4
Documentation of Laser Safety
In today’s world safety has two faces: real safety and documentation of that safety. First, “is one safe?” and second, “can we prove through documentation that we are safe?”
Going without an incident is not proof that one is safe; it might be because the users and institution have the correct polices and follow them. It could be no one has fallen into the pit that is in front of them, just walking around it. This is where safety documentation becomes very important. Documentation alone will not provide safety, but it can help staff focus on safety elements. A safety tool that has found great success within many institutions is Integrated Safety Management (ISM). This chapter explains ISM and provides examples of laser safety documentation; consider them templates for your manipulation and adoption.
ISM has several steps that build and reenforce safety. As with any philosophy or technique take it with a grain of salt and remember flexibility not a rigid approach will allow and produce the greatest adherence and safety. ISM is the corporate philosophy that sets the official safety culture.
Introduction To The Integrated Safety Management
ISM is the means by which EH&S requirements are integrated into the planning and execution of work. It consists of two related components: underlying principles and operations (functions or processes). Institutions must systematically integrate ES&H into management and work practices at all levels so that missions are accomplished through effective integration of ES&H management into all facets of work planning and execution. In summary, the overall management of ES&H functions and activities becomes an integral part of mission accomplishment. Another way of stating this is when putting together a grant proposal, the cost of safety needs to be incorporated into the proposal, not an afterthought. ISM has seven defined guiding principles that are the fundamental policies to use in the management of ES&H. They are as follows:
Line management responsibility for environment, health, and safety
Line management is responsible for the protection of the public, the workers, and the environment. More specifically, all employees, contractors, and visitors who function as managers or represent management are responsible for integrating EH&S into work and for ensuring active communication up and down the management line and with the workforce.
Clear roles and responsibilities
Clear and unambiguous lines of authority and responsibility for ensuring EH&S are established and maintained at all organizational levels within the laboratory and for work performed by its contractors. At the institutional level, this principle is manifested in contract language, position descriptions, and work authorization documents.
Competence commensurate with responsibilities
All personnel must possess the experience, knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to discharge their responsibilities. Competence includes training, experience, and fitness for duty.
Balanced priorities
Resources (financial and human) are effectively allocated by staff to address EH&S, programmatic, and operational considerations. Protecting the public, workers, and the environment is a priority whenever activities are planned and performed.
Identification of safety standards and requirements
Identification of EH&S standards and requirements. Before work is performed, the associated hazards are evaluated and an appropriate set of standards and requirements is known by employees, contractors, and visitors. These standards and requirements, if properly implemented, provide adequate assurance that the public, workers, and the environment are protected from adverse consequences. The appropriateness of the current standards set will be established at least annually.
Hazard controls (including adverse environmental impact) tailored to work being performed. Administrative and engineering controls must exist to prevent and mitigate hazards. They are tailored to the work and associated hazards being performed. This tailoring or flexibility must be recognized by the institution.
This requires judgment to be exercised at the appropriate decision level and technical expertise.
Operations authorization
The conditions and requirements to be satisfied for operations to be initiated and conducted are clearly established and agreed upon.
ISM has five defined core functions for integrated ES&H management that comprise the underlying process for any work activity that could potentially affect the public, the workers, and the environment.
Define the scope of work
Missions are translated into work, expectations are set, tasks are identified and prioritized, and resources are allocated. A clear definition of the tasks that are to be accomplished as part of any given activity is critical.
Analyze the hazards
Hazards and environmental aspects associated with the work are identified, analyzed, and categorized. Analysis and determination of the hazards and risks associated with any activity; in particular, risks to employees, the public, and the environment.
Develop and implement hazard controls
Applicable standards and requirements are identified and agreed upon, controls are established to prevent and/or mitigate hazards, environmental aspects are identified and evaluated for reduction, the ES&H envelope is established, and controls are implemented. Controls that are sufficient to reduce the risks associated with any activity to acceptable levels. Acceptable levels are determined by responsible line management, but are always in conformance with all applicable laws and standards.
Perform work within controls
Readiness is confirmed and work is performed within the ES&H envelope established. Conduct of the tasks to accomplish the activity in accordance with the established controls. Staff needs to recognize when work is starting to exceed defined limits. This should trigger reauthorization.
Provide feedback and continuous improvement
Feedback information on the adequacy of controls is gathered, the efficiency of reducing environmental impacts is researched, opportunities for improving the definition and planning of work are identified and implemented, line and independent oversight is conducted, and, if necessary, regulatory enforcement actions occur. These five core functions are applied as a continuous cycle with the degree of rigor appropriate to address the type of work activity and the hazards and/ or environmental aspects involved. Implementation of a continuous improvement cycle for the activity, including incorporation of employee suggestions, lessons learned, and employee and community outreach, as appropriate.
ISM Summary
The five functions of ISM continuously feed back into each other. Management and staff can make ISM a valuable tool by always looking for areas and processes to improve. The guiding principles and core EH&S functions are closely related.
Documentation of Safety
What follows next are, as stated in the beginning of this chapter, examples of laser safety documentation; consider them templates for your manipulation and adoption.
Sample Laser Chapter
Editorial comment, laser safety chapters seem to fall into two styles, one the most common contains a great deal of tutorial information, as if it is a training tool. The other is more of what one needs to do to be authorized for laser work at the facility. This author has written both, but over the years has found users tended to prefer the latter than the former.
X.1 LASER SAFETY POLICY
The objective of the laser safety program is to ensure that there is no unintentional exposure of laser radiation in excess of the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limit to the human eye or skin. This policy on laser safety requires that all lasers and laser systems be operated in a manner comparable to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136.1, Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers, and ANSI Z136.8 Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Testing or Development (one may wish to add others is required such as the Z136.6 for Outdoor laser use). Additionally, the program is designed to ensure that adequate protection against collateral hazards is provided. These collateral hazards include the risk of electrical shock, fire hazard from a beam or from use of dyes and solvents, and chemical exposures from use of chemicals and vaporization of targets.
To implement the policy properly while giving the greatest possible latitude to the researcher in consideration of the needs in a research setting, all laser operations at (fill in institutional name) must be reviewed and approved by the laser safety officer (LSO) (see LSO responsibilities). The requirements for laser safety are multilevel and include engineering controls, administrative controls, and training.
This chapter does not describe the theory behind the laser or a number of laser safety–related topics such as bio-effects and how to select laser eyewear. Laser safety background and instructional material can be found (you can list in an appendix or separate document or just delete). This includes material on
Laser classification
Biological effects or wavelengths
Laser eyewear selection parameters
Commercial laser product requirements
Explanation of nonbeam hazards
Sign making
Use of laser pointers on-site
Laser safety tools and resources
X.2 OVERVIEW CHART
X.3 RESPONSIBLE PARTIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE LASER SAFETY PROGRAM
X.3.1 Principal Investigator
The principal investigator (PI) represents line management and sets the tone for laser safety within a research group. PI must ensure that all laser users receive adequate and appropriate laser safety training on two levels. Fundamental laser safety course and training from the PI or designee with respect to the hazards and safe operation of laser system(s), commonly called on-the-job training (OJT). A detailed list of PI responsibilities follows:
Ensure that all personnel complete the required laser safety course.
Ensure documented OJT to operate lasers safely.
Ensure that all personnel report to health services for laser eye examinations, as outlined in the section on “Note from ANSI Z136/1-2007 on, ‘Baseline eye examinations are no longer required’,” and after any suspected case of laser eye exposure.
Prepare a SOP for laser operation and ensure that the provisions of the SOP are implemented.
Ensure any visitor receives a site/experimental hazard orientation as part of any laser use area tour.
Ensure that visitors and new employees are allowed to work unsupervised only on tasks for which their formal training and OJT are completed.
Ensure the LSO is notified of proposed laser acquisitions.
Ensure the LSO is notified of changes to the laser control area configuration that impact safety.
Ensure the LSO is notified of changes in laser use.
X.3.2 Work Team Leader
Many times due to competing responsibilities, the PI may spend little time in the actual laser use area. In these cases, the PI will select a work team leader. This person acts as a laser safety supervisor (LSS).
LSS shall ensure that required and appropriate safety procedures are followed.
Ensure that any laser safety devices (interlocks, etc.) are functioning properly.
See that users receive required training, institutional and on the job.
Check that laser eyewear is in good condition and is appropriate for the laser applications in use.
Keep inventory system current (this includes tracking inventory additions, transfers out of lab, lasers going into storage, and eventual disposals).
Notify LSO of any changes that might impact laser safety.
In short, they take on all the safety responsibilities of a PI as listed in the section on “Principal Investigator.”
X.3.3 laseR useR ResPoNsibilities
Final responsibility for laser safety rests upon the individual laser user. They should have received proper fundamental laser safety training, OJT that allows them to perform their tasks and be comfortable enough to speak up in times of question or doubt. Understand their work goals and be familiar with the institution’s “Stop Work Authority” policy. Without user buy-in, no safety program can be successful. User responsibilities include the following:
Attending appropriate training before operating the laser or laser system.
Receive and document appropriate OJT.
Receive applicable medical surveillance.
Have read applicable SOP.
Comply with established policy, SOP, and other procedural requirements.
Work in a safe manner following laboratory policy and procedural requirements.
Promptly report any malfunctions, problems, accidents, or injuries, which may have an impact on safety.
Immediately report any suspected laser eye exposures to the laser supervisor, health services, and the LSO.
Complete retraining when applicable.
X.3.4 laseR safety offiCeR
The key to effective laser safety per the ANSI Z136.1 and Z136.8 standard is the role of the LSO. “An individual shall be designated the LSO with the authority and responsibility to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards and to effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. The LSO either performs the stated tasks or ensures that the task is performed.” The LSO has the authority and responsibility to monitor and enforce the control of laser hazards. The LSO has the authority to suspend, restrict, or terminate the operation of a laser or laser system if he/she deems that laser hazard controls are inadequate. The LSO’s duties and responsibilities include, but are not limited to the following:
Maintaining the institutional laser safety program
Providing technical advice for laser operations
Reviewing and approving SOPs that reference laser hazards
Developing and reviewing alternate control measures than those listed in ANSI Z136.1 and Z136.8 under the authority Z136.1 and Z136.8 grants to the LSO
Performing an annual laser safety audit of each laser SOP
Performing observational visits to laser use areas
Approving specific safety plans for laser diode and fiber use when applicable
Upon request, calculating nominal hazard zones
Ensuring and providing calculations of laser eye hazards parameters (MPE and optical density) that will ensure eye protection. Advise laser users and supervisors on appropriate eye protection (full protection of alignment eye-wear). This includes frame styles and prescription options
Ensuring laser safety training is provided for Class 3B and Class 4 laser users, through lecture, web-based, or other techniques
Ensuring the appropriateness of OJT
Investigating all instances of suspected laser eye exposure
Participating in investigations of beam- as well as nonbeam-related
Additional duties are required or referenced in ANSI Z136.1 and Z136.8
X.3.4.1 Substitution of Alternate Control Measures
The ANSI Z136.1 and Z136.8 Laser Standard establishes the LSO’s authority to modify the control measures required for Class 3B and Class 4 lasers or laser systems. Upon documented review by the LSO, control measures in particular engineering controls can be replaced by administrative or other alternate controls that provide equivalent protection. The approval of these controls is incorporated into the SOP for the laser experiment. An example would be a use of curtain maze or posting in place of an entrance interlock.
X.3.4.2 Temporary Control Area/Temporary Work Authorization
The concept of a temporary laser-controlled area comes straight out of the ANSI Z136.1 standard (greatly expanded in Z136.8). In the research setting, this is of great value. Its purpose is to allow an authorization of laser work in settings where a formal authorization (SOP) does not already exist. Examples would be acceptance testing of laser equipment in a lab during initial setup, a short-term change to an existing experiment, or a plan to follow while an engineering control is being repaired. The LSO will generate a temporary control area (TCA) memo listing the circumstances and then control measures to be followed by all parties. All parties will sign the memo indicating they understand the controls and will abide by them. This memo is to be posted at the work site and usually has a 2–4-week duration and limited extension capability.
X.3.4.3 Laser Safety Protocols and Interpretations
The LSO shall develop and issue laser protocols (interpretations) of ANSI Z136.1 and/or Z136.8 requirements. These maybe necessary when elements of one’s program meet the spirit of ANSI Z136.1 or Z136.8 while not the letter. Examples could be use of Master Key. These protocols will be reviewed by the Laser Safety Committee to ensure they fit into research environment and needs. Such protocols will be reviewed by the Laser Safety Committee to ensure they fit into research environment and needs.
X.3.5 laseR safety Committee
The institutional safety committee has established a subcommittee to advise the laser safety program on laser safety issues that arise. This subcommittee provides a check and balance approach to the EHS Laser Safety Program. The responsibilities of the LSC are to
Recommend the establishment or modifications of laser safety policies.
Review laser-related accidents.
Review protocols and interpretations by the LSO.
Review cases, which involve repeated infractions of laser safety rules and recommend actions.
Meet on a regular basis (minimum quarterly).
Review appeals from users in disputes between themselves and the LSO determinations.
X.3.6 EH&S Health Services Group
Arrange or perform laser eye examinations.
Advises laser users and LSO of any ocular abnormalities that could be attributed to laser exposure or that could be relevant to laser use.
Arrange laser eye examinations when an injury is suspected.
X.3.7 EH&S Professionals
Provide guidance in handling laser-associated hazards such as
Handling of laser dyes and other toxic materials
Ventilation requirements for laser targets and toxic materials Hazardous gas controls
Electrical hazards
Seismic controls
X.3.8 Purchasing
Advises LSO of all laser purchases
X.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR LASER USE
X.4.1 Requirements for Class 1 Product: Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope, Cell Sorter, and Laser Interferometer
The Center for Devices and Radiological Health, the Food and Drug Administration body, tasked with developing laser light performance product safety standards defines a Class 1 product as any laser product that does not permit access during the operation to levels of laser radiation harmful to eyes or skin. Class 1 levels of laser radiation are not considered to be hazardous.
Many times these Class 1 laser products are used in work areas where no attention or training on laser safety has taken place. Therefore when open for service, these Class 1 laser products may introduce a potential laser hazard in work area and staff unaccustomed to the laser safety considerations.
During routine operation of a Class 1 product where no laser radiation exposure is possible, no laser safety training, medical surveillance, or user restrictions from a laser safety perspective are required. Each unit should have an individual responsible for its proper use.
Service or maintenance: Yielding accessible laser radiation, the following steps will be taken:
Notification of accessible laser radiation will be made by posting access doors with a “Notice Laser Service/Alignment in Progress” signs, or setting up an exclusion zone near the unit with the same posting
If necessary doors, windows, and so on will be blocked
The user/service person will wear the appropriate laser protective eyewear for the wavelength and exposure output expected
The individual performing the work is responsible for the safety of anyone entering the use area
A staff member shall be present whenever a non-company person (vendor service person) is working on energized laser equipment
Unattended open laser work is not allowed
The LSO will be notified of the work (extension)
X.4.2 Open Beam Classes 1, 2, 3A, 3R, 1M, 2M Lasers or Laser Systems
By their classification definition when used as intended, these laser or laser systems will not present a hazard to the user or those around them. When personnel not familiar with the low-hazard nature of laser operations are present, a sign advising of the low-hazard nature of the operation may be appropriate. In use areas where there is a likely chance of the beams being viewed through a telescope, microscope, binocular, eye loop, or collecting optics, a review by the LSO or posting of caution signs will be required.
X.4.3 General Requirements for Class 3B and Class 4 Laser Systems
Authorization to use Class 3B or Class 4 lasers or laser systems is granted to laser user through a formal authorization process. The authorizing document is referenced to as a SOP. Only the PI can submit a SOP for review. There are situations where the LSO may approve use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers or laser systems without a SOP. These are in selective predetermined situations which will be described in the section on “Temporary Work Authorization,” or the ANSI term Temporary Control Area. Class 3B and Class 4 lasers or laser system use in communications is exempted from the SOP requirement, but training requirements do exist for service staff. The requirements for Class 3B or Class 4 laser or laser system are as follows:
An approved and current standard operating procedure (SOP)
This entails completion of required training
Completion of laser safety training
Completion of tri-annual refresher training
Obtaining a baseline laser eye examination
Approval of laser controls by the LSO
Having all lasers listed in the Laser Inventory System
Use of approved laser protective eyewear when required
X.4.3.1 Medical Surveillance, Note No Longer a Shall Item
Laser eye examinations will be performed as follow-up to suspected eye exposure or at the request of the LSO or user. It is strongly recommended that the laser user receives an additional laser eye examination on termination of employment.
For those who routinely receive ultraviolet exposure as part of their experimental work, an annual skin evaluation is recommended.
X.4.3.2 Training
All employees and guests who are authorized to work unsupervised with Class 3B or Class 4 laser must complete two laser safety elements.
Laser training course: This a fundamental laser safety course. In addition, it is highly recommended that anyone who regularly works in a Class 3B or a Class 4 laser area attends this course. The laser safety course is offered regularly and can also be customized for specific laser user groups. All laser operating personnel should complete the approved laser safety training before working unsupervised with Class 3B or Class 4 lasers.
OJT: The second and most important element of laser safety is OJT. The PI or designee shall train/orientate staff on the hazards of the specific experimental work to be done. Laser users are responsible for knowing the safety requirements that apply to their specific laser or laser system and for knowing the contents of the applicable activity hazard document. OJT shall include location and mitigation of potential hazardous beams/reflections, hazards associated with the work, and the use of all required personal protective equipment (PPE). The depth of OJT must be tied to the responsibilities and degree of hazard. It can apply to the entire experiment or elements of the research work (specific laser systems or experimental operations). This OJT must be documented. The format for documenting OJT can be as part of the SOP or paper documents, which must be available for review. The PI is ultimately responsible to ensure that all personnel, visitors, and students with access to the laser use area have a clear understanding of the controls associated with laser operation.
X.4.3.2.1 Refresher Training
Laser users must participate in refresher training at least once every 3 years.
X.4.3.2.2 Class 3B and Class 4 Use Area Control Measures
The goal of Class 3B and Class 4 laser or laser system controls is to prevent exposure to hazardous levels of laser radiation by authorized and nonauthorized individuals who may enter the control area. Each particular set of controls will be site-dependent on a laser hazard review by the LSO (see Hard evaluation method below for guidance). For clarification,
Access control, can be nondefeatable interlock, defeatable interlock, and card key access and administrative control (posting). See the LSO for the correct access control approach
Beam control, unless planned all laser beams shall be contained onto the optical table, this can be through beam blocks, perimeter guards, and complete table enclosures
Exiting control area, no beam shall unintentionally leave the laser use area, this can be accomplished by curtains, barriers, or beam blocks Posting, entrances to these laser user areas will be posted with approved laser warning signs
Eyewear, as required approved laser eyewear will be provided and worn Training, supervised or conducted by an individual knowledgeable in laser safety. Authorized, only staff who have met Class 3B and Class 4 use requirements can use those class laser unsupervised
X.4.3.3.3 Hazard Evaluation Method
Regardless if it is the users’ self-assessment of their laser setup or a laser safety review by the LSO, the following method of safety analysis is recommended. Consider the laser use area as five discreet components. Evaluate each for hazards and control measures.
The laser source(s):
What class laser(s) is being used?
Does it have any inherent risks?
Toxic gases (i.e., excimer laser)
Power supply
Cooling lines
Beam path:
Is the beam path entirely enclosed?
Is the beam path entirely open?
Can sections of the beam path be enclosed?
Do wavelengths change along the path?
Does the beam intensity change along the path?
Does the beam diameter change along the path?
Does the laser path leave its original plane (i.e., become vertical)?
Does the beam path leave the optical table?
Environment:
What type of access control does the laser use area have or need?
Interlock
Posting alone
Card access
Does the beam have a possible direct route out of the control area? Where should protective eyewear be stationed?
Do nonbeam hazards exist in the area and are they being mitigated?
Electrical
Seismic
Housekeeping
Chemical, and so on
People:
Will all who work in area be authorized laser users?
Do all users have required training?
X.5 SPECIAL TOPICS
X.5.1 Guests and Visitors
Guests, visitor, and new employees may use lasers under the direct supervision of an authorized laser user (for new users a maximum of 30 days before completing the training and medical surveillance requirements).
X.5.2 Laser Alignment
The majority of laser accidents in research activities occur while aligning the laser or similar beam manipulation activities. All possible steps should be taken to prevent any such accidents. These activities should receive prolonged and detailed OJT as a precautionary measure. Only laser users who have received OJT and are authorized by the PI or designee shall perform laser alignment/beam manipulation activities.
The following are laser alignment protocols that should be in every laser alignment procedure:
The laser beam is never to be viewed directly.
As a precaution, reflective jewelry, ID badges, and so on will be taken off by those handling the laser.
Whoever manipulates or moves optics shall be responsible to check for stray reflections. When found, those reflections shall be contained to the optical or experimental table(s), even if they are below an eye hazard level.
Alignment should be conducted optic-to-optic and constant checking for stray reflections.
Alignment procedures are performed at the lowest possible laser output.
Remote viewing approaches shall always be considered.
Use of coaxial visible beam shall be considered.
The use of alignment eyewear for visible beam is allowable with the approval of the LSO.
Alignment Eyewear Approval
Alignment eyewear is an option for use with visible beams and gives partial visibility for beam observation from diffuse or attenuated reflections, but not full protection from the direct beam. Use of alignment eyewear will be limited to situations where exposure to a direct beam is prevented, and thorough justification for the use of alignment eyewear must be provided by the laser user. This must be specifically stated as part of an AHD and approved by the LSO. Approval for the use of alignment eyewear must be renewed annually, based on an evaluation of the experimental conditions by the LSO. The following criteria will be used as guidance in determining whether alignment eyewear is appropriate for particular circumstances and for selecting the appropriate eyewear optical density (OD)*:
Protection from exposure to the direct beam provided by beam blocks and/ or enclosures
Alignment eyewear providing protection from stray reflections from uncoated surfaces, typically ~4% of the direct beam; OD reduction ~1.4
Alignment eyewear providing protection from diffuse scatter at >0.5 m observation distance; OD reduction ~4–5
Attenuation of direct beam below Class 3B level
X.5.3 Suspected Laser Injury
Laser users must report all laser accidents no matter how minimal to the laser safety supervisor (LLS) and LSO. Accidental or suspected laser beam exposure is a serious event. Key item is to keep the individual calm.
In case of suspected laser injury operations:
Seek medical attention for the individual exposed.
Notify others in the area.
Stop and safe out work area.
The laser setup will remain unchanged to allow for analysis of the cause of the accident.
Call (insert phone number) during normal work hours.
Off-hours call (insert phone number if different from above).
By cell phone, call 911.
Exposed employees will be transported to health services for evaluation. Notify laser use supervisor and LSO.
The LSO will perform a follow-up investigation on all reported suspected injury incidents. The goal is to determine the factors that lead to the incident and develop corrective actions to prevent its reoccurrence at any LBNL use site. When appropriate, a lessons learned will be generated.
X.5.4 Laser Protective Eyewear
* Determination of the appropriate OD (and justification) must be made for specific circumstances by the laser user in consultation with the LSO.
The energy emitted from laser or the reflection of a laser beam can present a highly concentrated energy source, sufficient to cause permanent eye injury. Although engineering controls are preferred to reduce this hazard, it may be necessary or prudent to use laser protective eyewear. The eyewear should be matched to the wavelength(s) emitted and for the laser intensity. Laser protective eyewear must be marked with the optical density of the lens for which protection is provided (OD and wavelength). How well the eyewear fits along with visual light transmittance round out the remaining leading factors in selecting laser eyewear. Laser protective eyewear can either be full protection or alignment style.
Full protection will block a direct or reflective strike from the laser source in question for a minimum duration of 10 seconds. Full protection shall be worn whenever one is dealing with solely invisible beams.
Alignment eyewear is an option for use with visible beams and gives partial visibility, but not full protection from a direct or reflected strike.
In the research setting, there may be times when no commercial laser protective eyewear is available to meet experimental needs. At these times, the user and LSO must reexamine beam controls and if necessary select a less than optimal protective eyewear.
X.5.5 Requirements for Laser Use by Staff Off-Site From [Name Institution]
The safety of laser users on site is extremely important. No employee shall work in a facility off-site where they feel their safety is at risk. If such an occasion arises, either stop work or discuss with local management or contact the LSO to see what assistance the LSO can grant the host site. Off-site locations fall into two categories, where (name institution) has management responsibility and where (name institution) does not have management responsibilities.
Standard Operating Procedure
The noun “standard operating procedure” has two meanings.
The procedure that would normally be followed
A prescribed procedure to be followed routinely
If any document is overused in laser safety, it is the SOP, or better yet is any document that does not live up to its potential or intended purpose it is the SOP. Just to beat this one more time, it is like the first round draft choice that does not make it out of training camp.
Why am I being so hard on this cornerstone of laser safety? Just for that very reason, so many emphasize the SOP but in reality once signed most users do not think about it for at least a year. Think about yourself: once you pass your driver’s license exam how often have you thought about the meaning of a green curb, and how to signal a turn with our hands, or the stopping distance when one is going 55 mph? Not to say this is universal, this author has met users and institutions where the SOP is used as intended, it lives up to its potential.
So getting to the SOP, it is really a contract between the user and institution on how laser work will be conducted. It outlines hazards, most importantly the controls, training requirements, maybe eyewear choices, laser inventory, what to do in an emergency, how alignment is conducted, and maybe a few other things.
The SOP as most commonly used is not an SOP. It really does not tell one how to do the work, what knob to turn, and how far. Rather it serves as a safety document, explaining the hazards involved in the work and how those hazards will be mitigated. Over years of experience, I have found two types. One that is very generic and full of “boilerplate” material and the other that is very operation- or site-specific. A certain amount of boilerplate is good; it does make sure essential safety requirements are incorporated into the document. The SOP should be considered a contract between the user and safety department. Not a license to run wild, but a performance contract with expectations for all. Therefore what one wants is a marriage of both. This SOP template allows that.
SAMPLE SOP
SOP Template (Term PI = Principal Investigator, which some institution use RI = Responsible Individual, or Supervisor or Big Shoot, Work Team leader, or the Man).
Mitigation of Laser Hazard
Laser radiation from Class 3B and Class 4 laser sources present a real potential eye and skin hazard. Within an instant, a life-changing accident can occur. The purpose of this laser SOP is to outline general and specific controls that will allow the user to work with laser in a safe manner. It is critical that users complete the user-specific sections of this schedule. The general guidance presents what is accepted practice for safe work, but it is the specific controls and user compliance for this SOP that will make all the difference.
General Laser Safety Policy
All laser operations shall be conducted in accordance with the EHS Chapter on Lasers.
All operating personnel with possible exposure to laser radiation shall have had laser safety training (Course no., a laser eye exam [if applicable] and OJT).
Laser areas shall be kept as clean as possible. Reflective objects such as tools, optics, and screws shall be kept away from laser beams.
An authorized laser operator shall be in the lab whenever a laser is operated with noninstitutional personnel present. Visitors accompanied by an authorized individual who shall assure that all are wearing required laser protective eyewear and protective clothing.
The institutional LSO shall be notified if any lasers are added or any experimental changes are made to an approved laser setup that impact safety. Upon such notification, a hazard evaluation will be performed.
Before turning on the laser system, the operator is responsible to inform all in the laser lab that laser operation is pending. If protective eyewear is required, the operator is responsible to see that all staff in the room is wearing the proper PPE. This extends to
Anyone entering the room once the laser is on, if they are at risk of exposure.
Communicate your intentions to others present at all times (e.g., before opening/closing shutters, removing beam blocks, or actions that might put others unintentionally at risk).
Modifications determined to have a minor impact on safety per the PI/work team lead and LSO will be amended to this SOP without formal EH&S review. These modifications will be reviewed at the time of the SOPs’ annual renewal.
Laser
All Class 3B and Class 4 lasers authorized under this SOP must be listed in the laser inventory, this includes homemade units.
Commercial lasers in use [ ]
Commercial OEM lasers in use [ ]
Homemade laser in use [ ]
Beam Path
The beam path is considered to be the space between the laser source and intended termination of the beam. This may include beams transported through other lasers. Within the beam path, wavelengths may change and output may increase or decrease or both. The beam could be open or enclosed or a combination of both.
Beam Controls
Whenever possible (within experimental considerations), appropriate enclosures, barriers, beam blocks, or beam tubes shall be applied to contain laser radiation below the threshold that could cause eye or skin damage.
When working with Class 4 open laser beams, all beams shall be terminated with nonflammable beam dumps at the end of their required beam paths to prevent colli-mated or focused beams from leaving the laser tabletops or other experimental areas.
No lasers beams, direct or scatter, are allowed to unintentionally exit the laser use area.
Total beam path enclosure provides the greatest level of laser safety.
Describe how beam containment to the optical table is achieved (include the use of beam blocks and perimeter guards, curtains, etc.). In some cases, you may wish to describe how any beams are blocked from exiting the laser use area.
Open Walkways
Any beam path between tables or between laser tables and targets where an open walkway exists shall have a control in place to warn or block those in the room from crossing the pathway (e.g., hinged tubes, beam tubes, retractable tapes, or chains).
Describe control measures for open walkways.
Beam Alignment
The majority of laser accidents in research activities occur while aligning the laser. All possible steps will be taken to prevent any such accidents. Alignment for the particular systems in this SOP shall be covered in required OJT of fully authorized users. The laser beam is never to be viewed directly.
As a precaution, reflective jewelry, ID badges, and so on will be taken off by those handling the laser.
Only laser operators authorized by the PI may perform laser alignment activities.
Whoever manipulates or moves optics shall be responsible to check for stray reflections. When found, those reflections shall be contained to the optical or experimental table(s), even if they are below an eye hazard level. Alignment should be conducted optic-to-optic and constant checking for stray reflections.
Alignment procedures are performed at the lowest possible laser output.
Describe any specific laser alignment procedures.
Beam Interaction
Once the laser beam reaches its goal, a consequence is realized. It might be raising an energy level or cutting a material. Laser radiation interaction with a variety of target or sample materials can generate beam target interaction hazards. The purpose of this section is to cause the user to think about what these interactions might be including reflections from a reaction chamber. Beam interactions could include ultraviolet exposure, ionizing radiation, reflective material, and fumes.
Describe any safety precautions that will to be taken to mitigate beam interaction.
Environment
This section responds to the laser use area, which could be an isolated room or a multiuser facility.
Posting
The laser use area must be posted with an approved warning sign that indicates the nature of the hazard. Wording on the sign will be specified by the LSO.
An approved laser warning sign has to be posted in all entrances.
Indicate if you will be using a “Notice Alignment in Progress” sign, during alignment activities.
Access Control
In accordance with the ANSI Z136.1 standard, access control for Class 3B or Class 4 laser use areas can be an engineering control (i.e., interlock) or administrative/ procedural control (posting or locking of doors). Not every Class 4 laser use area requires an interlocked room. After consultation with the PI/work team leader, the LSO shall determine room access controls.
Room Access Interlock
In laser use areas with room access interlocks, the interlocks shall be tested every 6 months. The PI or designee will note the results on the interlock check form. The interlock check is conducted following a written procedure (it is suggested the procedure be placed into the upload schedule). Any access code to the laboratories shall be issued to authorize personnel only.
Noninterlocked Access
Access control may be achieved by key card control, locking of doors, or posting.
Describe access control for this laser use area.
Lighting Conditions
Room illumination can have a dramatic effect on eyewear selection and general safety within a laser use area, indicate level of illumination:
Normal room light [ ] low light illumination [ ] Complete darkness [ ]
Workstations
A common error is to have a workstation in a laser use area, where the users are in line with the laser beam path. In such cases, a partition between the user and optical table is required.
If this condition is present describe user protection steps.
Unattended Laser Work (Only to Be Added When Needed)
In the event of unattended operation of nonenclosed lasers and noninterlocked room, the following controls shall be in place:
A sign shall be posted outside the laboratory, which states that an unattended laser operation is under way (the sign can be obtained from the LSO).
Emergency shutdown procedures and emergency contacts shall be posted at the door.
The LSO can review and allow exemptions for access restricted areas.
Nonbeam Hazards
List any hazards associated with this SOP and the appropriate level of controls (i.e., electrical, chemical, and mechanical).
Personnel
This section is to emphasize training requirements. Actual training requirements and level of compliance can be found in the section on “Training Schedule,” excluding OJT.
Training
All laser operating personnel should complete LBNL-approved laser safety training before working with Class 3B or Class 4 lasers. The PI shall be responsible to ensure that all personnel, visitors, and students with access to the laser use area have a clear understanding of the controls associated with laser operation.
OJT Requirement
The PI or designee shall train/orientate staff on the hazards of the specific experimental work to be done. This will include location and mitigation of potential hazardous beams/reflections, hazards associated with the work, and the use of all required PPE. This OJT will be documented, including a signature by the trainer and trainee.
Training Schedule
List here all courses required by this SOP. This may include electrical safety, pressure safety, hazardous waste handling, and so on.
Eyewear
Laser operators shall use the appropriate laser protective eyewear (have the appropriate optical density and/or reflective properties based on the wavelengths of the beams encountered and the expected exposure conditions).
This eyewear shall be stored in such a manner as to protect its physical integrity.
There shall be sufficient laser protective eyewear in hand for users and expected visitors.
Keep in mind that the need for laser eye protection must be balanced by the need for adequate visible light transmission.
Laser eye protection shall be inspected periodically to ensure that it is in good condition.
The eyewear will be reviewed by the LSO or other safety professional during periodic audits.
Alignment eyewear is for laser adjustment work where hazardous laser radiation occurs in the visible portion of the spectrum (400–700 nm). This eyewear reduces but does not completely block the visible spectrum. It does allow the user to see the beam and therefore perform laser alignment (adjustment) activities. The alignment filters should attenuate the radiation level to Classes 2–3A. The use of alignment eye-wear can only be authorized by the LSO. That authorization is only valid for a year and for a set of specific circumstances, demonstrated to and evaluated by the LSO.
Maintenance
Service vendors are responsible for providing technicians who are properly trained and qualified to work with laser systems.
Service vendors must follow safety guidance from the SOP and the laser chapter of the EHS manual; this includes the use of laser protective eyewear.
Room access interlocks must receive a functional operational check every 6 months. This check needs to be documented and should follow a written procedure.
Emergency Response
Authorized laser users will be familiar with the building emergency plan, location of emergency equipment, and emergency procedures for fires, earthquakes, and evacuations. Emergency shutoff for lasers is done at the electrical panel circuit breakers or by electrical shut off switches.
Suspected Laser Injury
Accidental laser beam exposure is a serious event. In the case of suspected laser injury, operations will be ceased and the laser setup will remain unchanged to allow for analysis of the cause of the accident. Exposed employees will be transported to (insert location, i.e., fire house, medical) for evaluation. Call (insert number for assistance). Make sure to notify any staff in the area, laser use supervisor, and LSO. Key item is to keep the individual calm.
Annual Review
Annual review will be 1 year from approval date. If new hazards have been introduced, a full EH&S review will be required. If no changes other than users have been made, renewal can be granted by user’s division safety coordinator. Every 3 years a full EH&S review is required.
Alignment Eyewear Approval Form
A critical component of laser activities is laser beam alignment. This activity is the central point of a large percentage of unintended laser eye exposures. One of the major contributing factors is not wearing protective eyewear. This problem centers on the issue of beam visibility and eyewear blocking that beam. To combat this, the Laser Safety Program promotes the use of remote viewing (cameras, etc.) and engineering controls. When that is not feasible, the use of alignment eyewear is preferred over no eyewear being worn.
Alignment eyewear is an option for use with visible beams and gives partial protection and visibility for beam observation from diffuse or attenuated reflections, but not full protection from the direct beam. Thorough justification for the use of alignment eyewear must be provided by the laser user. This must be specifically stated as part of an SOP or a memo approved by the LSO.* LSO approval for the use of alignment eyewear must be renewed annually, based on an evaluation of the experimental conditions by the LSO. The following criteria will be used as guidance in determining whether alignment eyewear is appropriate for particular circumstances and for selecting the appropriate eyewear OD:
Protection from stray reflections from uncoated surfaces, typically ~4% of the direct beam; OD reductioñ1.4
Protection from diffuse scatter at >0.5 m observation distance; OD reduction ~4–5
Attenuation of direct beam below Class 3B level
Protection provided by beam blocks and enclosures
* Determination of the appropriate OD (and justification) must be made for specific circumstances by the laser user in consultation with the LSO.
List OD and wavelength coverage of alignment eyewear being used if applicable. Alignment-specific controls (to be completed by user):
(Examples: reduce output, use of ND filters, use of Iris, use of beam enclosures, remote viewing)
EXAMPLE
The alignment eyewear (specified in the preceding discussion) will provide adequate protection against diffuse reflections of laser beams (from matte surfaces). However, it will not protect users against direct viewing of laser beams or some specular reflections. The following alignment conditions must be carefully followed to avoid the potential for eye injury:
Alignment eyewear is to be used only during “fine” beam adjustments, with as much of the laser beam path enclosed as possible to eliminate the risk of specular reflections.
With alignment eyewear, the beam may be viewed only as a diffuse reflection (from a matte surface, at a distance >0.5 m), or with remote viewing instruments.
Alignment eyewear will not be used when inserting optics into the beam path, since the OD is not sufficient to protect against specular reflections (even from uncoated surfaces).
Beam blocks and enclosures must be used to terminate all stray reflections if alignment eyewear is to be used.
Alignment Eyewear Approval
As LSO I approve the use of laser alignment eyewear within the context of the above SOP. This approval is based on my evaluation of laser alignment controls, present beam set up & outputs as demonstrated to me by:
and the assurance that this technique and controls will be followed by all authorized to perform laser alignment.
Prior to the use of alignment eyewear the user must check for stray beams and take all practical steps to reduce the intensity of the laser beam(s).
Approval granted on _________________________________, expires one year from this date.
TEMPORARY CONTROL AREA AUTHORIZATION FORM 1
To: User (list specific name)
From: LSO
Re: Temporary Control Area Authorization
Date:
Expires:
I authorize the use of the _______________ laser systems for testing and initial set up activities. Be clear this is not permission for routine operation. This is based on my evaluation of the work area, in consideration that your:
SOP has been submitted for modification
Acceptance testing is required for vendor payment
SOP is being written
Service work is required
and the following of the safety controls listed below. I grant this approval as LSO per ANSI Z136.1 Safe Use of Laser, the intuitional EHS manual, chapter 16. The engineering and temporary administrative controls listed below are sufficient to mitigate the laser hazard. All workers (staff) in the laser use area need to be informed of the controls and sign this memo indication their understanding and compliance of the controls.
TEMPORARY CONTROL AREA CONTROLS
Sample control measures
The beam path will be contained within the optical table.
During periods of laser use, a warning sign and flashing LED light will be posted on the lab entrance.
The secondary entrance will be posted with a warning sign (supplied by the LSO).
In cases of unattended open beam use, the panels on the optical table will be closed and an unattended operation sign will be posted at the front table panel (visible from the entrance door).
All laser users should have taken laser safety training.
The use of alignment eyewear for the visible beams is authorized.
The dye laser solution will be mixed in a hood.
The dye pump will be situated in secondary containment.
The laser operator is responsible for the safety of anyone entering or working in the room, segregation of the room (non-laser zone) is allowed upon review by the LSO.
If any of these conditions are not followed, the laser work must stop.
Signatures
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
Upon completion of the TCA, fax signed form to LSO @####
TEMPORARY CONTROL AREA AUTHORIZATION FORM 2
Temporary Work Authorization
Work as described below may be performed during the stated period after all required concurrences and authorizations have been obtained.
Work Scope (describe work including permitted and prohibited activities, boundaries and “stop points” as appropriate):
Controls required I am issuing TWA as Laser Safety Officer for/////////per ANSI Z136.1 Safe Use of Laser, EH&S Manual laser chapter. My hazard evaluation conclusion is that engineering and temporary administrative controls listed below are sufficient to mitigate the laser hazard:
Personnel included in this authorization (signature denotes verification that training in the provisions of this Temporary Work Authorization has been provided)
Supervisor |
|
|
Name | Signature | Date |
Name | Signature | Date |
Name | Signature | Date |
Name | Signature | Date |
Name | Signature | Date |
Name | Signature | Date |
Concurrences and Work Authorization
Principal Investigator Concurrence
Name Signature Date
EH&S Concurrence
LSO Signature Date
Laser Inventory
Note: A laser inventory is not a requirement of Z136.8 The noun “inventory” has five meanings.
Inventory, stocklist—a detailed list of all the items in stock.
Stock, inventory—the merchandise that a shop has on hand; “they carried a vast inventory of hardware.”
Inventory—(accounting) the value of a firm’s current assets including raw materials and work in progress and finished goods.
Armory, armoury, inventory—a collection of resources; “he dipped into his intellectual armory to find an answer.”
Inventory, inventorying, stocktaking—making an itemized list of merchandise or supplies on hand; “the inventory took two days.”
The verb “inventory” has one meaning.
Inventory—make or include in an itemized record or report; “Inventory all books on the shelf.”
A laser inventory has the elements of all the preceding definitions. It is also one of the elements of a laser safety program most overlooked. In particular when one is talking about a comprehensive institutional inventory. While your property management group may keep an inventory of equipment that will contain lasers, why should there be a laser inventory? Well here are some reasons to support keeping an inventory database.
Having an inventory allows one to direct users of similar lasers to help each other when problems arise.
Can show you where to apply safety efforts as well as shifts in technology direction. It might be a regulatory requirement.
The New York State Department of Labor requires that institutions possessing Class 3B and Class 4 lasers must maintain an inventory of such lasers and update the inventory at least annually. The State of Arizona has a similar regulation.
It might be an internal institutional requirement.
The more lasers you have the easier it may be to document.
If one decides to keep a laser inventory, be aware not to populate the inventory form or documentation with too much data. When is too much too much? First let’s consider the minimum needed for a solid inventory.
Owner data: Division, individual responsible for equipment
Location data: Building, room, and so on
Identification of the laser: Manufacturer, model, serial number (is nice)
Laser specifications: Class, continuous wave or pulse, wavelengths
Now we are crossing the line toward too much.
Maximum output, output actually used, wavelengths, pulse duration, pulse reparation rate, energy per pulse. Why is this too much, for these parameters can change and will most likely not be updated on the inventory form? While they are essential for calculation of protective eyewear they really have no place on an inventory form or listing.
The question that comes to mind now is how do I get this inventory information. Here are several approaches:
Annual physical inventory (interns and summer students are great for this).
Send inventory form to users to confirm and update annually. This will still require some sort of auditing of a percentage of responses for accuracy.
Have a mechanism where the purchasing department notifies you of all approved laser purchases (you may miss loaners and trial uses).
Make inventory check part of audits.
Make an inventory part of SOP documentation.
Some combine the laser inventory with the laser use authorization, here is such a form from that approach:
Laser Registry
Laser Safety Audits
The verb “audit” has two meanings.
Audit, scrutinize, scrutinise, inspect—of accounts and tax returns; with the intent to verify
Audit—attend academic courses without getting credit
Checklist—a list of items (names or tasks, etc.) to be checked or consulted
Audits do have a useful place in laser safety. Also several layers of audits exist. The overall goal is to keep the user’s focus on laser safety. They all too easily can become items to find documentation gaps. They should help the laser user stay safe by pointing out items the user may have missed or underestimated its potential for injury.
Even a casual visit to a laser setup area can be considered an informal audit. A comprehensive look around is not required, just a good observation can pick up on the overall safety culture of an area. Focusing the user on housekeeping items can be of great value to all parties.
The audit form can take many forms. A clever idea today is to have the form on a electronic tablet and automatically transfer the data into an electronic searchable database.
Here are some sample forms of varying complexity; you should notice a great deal of similarity for they are all auditing the same topic laser use:
Form 1
Form 2
Form 3
Form 4
Laser Binder
A laser safety management system as presented here is a tool that is designed to demonstrate the current status of one’s laser safety and to act as a focus for where you need to be and how you are going to get there. While the format presented here is paper-based, there is no reason why all of the documents should not be stored electronically. However, from experience, most people seem to find the paper version easier to use. In an electronic version, certain sections could be linked and updated from larger databases, a good example would be a training database. In this way, as a user completes a course, it would be entered in the programs training matrix.
The approach we have generally used is to use a ring-binder file with 13 sections. Consider the binder as a central point for laser safety documentation. However, with use it may be found that your laser application needs more or less than 13 sections. They may not even have the same titles as those suggested here.
First, one needs to decide on the level of the laser safety management system. At the highest level, we could produce a program for the whole organization. The advantage of this is that a standard could be set across the organization. We could have a program for the site, department, section, laboratory, or individual laser application. As we get closer to the laser application, more details are likely to be included. We also need to exercise some caution. If we have a laser safety management system for each laser application, and there are a number of applications in the laboratory, they cannot be treated in isolation.
The following are institutional binder sections:
Safety structure
Safety committee
Standards and regulatory
Training program
Audits and reports
Risk assessments
Control measures
Incident investigation
External liaison
Miscellaneous
I suggest starting with the following 13 sections for user binders:
User binder
SOP
Training/authorized worker list
Interlock checks
Alignment procedures
Audits and reports
MSDS/URL
Checklists
Engineering safety notes
Contact list
ES&H chapters
Lessons learned
Emergency procedures
Miscellaneous Optional sections
Safety structure
Specific procedures
Safety committee minutes
Standards and regulatory items
Risk assessments
Some of the sections remain fairly static throughout the life cycle of the laser application; others will need to be updated regularly. Therefore, it is important that the file represents the current status of laser safety. It could be audited by external organizations, including regulatory officers. The impression they get of your organization could be colored by what they find in the file. Much of real-life inspections hinges on perception. Some sections of the binder are reference and therefore appearance. A well-kept program binder provides a very good perception of laser and safety awareness and concern.
A benefit that comes with time is that the regulatory officers get to recognize the format of the laser safety management program files. Even the existence of the file produces a positive impression.
The following presents guidance on what to include in each section of the file. The actual contents will depend on your development of the laser safety management program and are likely to change with time, as you find out what works best for you.
Standard Operation Procedures
The first section provides an opportunity to describe the laser application, hazards, and control measures. The level of detail will depend on the level of the laser safety management program: corporate, application, or somewhere in between.
Training/Authorized Worker List
This section should contain a list of all required training courses required by this SOP. A way to list the courses is a spreadsheet matrix. All staff working under the SOP is required to sign the matrix. This indicates they have read the SOP and have completed the training requirements. The PI may add or delete names and course requirements for individuals as needed. This is a simple way for the RI to keep track of training and demonstrate that all staff have read the SOP.
Interlock Checks
The laser use area may require access controls such as door interlocks. For that matter, there may be other safety devices that require periodic inspection or verification of operation. This section of the binder is the place for such documentation to be kept. Not just the log showing a history of dates but any procedure that needs to be followed to perform the inspection. A copy of the periodic (set within SOP) interlock checklist is found here. Make entries on this form and continue on the same page until the form is filled.
Alignment Procedures
When one considers that over 60% of laser accidents that occur in the research setting are during the alignment process, it is easy to see why a section in this binder should be dedicated to alignment. In this section, either generic alignment guidance should be found or specific alignment procedures for the laser operation. While specific is desired, the general alignment is adequate (if followed).
Audits and Self-Assessment Reports
The auditing of laser use area is critical to good laser safety and a required task of the LSO or designee. This section will contain a copy of such audits. If management or the users perform any self-assessments or other audits, those records should be here (this does not include and regulatory inspections). Program management or self-inspection should be encouraged. Specifying status or required corrective actions may be found here. Audit is a very powerful tool to demonstrate that you are doing what you say you are doing. This section should include some kind of audit plan. It may be that you decide to dedicate a specific time to audit the complete laser safety management program, or you break the audit down into a number of smaller tasks that are carried out on a regular basis throughout the year.
There will be results from the audits—they may say that everything is still completely up to date and the operational use of the laser safety management program correlates with what actually happens. If so, this is still a valuable result that needs to be recorded. If there are either noncompliances or something needs to be improved, then this needs to be recorded and an action plan developed.
The frequency of auditing-specific aspects of the laser safety management program will depend on the risk if that part of the program fails. For example, a safety critical control measure may need to be audited frequently—some even each time the laser is used.
Should you be visited by an enforcement officer who is assessing your laser safety then this part of the file can be extremely useful. If, for example, you have an inter-locked enclosure and someone manages to get exposed to the laser beam because the interlock did not work, can you demonstrate that the interlock had only recently failed? If the interlock checks were part of a weekly safety audit, then you may be able to demonstrate that it was working at the last check. This will generally only convince the enforcing officer if there is a written record of the test, signed and dated. If you have not been carrying out the safety audit, then the interlock may have failed shortly after installation.
MSDS/URL
Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are for chemicals. The most current MSDSs are accessible on the web, and it is recommended that a web address be listed here. For some research labs, it would be easy to fill a binder just with MSDSs. Workers may wish to keep hardcopies here for particular chemical used under this SOP.
Checklists
This section is available for additional checklists that may be needed under the SOP.
Engineering Safety Notes
If specialized equipment such as vacuum vessels is used for this project, this section allows one to keep a copy or reference where an engineering or safety documentation exists to verify the manufacturer of the equipment.
Contact List
This section will contain useful contacts on various EH&S concerns. It should be updated annually, otherwise the information may no longer be accurate, that is, change of safety personnel. The PI may add extra names applicable for the SOP or facility.
Specific names and contact details should be included for everyone involved in laser safety, appropriate to the level of the laser safety management program.
ES&H Chapters
Most institutions have a Health & Safety Manual. Such a manual will list the hazard and requirements for working with such. Examples would be lasers, electrical, toxic gas, and radioactive materials. This section would contain hardcopies of the most relevant chapters. One could just list web address, but having a hardcopy for staff to reference generally means a stronger chance of actually being used.
Lessons Learned
Information and possible copies of lessons learned applicable to this SOP activity. Knowing that lessons learned is a strong laser safety reenforcement tool, providing lessons learned for present and future users can only help the laser safety program.
Emergency Procedures
This section would include the institution’s emergency response information, earthquake, fire, chemical spill, and so on. In addition, the PI may add SOP-specific emergency instruction and his own emergency response contacts here.
Miscellaneous
There will invariably be things that do not fit into one of the other sections. They could be filed in here. However, as part of the audit of the file, it may be obvious that some of the items that have been built up in this section could form a new part of the file. If one of the other sections is not being used, then you could switch the information from here to there.
OJT Form
While the performance of OJT is critical, its documentation can be just as valuable in seeing that the activity is performed.
One can have a form that covers OJT of work tasks, such as how to operate a certain laser system and/or OJT that shows the person has learned “core” laser safety values. Review the following two forms.
Rationale
All laser users at LBNL are required to take a basic laser safety course (EHS280) or equivalent web course.
While this class is important to the general understanding of hazards, it is the site-specific training that will prevent most laboratory injuries. For example, laser alignment/beam manipulation has proven to be the activity related to the majority of laser accidents in the research setting. It presents the greatest opportunity for unplanned/unintentional reflections onto the eye or skin. In recognition of this, only individuals with the skills and system/hazard awareness are allowed to perform “beam on” laser manipulation and alignment work. The individuals listed in the following have demonstrated core laser safety skills for their work site by OJT.
OJT is carried out by
Mentoring the individual through instruction on the work process and safety steps
Demonstrating hands-on skills
Observing the individual perform the activity
Receiving feedback from the trainee
SOP No Building Room(s)
Core Laser Safety Principles
Selects proper eyewear
Checks condition of eyewear
Alerts others before turning on laser and of open beams
Checks for stray reflections thoroughly
Blocks stray reflections
Demonstrates beam detection methods
Understands controls for different intensity levels
Read and familiar with controls per SOP
Familiar with equipment safety features
Communicates with others
Your signature indicates confirmation that the individual satisfactory demonstrates the 10 core Laser Safety competencies.
