1. Stretch wrap machines wrap plastic film, much like the plastic wrap used in kitchens, around loose boxes and the pallet on which they are placed so the pallet and the boxes can be handled as a unit. In prior years, banding iron was used for this purpose.

2. Womack and Jones (1996).

3. Pisowicz (2003).

4. Wysocki (2004).

5. Weed (2010).

6. Crosby (1980).

Chapter 4

1. Finney (2006, November 14).

2. Blossom (2011, February 12).

3. See http://mason.wm.edu/faculty/bradley_j/LeanBook for Excel value stream map icons.

4. See http://mason.wm.edu/faculty/bradley_j/LeanBook for PowerPoint value stream map icons.

5. Nakane and Hall (2002); Liker (2004).

6. Spear and Kenagy (2005, August 25).

7. Rosenthal (2007, July 9).

8. Spear and Kenagy (2005, August 25).

Chapter 5

1. Sluti (1995).

2. Garvin and March (1990, February 28).

3. Gawande (2009).

4. Spear and Bowen (1999).

5. Gross (1996).

Chapter 7

1. Templates for Standard Work are provided electronically at http://mason.wm.edu/faculty/bradley_j/LeanBook.

Chapter 9

1. Garvin and March (1990, February 28).

2. Many spelling variants can be found for poka yoke.

Chapter 10

1. Monden (1998).

2. Goldratt (2004).

Chapter 11

1. The term utilization can be defined in many ways, and a straightforward definition is used here to facilitate exposition. For example, utilization can be defined as the percentage of available hours that are used, and how available hours are computed might vary substantially from case to case. Available hours might exclude time for maintenance and changeovers or other activities that are considered essential but nonproductive. Utilization might also be calculated by scheduled hours rather than total available hours; here, scheduled hours might be only those hours where a workstation is scheduled for production.

2. Heskett and Hallowell (1993, August 5).

3. Hyer and Wemmerlöv (2002); Monden (1998).

Chapter 12

1. See Bradley and Conway (2003) for a derivation of this result.

2. See Bradley and Conway (2003) for a derivation of this result.

3. Shingo (1985).

4. The data for this exercise are available at http://mason.wm.edu/faculty/bradley_j/LeanBook.

Chapter 13

1. An electronic version of this charter is available at http://mason.wm.edu/faculty/bradley_j/LeanBook.

2. Spear and Kenagy (2005, August 25).

Chapter 14

1. Goldratt (2004).