sampling approaches and equipment.
Table 9.1 Example of setbacks.
Table 9.2 Common background noise levels.
Table 9.3 Description of primary noise sources, examples, and duration.
Table 9.4 Temporary noise associated with well site operations.
Table 9.5 Examples of some socioeconomic indicators, measurements, and specific analyses.
Table 9.6 Example of truck trips for drilling, hydraulic fracture stimulation, and flowback management.
Table 10.1 Example from Maryland of recommended Riparian Setbacks.
Table 10.2 Examples of mitigation measures for each of the seven phases of oil and gas exploration–production life cycle.
Table 10.3 Overview of potential impacts and mitigation measures for wildlife habitat issues.
Table 11.1 Federal exemptions relating to well stimulation.
Table 11.2 State legislation proposing HVHF disclosure requirements as of 31 May 2012.
Table 11.3 State legislation proposing or enacting moratoriums or impact studies.
Table 11.4 Legislation addressing authority to regulate as of 31 May 2012.
Table 12.1 Example observations of HVHF impacts at different locations with observations, impact timing and with response actions.
Table 12.2 Common chemicals found at oil and gas facilities based on industry segment.
Table 12.3 Example of hypothetical scenario sampling plan elements.
Table 12.4 Types of samples by media.
Table 12.5 Field screening methods for VOCs, including petroleum hydrocarbons.
Table 12.6 Summary of common analytical methods for VOCs, including petroleum hydrocarbons.
Table 12.7 Carbon range and occurrence.
Table 12.8 Selected compounds used in hydraulic fracturing products.
Table 12.9 Well conditions and confirmation laboratory analyses.
Table 12.10 Baseline groundwater monitoring analysis for unconventional oil and gas areas.
Table 13.1 Estimate of various unconventional oil and gas operations.
Table 13.2 Data for landowner royalty calculation.
Table 13.3 US crude oil and natural gas production (2000–2015).
Table 13.4 Pennsylvania real estate.
Table 13.5 Town of Flower Mound, Texas, and home prices near well sites.
Table 13.7 Estimate of the range of costs ($2017) for domestic well installation.
Table 13.8 Estimated costs (2017) for water supplies.
Table 13.9 Estimated costs for small domestic to large municipal water treatment systems.
Table 13.10 Estimated costs for soundproofing equipment sheds.
Table 13.11 Assumed heavy truck trips used for the construction and operations of a single unconventional gas well in Pennsylvania.
Table 13.12 Examined truck trips per HVHF well and multiple wells.
Table 13.13 Range in price for new road construction and repair per mile (1.6 km).
Table 13.14 Characteristics of roads assumed to be used for construction and operation of shale gas wells in Pennsylvania.
Table 13.15 Estimated consumptive road use and costs per lane mile driven by trucks used for the construction and operation of shale gas wells in Pennsylvania.
Table 13.16 Costs for road degradation based on a state or regional scale. For larger road degradation studies on a state scale, the costs are in hundreds of millions of dollars.
Table 13.17 Estimated costs for locating orphan wells.
Table 13.18 Cost for destroying orphan wells.
Table 13.19 Estimated costs for subsurface investigations and sampling.
Table 13.20 General costs for an environmental sampling project (10 samples).
Table 13.21 Costs of other services.
Table 13.22 Green Remediation Evaluation Matrix Checklist (GREM) (DTSC 2009).
Table 13.24 Environmental concerns related to chemical family.
Table 13.25 Description and costs for railway spills.
Table 14.1 Tort litigation involving hydraulic fracturing (and related cases).
Table 14.2 Types of plaintiffs.
Table 14.3 Type of oil and gas company plaintiff (N = 14 for each of small/large, public/private, local/national).
Table 15.1 Common causes of spills and leaks.
Table 15.2 Spill studies using public data.
Table 15.3 Summary of incidents from State Data.
Table 15.4 Sources of spills (2005–2014) from State Data.
Table 15.5 Pathway of spills (2005–2014) from State Data.
Table 15.6 Spills 2005–2014 from well communication pathway from State Data.
Table 15.8 Physical and chemical characteristics of Bakken crude oil.
Table 15.9 Summary of rail accidents.
Table 15.10 Processes, media, and recommended sample type for oil spills.
Table 15.11 Combustion of Bakken crude oil and estimated emissions.
Table 15.12 Number and type of administrative, environmental, health, and safety violations.
Table 15.13 List of major ions, trace metals, nutrients, physical properties, selected analytical method, and detection limits.
Table 15.14 Chemical ratios to identify salt sources.
Table 15.15 Forensic methods to differentiate methane sources.
Table 15.16 Selected isotopes used in differentiating sources of water or methane related to unconventional oil and gas operations.
Table 15.17 General isotope ratios of boron and lithium illustrate the general concept of produced fluid differentiation.
Table 15.18 Summary of US EPA case study locations.
Table 15.19 Summary of US EPA field parameters used in retrospective case studies.
Table 15.20 Analyte groups and example constituents.
Table 15.21 Northeast Pennsylvania data source summary.
Table 15.22 Southwest Pennsylvania data source summary.
Table 15.23 Summary of water quality exceedances for Washington County, Pennsylvania.
Table 15.24 North Texas data source summary.
Table 15.25 West North Dakota data source summary.
Table 15.26 Tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) concentrations in two groundwater monitoring wells.
Table 15.27 Southeast Colorado data source summary.
Table 15.28 Chemicals detected during October 2011 to April/May 2013 in US EPA study area.
Table 15.29 Chemical additives for HVHF fluids used in the Raton Basin in Colorado.
Table 15.30 Various ways to produce tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA).
Table G.1 Checklist for emergency response.
Table G.2 Firefighting procedures.
Table G.3 Non‐fire spill responses.
Table G.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon characteristics.
Table G.5 Bakken crude oil characteristics.
Table G.6 Bakken crude oil characteristics.
Table G.7 Effective health and safety program.
Table G.8 Occupational limits in air (ppmv).
Table G.9 Worker training.
Table G.10 Human health effects of crude oil.
Table G.11 Human health effects of crude oil constituents.
Table G.12 Emissions of toxic chemicals released from burning 1 kg of crude oil.
Table G.13 Health protective concentrations within 3 media for six petroleum range compounds.
Table G.14 Health protective concentrations of constituents within crude oil.
Table H.1 Size of various sediments.

Tables in Appendix I

Table 4.14 Checklist for general exploration–production life cycle inspections and documentation.
Table 4.15 Checklist for drilling plan and operation activities.
Table 4.16 Checklist for prospect evaluation, hazard assessment, special resource identification, and site‐specific considerations.
Table 5.10 Checklist of some exempt and nonexempt exploration and production waste streams.
Table 5.17 Checklist for worker safety standards.
Table 5.18 Checklist of mitigation plans and documentation of impacts.
Table 5.20 Checklist of sources of information.
Table 8.6 Safety checklist for reducing air quality impacts at oil and gas facilities and mine sites.
Table 8.11 Checklist for air sampling for possible chemical interference.
Table 8.15 Checklist for air and soil vapor field sampling.
Table 8.17 Checklist for air emissions related to hydraulic fracturing.
Table 9.7 Checklist of potential visual impacts of unconventional oil and gas operations.
Table 12.2 Checklist for site conceptual model, sampling plan, and investigation.
Table 12.10 Checklist for sampling groundwater and surface water related to drilling or hydraulic fracturing operations.
Table 13.6 Checklist for existing wells and new wells.
Table 13.23 Checklist for green remediation evaluation matrix (GREM).
Table 15.7 Train accident response checklist.
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