Part 1

Context

¹ R.G. Wilson, J.M. Lasala and P.C. Sherwood, Thomas Jefferson’s academical village: the creation of an architectural masterpiece, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA, 2009.

² USP, Prefeitura Quadrilátero, 2015, retrieved from www.puspqsd.usp.br/gabinete/

³ J.H. Newman, The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: In Nine: Discourses Delivered to the Catholics of Dublin, Gutenberg ebooks, 2008 www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24526.

⁴ R.D. Anderson, European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004.

⁵ R.P. Dober, Campus Planning, Reinhold, New York, 1964, p. 54.

⁶ M.F. Schmertz, Campus Planning and Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

⁷ University of Pennsylvania and Sasaki Associates, Penn Connects: A Vision for the Future, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 2006.

⁸ ANU, Campus Master Plan 2030, Acton, 2011, In: B. Cleveland and K. Fisher, ‘The evaluation of physical learning environments: a critical review of the literature’, Learning Environments Research, 17(1), 1–28. doi:10.1007/s10984-013-9149-3.

⁹ B. Cleveland and K. Fisher, ‘The evaluation of physical learning environments: a critical review of the literature’, Learning Environments Research, 17(1), 1–28.

¹⁰ G. Davis, The Republic of Learning, ABC Books, Pymble, NSW, 2010.

¹¹ S. Kaji-O’Grady, ‘Melbourne School of Design’, Architecture Australia, Vol. 104, issue 1, 2015, pp. 22–32.

¹² R. Lenzner and S.S. Johnson, ‘Seeing things as they really are’, Forbes, Vol. 159, issue 5, 1997, pp. 122–28.

¹³ See note 8.

¹⁴ R.P. Dober, Campus Planning, Reinhold, New York, 1964.

¹⁵ A. Markusen, ‘Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts’, Economic Geography, Vol. 72, issue 3, 1996.

¹⁶ Case Western Reserve University, Masterplan Summary, 2005, B. Cleveland and K. Fisher, ‘The evaluation of physical learning environments: a critical review of the literature’, Learning Environments Research, 17(1), 1–28.

¹⁷ University of Melbourne, ‘The University of Melbourne Strategic Plan 2015–2020: Growing Esteem’, University of Melbourne, http://about.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1462065/11364-GROWING-ESTEEM-2015-FA-WEB.pdf, 2015 (accessed 2 February 2016).

Masterplanning

¹⁸ M.P. Chapman, American Places: In Search of the Twenty-First Century Campus, Praeger, Westport, CT, 2006.

¹⁹ P. Turner, Campus: An American Planning Tradition, Architecture History Foundation, Cambridge and London, 1996.

²⁰ J. Coulson, P. Roberts and I. Taylor, University Trends: Contemporary Campus Design, Routledge, Abingdon, 2015, p. 26.

²¹ W. Whyte, ‘Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain’s Civic Universities’, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015.

²² T. Birks, Building the New Universities, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1972.

²³ Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), ‘Higher education student enrolments and qualifications obtained at Higher Education providers in the United Kingdom 2013/14’, www.hesa.ac.uk, 2015 (accessed 2 February 2016).

²⁴ Higher Education Design Quality Forum (HEDQF), Estates Matter! Report on survey of students’ views of their universities’ estates 2013, Architecture PLB and London School of Economics, 2014.

²⁵ C. Landry, The Art of City Making, Earthscan, London, 2006, p. 5.

²⁶ P. Temple (ed), The Physical University: Contours of Space and Place in Higher Education, Routledge, Abingdon, 2014.

²⁷ See also: R. Olcayto, ‘Masterplanning’, Architects’ Journal, 13 October 2011, pp. 35–39; and E. Harwood et al, Twentieth-century Architecture 11: Oxford and Cambridge, Twentieth Century Society, London, 2014.

²⁸ Architects’ Journal, issue 35, RIBA Awards, June 2015.

²⁹ Gunning Principles: Prior to 1985 in the UK little consideration had been given to consultation but in a landmark case in that year (R v London Borough of Brent ex parte Gunning) Mr Stephen Sedley QC propounded a set of fundamental consultation principles that were adopted by the presiding judge. These Gunning (or Sedley) principles were confirmed as applicable to all public consultations by the Court of Appeal in 2001 (Coughlan case) and must underpin every public consultation that takes place in the UK.

³⁰ Michael Serginson and Professor Steve Lockley, ‘BIM for Facilities Management – University Campus’, OpenBIM – Case Studies, www.openbim.org/case-studies/university-campus-facilities-management-bim-model (accessed 29 January 2016).

³¹ University of California, Office of the President, ‘Presidential initiatives: Carbon Neutrality Initiative’ www.ucop.edu/initiatives/carbon-neutrality-initiative.html (accessed 29 January 2016).

³² C. Kerr, The Uses of the University, Godkin Lectures, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA, 1963, p. 31.

Part 2

Teaching and Learning Spaces

¹ J. Biggs and C. Tang, Teaching for quality learning at university, Open University Press, London, 2011.

² J. Nordquist and K. Sundberg, An educational leadership responsibility in primary care: ensuring the physical space for learning aligns with the educational mission, Educ Primary Care. 24(1): 45–49.

³ P. Temple, Learning spaces for the 21st Century: a review of the literature, Higher Education Academy, London, 2007; J. Nordquist, ‘Alignment Achieved? The Learning Landscape and Curricula in Health Professions Education’, Medical Education, Vol. 50, 2015, pp. 61–68.

⁴ J. Nordquist and A. Laing, ‘Spaces for learning – a neglected area in curriculum change and strategic educational leadership’, Medical Teacher, Vol. 36, 2014, pp. 555–56.

⁵ S. Dugdale, ‘Space strategies for the new learning landscape’, Educause (March/April), Vol. 44, issue 2, 2004, pp. 50–63; A. Thody, ‘“Learning Landscapes” as shared vocabulary for learning spaces’, in A. Boddington and J. Boys (eds), Re-shaping Learning: The Future of Learning Spaces in Post-Compulsory Education, Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, 2011, pp. 121–36.

⁶ J. Nordquist and A. Laing, ‘Spaces for learning – a neglected area in curriculum change and strategic educational leadership’, Medical Teacher, Vol. 36, 2014, pp. 555–56; J. Nordquist, K. Sundberg and A. Laing, ‘Aligning Physical Learning Spaces with the Curriculum’, AMEE Guide 107, Medical Teacher, 2016 (in press); J. Nordquist, ‘Alignment Achieved? The Learning Landscape and Curricula in Health Professions Education’, Medical Education, Vol. 50, 2015, pp. 61–68.

⁷ ‘Designing Spaces for the Networked Learning Landscape: Design of Learning Spaces’. Medical Teacher 2015; 37:337–343

⁸ D. Oblinger, Learning Spaces, Educause ebooks, 2006, A. Harrion and L. Hutton, Design for the Changing Educational Landscape: Space, Place and the Future of Learning, Routledge, London, 2014; J. Nordquist, ‘Alignment Achieved? The Learning Landscape and Curricula in Health Professions Education’, Medical Education, Vol. 50, 2015, pp. 61–68.

Changing Spaces

⁹ Andrew Harrison and Antonia Cairns, ‘The Changing Academic Workplace’, DEGW on Behalf of the University of Strathclyde, 2008. p. 38. Available to download from www.Exploreacademicworkspace.com.

Part 3

Briefing and Design for Sustainability

¹ Exploring how the UK can meet the 2050 emission reduction target using the web-based 2050 Calculator, www.gov.uk/guidance/2050-pathways-analysis

² Doug King, May 2012, The case for Centres of Excellence in sustainable building design, The Royal Academy of Engineering, ISBN 1-903496-80-2, www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/the-case-for-centres-ofexcellence-in-sustainable

³ University carbon footprint figures from the Carbon Trust, available at www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/sector-based-advice/further-and-higher-education/

⁴ HEFCE Sustainable development in higher education December 2014/30 Policy development Policy framework www.hefce.ac.uk/workprovide/carbon

⁵ www.keele.ac.uk/greenkeelekeelehub/

⁶ www.cereb.org.uk/

⁷ Four UK universities have set up Centres of Excellence in Sustainable Building Design, in collaboration with the Royal Academy of Engineering. The new centres at Heriot-Watt University, Loughborough University, the University of Sheffield and University College London will form a national network to demonstrate and exchange best practice in teaching and research for a more sustainable built environment. www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2013/May/four-new-centres-of-excellence-for-sustainable-bui#sthash.FwZwznli.dpuf

⁸ www.nottingham.ac.uk/estates/documents/developments/etb-flyers.pdf

⁹ University of Nottingham University Architecture Department www.nottingham.ac.uk/creative-energy-homes/index.aspx

¹⁰ CIBSE www.cibse.org/Knowledge/Building-Services-Case-Studies/PROBE-Post-Occupancy-Studies)

Part 4

Value

¹ Association of University Directors of Estates, ‘Higher Education Statistics Report 2015’, 2015, www.aude.ac.uk

² CABE, ‘Design with Distinction – The Value of Good Building Design in Higher Education’, 2005, ISBN 1-84633-001-7.

³ The Russell Group, ‘A Passion for Learning – The Student Experience at Russell Group Universities’, 2014, www.russellgroup.ac.uk

⁴ ZZA Responsive User Environments, (report on Findings for LSE), ‘Perceived Quality of the LSE Campus: Baseline Research on Student Opinion’, 2011.

⁵ Julian Robinson, ‘Estates Matter! – Report on Survey of Students’ Views of their Universities’ Estates’, HEDQF, 2013, www.hedqf.org.uk

⁶ John Elmes, ‘Facilities Key to Students’ University Choice, Times Higher Education, 30 July 2015.

Building Performance

⁷ Note on the REF and NSS.

⁸ www.dqi.org.uk

⁹ Vitruvius, The Elements of Architecture, 1624.

¹⁰ www.dqi.org.uk

¹¹ Economic and social sustainability are rarely considered and, as well as being hard to measure, are always hard to attribute to specific features of a building.

¹² www.usablebuildings.co.uk/

¹³ www.hedqf.org

¹⁴ Sebastian Macmillan (ed), Designing Better Building: Quality and Value in the Built Environment, Taylor & Francis, 2003.

¹⁵ Martin Cook, The Design Quality Manual: Improving Building Performance, Wiley Blackwell, 2007.

¹⁶ ‘Delivering Value from the Higher Education Estate’, phase 2 of the Diamond Review.

¹⁷ www.hedqf.org

¹⁸ AUDE, Guide to Post Occupancy Evaluation, Higher Education Funding Council for England, Bristol, 2006, available at www.aude.ac.uk/resources/goodpractice/AUDE_POE_guide/ (accessed 10 December 2015).

¹⁹ AMA Alexi Marmot Associates, www.aleximarmot.com (Knowledge section).

²⁰ Leesman, http://leesmanindex.com/our-surveys/

²¹ Per cent frequency × per cent occupancy = per cent utilization. For general teaching space, HEFCE suggests that over 35% is good, whereas less than 25% utilisation is poor. This cannot be applied to specialised spaces.

²² www.usablebuildings.co.uk/WebGuideAL/AboutBus.html

²³ www.cibse.org/Knowledge/Building-Services-Case-Studies/PROBE-Post-Occupancy-Studies

²⁴ www.carbonbuzz.org/

²⁵ www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/estatesDivision/pdf/HEDQF-Booklet2.pdf

Academic Performance

²⁶ Baldry, C. (1999). Space, the final frontier. Sociology, August 1999 v33.

²⁷ Fisher, C. & Singleton, G. (2015). Is ‘the new academic workplace’ an oxymoron? Reviewing the scholarly transformative evidence-based literature’. Paper presented at the TEFMA (Tertiary Education Facilities Management Association) conference, Cairns 2015.

²⁸ www.cdio.org, and Fisher and Newton 2014

²⁹ A. Whiteside, L. Jorn, A Duin and S Fitzgerald, “Using the PAIR-up model to evaluate active learning spaces.” Educause Quarterly, 2009, Making the case for space: “Three years of empirical research on learning environments.” Educause Quarterly, 2010 33/3, 11.

³⁰ E. Drake and D Battaglia, ‘Teaching and learning in active learning classrooms: recommendations, research & resources’. Facit: Higher Impact Learning by Design. Michigan, Central Michigan University, 2014.

³¹ B. de la Harpe, T. Mason, M. McPherson, K Fisher, W. Imms, K. Fraser, S. Thomson and D Taylor, ‘Not a waste of space – professional development for staff teaching in New Generation Learning Spaces. Office for Learning & Teaching’. Canberra, Australian Government Office for Learning & Teaching, 2014.

³² www.educause.edu/eli/initiatives (accessed April 2016).

³³ R. Ellis, P. Goodyear, A. Marmot and K. Fisher, Modelling complex learning spaces. Australian Research Council Discovery Research Grant (2015–2019), 2015.

³⁴ D. Brooks, ‘Space and consequences: The impact of different formal learning spaces on instructor and student behaviour’. Journal of Learning Spaces. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2012

³⁵ D. Baepler, C. Brooks and J. Walker, Active Learning Spaces: New Directions for Teaching and Learning, Number 137. Jossey Bass, 2014.

³⁶ O. Helmer-Hirshchberg, O. 1967. Analysis of the Future: an Analysis of the Delphi Method. Rand Corporation, 1967, www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P3558.pdf (accessed April 2016).

³⁷ J. Boys, 2014. Building better Universities, Routledge, London, 2014.

³⁸ M. Bower, C. Howe, N. McCredie, A. Robinson and D. Grover, ‘Augmented Reality in education – cases, places and potentials’. Educational Media International. Vol. 51, issue 1, 2013.

³⁹ K. Fisher and C. Newton, ‘Transforming the twenty-first-century campus to enhance the net-generation student learning experience: using evidence-based design to determine what works and why in virtual/physical teaching spaces’. Higher Education Research & Development Journal, 33:5, 2014 10.1080/07294360.2014.890566.

⁴⁰ K. Fisher and R. Ellis, Adapting to Change in University Learning Space - Informing and Being Informed by Feedback from Senior University Leaders. HERDSA (Higher Education Research and Development). Cairns, 2014.

⁴¹ S. Painter, J. Fournier, C. Grape, G. Grummon, J. Morellis, S. Whitmer and J Cevetllo, Research on learning space design: present state, future directions. Ann Arbour, Society for College and University Planning, 2012.

Technical Performance

⁴² www.wellcertified.com/well

⁴³ The Higher Education Environmental Performance Improvement (HEEPI) Project, ‘Results of the HEEPI HE Building Energy Benchmarking Initiative 2003–4’, August 2004, available at www.goodcampus.org/files/files/15-Final_report_on_03–4_HEEPI_benchmarking_v2[1].doc.

⁴⁴ AUDE 2015 Higher Education Estates Statistics report

⁴⁵ http://saves.unioncloud.org

Case Studies

⁴⁶ ABP. 2009. Architectural design competition: new building for the Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning [Online]. University of Melbourne. Available: https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/competition/ [Accessed 31 July 2015].

⁴⁷ CONRAD-BERCAH, P. 2014. Melbourne School of Design. The Plan, 96–108.

⁴⁸ GREEN STAR AUSTRALIA. 2014a. Education rating tool [Online]. Available: www.gbca.org.au/green-star/rating-tools/green-star-education-v1/1762.htm [Accessed 26 February 2015].

⁴⁹ GREEN STAR AUSTRALIA. 2014b. University of Melbourne Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning building [Online]. Available: www.gbca.org.au/events.asp?eventid=32890 [Accessed 26 February 2015].

⁵⁰MSD. 2015. New Building Media Coverage [Online]. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Available: http://msd.unimelb.edu.au/new-building-media-coverage [Accessed 1 September 2015].

⁵¹ Nordquist J, Laing A. Designing Spaces for the Networked Learning Landscape: Design of Learning Spaces. Medical Teacher 2015;37:337–343

⁵² www.goodcampus.org/s-lab

⁵³ www.universities-scotland.ac.uk/uploads/publications/Working%20Smarter%20Progress%20Report%202014%20-%20final.pdf

⁵⁴ https://exploreit.sfc.ac.uk

⁵⁵ www.ucisa.ac.uk/learningspace

⁵⁶ www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/economics-of-biophilia

⁵⁷ HYPERLINK “www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121025174631.htm” www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121025174631.htm.

⁵⁸ Design Competition Brief – New Students’ Centre (2009) Estates Division – London School of Economics

⁵⁹ Saw Swee Hock Student Centre: Reaction and Reflection, short film by Rod McAllister and William Pine, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/user/rodmcallister

⁶⁰ Saw Swee Hock Student Centre: Post Occupancy Evaluation, ZZA Responsive User Environments, 2014.

⁶¹ Saw Swee Hock – The Realisation of the London School of Economics Student Centre, ed. by. Julian S Robinson, 2015 (ISBN 9 781908 967527).