Contents

Part 1: Laying the Groundwork

1 How Accounting Works

Accounting Simplified

Accounting Terminology and Concepts

Books and Accounts

Debits and Credits

Assets and Liabilities

T Accounts

How T Accounts Work

Using T Accounts

Recording Your Transaction

Typical Accounting Transactions

Checks

Invoices

Sales Receipts

Credit Card Transactions

Recording Estimates and Sales Orders

2 Selecting Your Business Structure

Organizing Your Business

Sole Proprietorships

Partnerships

S Corporations

Limited Liability Companies

C Corporations

Tax-Exempt (Nonprofits)

Your First Capital Infusion

Separating Business from Personal

Choosing an Accounting Method

Deciding on a Tax Year End

Zoning/Business License

Your Tax ID Number

Your Business Plan

Part 2: Doing the Books

3 Choosing Accounting Software

The Importance of Accounting Software

Desktop Versus Cloud-Based Software

Common Desktop Accounting Packages

Quicken

QuickBooks Pro

QuickBooks Premier

QuickBooks Enterprise

Sage 50

Mid-Range to Enterprise Accounting Software

Common Cloud Accounting Programs

QuickBooks Online

Xero

FreshBooks

Point-of-Sale Software

QuickBooks Point of Sale

Revel Systems POS

Changing Software

Getting Help with Your Accounting Software

4 Managing Your Accounts

Account Categories

Assets

Liabilities

Equity

Revenue

Cost of Goods Sold

Expenses

Other Accounts

Managing a Chart of Accounts

Making Everything Balance

Trial Balance

General Ledger

5 Accounting for Inventory

The Importance of Tracking and Valuing Inventory

Inventory Item Types and Setup

Stock Items

Nonstock Items

Assemblies

Service Items

Special-Use Items

Physical Inventory Valuation Methods

Average Cost

First in, First Out

Last in, First Out

Specific Identification

Keeping Count

Reordering

Taxes, Accounting, and Inventory

Physical Inventory Count

Inventory Adjustments

Reporting

Inventory Valuation Report

Sales by Item

Items Sold to Customers

Physical Inventory List Report

6 Doing Business Day to Day

Recording Sales

Customer Records

Sales Receipts

Invoices

Receiving Payment

Making Bank Deposits

Sales Orders

Customer Retainers and Deposits

Other Invoicing-Related Transactions

Paying Bills

Credit Card Purchases

Purchasing Inventory

Purchase Orders

Processing Payroll

Voiding Checks

Adjusting Journal Entries

Prior Year Adjustments

Finding Misplaced Transactions

Noncash Transactions

Nonposting Transactions

When Not to Use Journal Entries

8 Reconciling Bank and Credit Card Statements

I’s Not Just for Month-End

Preparing and Reconciling

Why Reconcile?

Reconciling at a Glance

Starting a Reconciliation

Clearing Transactions

Making Corrections

Tips for Successful Reconciliations

Automated Reconciliations

Reconciling Credit Card Statements

Identifying Transpositions

When You Can’t Reconcile

Part 3: Employee-Related Accounting

9 Setting Up New Team Members

Are You an Employee?

The Difference Between Employees and Independent Contractors

New Hire Paperwork

Federal Paperwork

State Paperwork

Local Paperwork

Rules for Hourly and Salaried Employees

Hourly Workers

Salaried Workers

Paying Owners

Payroll Processing Options

Third-Party Providers

Accounting Software Options

Manual Calculations

10 Understanding Insurance

Liability Insurance

Workers’ Compensation

General Liability Insurance

Product Liability Insurance

Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance

Professional Liability Insurance

Automobile Insurance

Cyber Risk Insurance

Personal Umbrella Insurance

Property Insurance

Boiler and Machinery Insurance

Business Interruption Insurance

Inland Marine Insurance

Health Insurance

Life Insurance

Tax Advantages

Health Insurance for the Self-Employed

Health Insurance Paid by Individuals

Recording Insurance Costs and Reimbursements

11 Other Benefits and Reimbursements

Retirement Plans

SIMPLE IRAs

Simple Employee Pensions (SEPs)

401(k) Plans

Keogh Plans

Remitting Retirement Contributions

Government Oversight

Vehicle Reimbursements

Other Reimbursements

Cafeteria Plans

Paid Vacation and Sick Leave

Paid Vacation

Sick Leave

Family and Medical Leave Act

12 Payroll Taxes

Withholding Taxes

Federal Withholding

State Withholding

Local Withholding

Social Security and Medicare

Social Security Withholding

Medicare Withholding

Unemployment Taxes

Federal Unemployment Taxes

State Unemployment Taxes

Temporary Disability Insurance

Part 4: Financial Reporting

13 Tracking Receivables and Payables

Payment Terms

Aged Accounts Receivable Report

Customer Statements

Collectability Risk

Finance Charges

Refunding Credit Balances

Writing Off Bad Debts

Managing Credit Risk

Aged Accounts Payable Report

Eliminating Zero Balances on Aging Reports

14 The Big Three Financial Statements

The Profit and Loss, or Income, Statement

The Balance Sheet

Current Assets

Long-Term Assets

Current Liabilities

Long-Term Liabilities

Equity

The Statement of Cash Flows

Cash Flow from Operations

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

Reviewing Your Financial Statements

Reviewing Your Income Statement

Reviewing Your Balance Sheet

When You Find an Error

15 Internal Control and Minimizing Fraud Risk

Securing Your Accounting Records

Updating Your Accounting Software

Backing Up Your Accounting Records

Backing Up and Restoring Desktop-Based Data

Backing Up Cloud-Based Data

Managing Identity Theft Risk

Securing Customer Information

Using Magnetic Swipe Card Readers

Securing Checks

Destroying Records

Disaster Recovery

16 Financial Reports and Stakeholders

How the IRS Reviews Your Financials

What Lenders Are Looking For

Consistency

Collateral

Cash Flow

Minimal Revenue Concentrations

Financial Ratios

Depreciated Assets

Discretionary and Owner Expenses

Using Financial Ratios

Current Ratio

Quick Ratio

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Cash Flow Coverage Ratio

Performance and Probability Ratios

Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio

Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio

Inventory Turnover Ratio

Part 5: Monthly, Quarterly, and Annual Activities

17 Closing Your Books and Other Accounts

Monthly Accounting Procedures

Program-Specific Tasks

Bank and Credit Card Reconciliation

Balance Sheet Review

Income Statement Review

Inventory Analysis

Aging Reports Review

Payroll Liabilities

Understanding the Trial Balance

Adjusted Trial Balance

Accounts with Opposite Signs

Amortizing Prepaid Expenses

Checking and Correcting Balances

Lingering Balances

Duplicate and Mistaken Transactions

Double-Checking Your Work

Year-End Procedures

18 Remitting and Reporting Taxes

Remitting Payroll Taxes

Federal Payroll Taxes

Federal Unemployment Taxes

State Withholding Taxes

State Unemployment Taxes

Local Withholding Taxes

Reporting Payroll Taxes

Federal Payroll Taxes

State Withholding Taxes

State Unemployment Taxes

Sales Tax

Other Taxes

Annual State Registration Fee

Business License Tax

Ad Valorem Taxes

Excise Taxes

Tourist Taxes

19 Filing Business and Personal Tax Returns

Business Income Tax Returns

Sole Proprietorship

Partnerships

S Corporations

C Corporations

Limited Liability Companies

Due Dates

Tax Return Extensions

Estimated Tax Payments

Business State Income Tax Returns

Supporting Tax Forms

Form W-2

Schedule K-1

Form 1099

Personal Income Tax Returns

Federal Income Tax Return

State Income Tax Return

Getting Help Versus Filing on Your Own

Hiring a Professional

Filing on Your Own

Tax Return Tips

20 Recordkeeping Rule Book

Maintaining Your Accounting Records

Keeping Employee Records

Federal Requirements

State Requirements

Local Requirements

Other Stakeholders

Dealing with Other Records

Records to Keep Permanently

Records to Hold Temporarily

On-Demand Records

Part 6: Data Analysis and Forecasting

21 Working with Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet Options

Introduction to Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet Basics

Making Basic Cell Entries

Entering Formulas and Filling Entries

Inserting a Function

Finishing the Amortization Table Formulas

Freezing Rows On-Screen

Printing

22 More Spreadsheet Tools and Techniques

Spreadsheet Templates

Accessing Templates

Types of Templates

Developing the Foundation of a Budget

Exporting from Xero

Exporting from QuickBooks Desktop

Building Your Budget

Maintaining a Shadow Accounting System

Forecasting Inflows

Forecasting Outflows

Analyzing Accounting Data

Filtering Data

Quick Analysis

Recommended Charts

Recommended PivotTables

Maintaining Supporting Schedules

Appendixes

A Glossary

B Key Business Forms

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