Missing tables are found in Appendices F, G, H, I. |
Table 1.1 |
Summary of well stimulation techniques. |
Table 2.1 |
Chronology of significant technological developments and events leading up to modern‐day well stimulation techniques. |
Table 2.2 |
Modern‐day types of perforators. |
Table 2.3 |
Plowshare Program experiments. |
Table 2.4 |
USSR program experiments. |
Table 3.1 |
General scheme of oil‐shale components. |
Table 3.2 |
Classification of oil shale. |
Table 3.3 |
Geologic provinces containing more than 5000 hydraulic fracturing treatment records associated with wells drilled from 2000 to 2010. |
Table 3.4 |
Summary of subsurface information on major gas shales basins in the United States. |
Table 4.1 |
General project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities. |
Table 4.2 |
Project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities and approximate duration. |
Table 4.3 |
Maturity indicators for the Ordovician Utica Formation, Ohio. |
Table 4.4 |
Production recovery estimates for unconventional oil and gas fields. |
Table 4.5 |
Summary of the classes of compounds commonly found at drilling and production sites. |
Table 4.6 |
Summary of the types of drilling fluids and additives. |
Table 4.7 |
Common geophysical logs used in drilling operations. |
Table 4.8 |
General comparison of low‐volume and high‐volume hydraulic fracturing. |
Table 4.9 |
Example of a single stage of a sequenced 15‐stage hydraulic fracture stimulation treatment. |
Table 4.10 |
Example of chemical additives for fracturing, main compounds, and common uses (US DOE 2009). |
Table 4.11 |
Estimated water needs for drilling and fracturing wells in selected shale gas provinces. |
Table 4.12 |
Economic limit calculation. |
Table 5.1 |
Summary of general concerns associated with tight oil and shale gas resource development. |
Table 5.2 |
Project phase and description of unconventional oil and gas production activities and possible significant impacts based on resource category. |
Table 5.3 |
Example of direct and indirect impacting factors for exploration–production life cycle. |
Table 5.4 |
Scale of impacts for each resource. |
Table 5.5 |
Summary of wastes produced during field operations. |
Table 5.6 |
Gas composition of various US shale gas plays. |
Table 5.7 |
Composition of natural gas at various stages of production and distribution. |
Table 5.8 |
Common petroleum hydrocarbon products derived from the refining of crude oil. |
Table 5.9 |
Summary of hydraulic fracturing fluid additives, main compounds, and common uses. |
Table 5.12 |
Summary of pipeline distribution system. |
Table 5.13 |
Examples and causes of pipeline failures. |
Table 5.14 |
Urban areas in the United States situated over unconventional resources. |
Table 5.15 |
Urban areas around the world situated over unconventional resources (non‐US). |
Table 5.16 |
Potential hazards from exposure to selected hydraulic fracturing chemicals and selected chemicals associated with crude oil, combustion and fuels. |
Table 5.21 |
Summary of main challenges and opportunities of HVHF. |
Table 6.1 |
Water use per hydraulically fractured well between January 2011 and February 2013. |
Table 6.2 |
Summary of Studies Pertaining to Alleged Groundwater Impacts from Hydraulic Fracturing Operations. |
Table 7.1 |
Summary of anthropogenic activity proposed to have induced earthquakes. |
Table 7.2 |
Abbreviated modified Mercalli intensity scale. |
Table 7.3 |
Earthquake magnitude classes. |
Table 7.4 |
Summary of select reported cases of induced seismicity with ≥Mw 4.0. |
Table 8.1 |
Description of possible air quality issues for each phase of exploration–production life cycle. |
Table 8.2 |
Assumed Bakken gas composition. |
Table 8.3 |
Gas flaring rate for Bakken wells, December 2011 Data. |
Table 8.4 |
Summary of direct air measurements and mobile downwind sampling. |
Table 8.5 |
Locations of selected frac sand sources in the United States. |
Table 8.7 |
Mitigation measures for silica dust. |
Table 8.8 |
Example PEL calculation for silica dust exposure. |
Table 8.9 |
Examples of VOCs and methane emission sources. |
Table 8.10 |
Exposure limits for selected petroleum hydrocarbons found at well sites. |
Table 8.12 |
Selected laboratory analytical methods for soil vapor or indoor air contaminants and leak detection compounds. |
Table 8.13 |
Summary of soil vapor and indoor air analytical methods. |
Table 8.14 |
Common analytical conversion factors. |
Table 8.16 |
Air and vapor sampling approaches and equipment. |
Table 9.1 |
Example of setbacks. |
Table 9.2 |
Common background noise levels. |
Table 9.3 |
Description of primary noise sources, examples, and duration. |
Table 9.4 |
Temporary noise associated with well site operations. |
Table 9.5 |
Examples of some socioeconomic indicators, measurements, and specific analyses. |
Table 9.6 |
Example of truck trips for drilling, hydraulic fracture stimulation, and flowback management. |
Table 10.1 |
Example from Maryland of recommended Riparian Setbacks. |
Table 10.2 |
Examples of mitigation measures for each of the seven phases of oil and gas exploration–production life cycle. |
Table 10.3 |
Overview of potential impacts and mitigation measures for wildlife habitat issues. |
Table 11.1 |
Federal exemptions relating to well stimulation. |
Table 11.2 |
State legislation proposing HVHF disclosure requirements as of 31 May 2012. |
Table 11.3 |
State legislation proposing or enacting moratoriums or impact studies. |
Table 11.4 |
Legislation addressing authority to regulate as of 31 May 2012. |
Table 12.1 |
Example observations of HVHF impacts at different locations with observations, impact timing and with response actions. |
Table 12.2 |
Common chemicals found at oil and gas facilities based on industry segment. |
Table 12.3 |
Example of hypothetical scenario sampling plan elements. |
Table 12.4 |
Types of samples by media. |
Table 12.5 |
Field screening methods for VOCs, including petroleum hydrocarbons. |
Table 12.6 |
Summary of common analytical methods for VOCs, including petroleum hydrocarbons. |
Table 12.7 |
Carbon range and occurrence. |
Table 12.8 |
Selected compounds used in hydraulic fracturing products. |
Table 12.9 |
Well conditions and confirmation laboratory analyses. |
Table 12.10 |
Baseline groundwater monitoring analysis for unconventional oil and gas areas. |
Table 13.1 |
Estimate of various unconventional oil and gas operations. |
Table 13.2 |
Data for landowner royalty calculation. |
Table 13.3 |
US crude oil and natural gas production (2000–2015). |
Table 13.4 |
Pennsylvania real estate. |
Table 13.5 |
Town of Flower Mound, Texas, and home prices near well sites. |
Table 13.7 |
Estimate of the range of costs ($2017) for domestic well installation. |
Table 13.8 |
Estimated costs (2017) for water supplies. |
Table 13.9 |
Estimated costs for small domestic to large municipal water treatment systems. |
Table 13.10 |
Estimated costs for soundproofing equipment sheds. |
Table 13.11 |
Assumed heavy truck trips used for the construction and operations of a single unconventional gas well in Pennsylvania. |
Table 13.12 |
Examined truck trips per HVHF well and multiple wells. |
Table 13.13 |
Range in price for new road construction and repair per mile (1.6 km). |
Table 13.14 |
Characteristics of roads assumed to be used for construction and operation of shale gas wells in Pennsylvania. |
Table 13.15 |
Estimated consumptive road use and costs per lane mile driven by trucks used for the construction and operation of shale gas wells in Pennsylvania. |
Table 13.16 |
Costs for road degradation based on a state or regional scale. For larger road degradation studies on a state scale, the costs are in hundreds of millions of dollars. |
Table 13.17 |
Estimated costs for locating orphan wells. |
Table 13.18 |
Cost for destroying orphan wells. |
Table 13.19 |
Estimated costs for subsurface investigations and sampling. |
Table 13.20 |
General costs for an environmental sampling project (10 samples). |
Table 13.21 |
Costs of other services. |
Table 13.22 |
Green Remediation Evaluation Matrix Checklist (GREM) (DTSC 2009). |
Table 13.24 |
Environmental concerns related to chemical family. |
Table 13.25 |
Description and costs for railway spills. |
Table 14.1 |
Tort litigation involving hydraulic fracturing (and related cases). |
Table 14.2 |
Types of plaintiffs. |
Table 14.3 |
Type of oil and gas company plaintiff (N = 14 for each of small/large, public/private, local/national). |
Table 15.1 |
Common causes of spills and leaks. |
Table 15.2 |
Spill studies using public data. |
Table 15.3 |
Summary of incidents from State Data. |
Table 15.4 |
Sources of spills (2005–2014) from State Data. |
Table 15.5 |
Pathway of spills (2005–2014) from State Data. |
Table 15.6 |
Spills 2005–2014 from well communication pathway from State Data. |
Table 15.8 |
Physical and chemical characteristics of Bakken crude oil. |
Table 15.9 |
Summary of rail accidents. |
Table 15.10 |
Processes, media, and recommended sample type for oil spills. |
Table 15.11 |
Combustion of Bakken crude oil and estimated emissions. |
Table 15.12 |
Number and type of administrative, environmental, health, and safety violations. |
Table 15.13 |
List of major ions, trace metals, nutrients, physical properties, selected analytical method, and detection limits. |
Table 15.14 |
Chemical ratios to identify salt sources. |
Table 15.15 |
Forensic methods to differentiate methane sources. |
Table 15.16 |
Selected isotopes used in differentiating sources of water or methane related to unconventional oil and gas operations. |
Table 15.17 |
General isotope ratios of boron and lithium illustrate the general concept of produced fluid differentiation. |
Table 15.18 |
Summary of US EPA case study locations. |
Table 15.19 |
Summary of US EPA field parameters used in retrospective case studies. |
Table 15.20 |
Analyte groups and example constituents. |
Table 15.21 |
Northeast Pennsylvania data source summary. |
Table 15.22 |
Southwest Pennsylvania data source summary. |
Table 15.23 |
Summary of water quality exceedances for Washington County, Pennsylvania. |
Table 15.24 |
North Texas data source summary. |
Table 15.25 |
West North Dakota data source summary. |
Table 15.26 |
Tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) concentrations in two groundwater monitoring wells. |
Table 15.27 |
Southeast Colorado data source summary. |
Table 15.28 |
Chemicals detected during October 2011 to April/May 2013 in US EPA study area. |
Table 15.29 |
Chemical additives for HVHF fluids used in the Raton Basin in Colorado. |
Table 15.30 |
Various ways to produce tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA). |
Table G.1 |
Checklist for emergency response. |
Table G.2 |
Firefighting procedures. |
Table G.3 |
Non‐fire spill responses. |
Table G.4 |
Petroleum hydrocarbon characteristics. |
Table G.5 |
Bakken crude oil characteristics. |
Table G.6 |
Bakken crude oil characteristics. |
Table G.7 |
Effective health and safety program. |
Table G.8 |
Occupational limits in air (ppmv). |
Table G.9 |
Worker training. |
Table G.10 |
Human health effects of crude oil. |
Table G.11 |
Human health effects of crude oil constituents. |
Table G.12 |
Emissions of toxic chemicals released from burning 1 kg of crude oil. |
Table G.13 |
Health protective concentrations within 3 media for six petroleum range compounds. |
Table G.14 |
Health protective concentrations of constituents within crude oil. |
Table H.1 |
Size of various sediments. |