Index

A

1. Aberrations, lens, 94

2. Absorption

   1. of rays, 85–91

   2. saturable, 255–256

3. Access control, 44

4. SOP, 50–51

5. Accident

   1. description, from initial accident report,  3–5

   2. report, sample safety plan, 18

6. ADDIE, 127

7. Adjustment screws, thread pitch of, 125

8. Advanced Light Source (ALS), 382, 384

9. Afterimage, visual effects, 258

10. Air-cooled sensors, 305, 306

11. Alignment

    1. activities of laser accidents, 204–206

    2. eyewear, 9, 52, 244, 246, 257–258

       1. approval form, 53–54

    3. mode, 182, 337

    4. procedure, 70

12. ALS, See Advanced Light Source

13. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 14, 75–76, 145

    1. control measures, 79–80

    2. LSO establishment, 79

    3. management, 12

    4. Z136.1, 14, 226, 232, 253

       1. defeatable interlock, 235, 237

       2. electronic warning systems, 231

       3. FLPPS, 228

       4. LSO’s authority, 15

    5. Z136.8, 2, 30, 31, 76–78

       1. appendixes, 78

       2. hazard evaluation, 76–77

       3. topics, 77

14. Amplifiers, tapered, 352

15. Ancillary equipment, 342

16. Angle of exposure, 256

17. ANSI, See American National Standards Institute

18. Application Need Rating, 293, 296

19. Area control measures, Class 3B and Class 4 laser systems, 44

20. Atomic clocks, 352

21. Attenuation, degree of, 268

22. Audits, laser safety, 59, 70

23. Axial flow thermopiles, 303

B

1. Balanced priorities, ISM, 35

2. Beam absorption, 318–319

3. Beam alignment, 49–50

4. Beam blocks, correct placement of, 128, 129

5. Beam controls, 44, 49

6. Beam dump, 328

7. Beam interaction, 50

8. Beam path of laser system, 27–29

9. Beam profile, See Laser beam profile

10. Beam propagation theory, 277

11. Beam splitters, 9, 101

12. Beam time, 382

13. Beam width

    1. measurement of, 273–276

    2. second moment, 273, 277, 280

14. Beat note, 351, 352

15. Bounce, 320

16. Brewster angle, 317

17. Brillouin scattering, 102

18. Broadband damping techniques, 291

19. Budgeting for engineered safety, 224–225

20. Bulk absorption, 90

21. Bulk scattering, 90

C

1. C-AD interlock group, 185, 188

2. Calibrating devices, 301–302

3. California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 12

   1. regulatory bodies, 25

4. Camera-based imaging systems, 270–271

   1. wavelength dependencies of, 272

5. Camera-based profiler, 274

6. Camera baseline offset, 274

7. Catastrophic degradation, 253

8. Causal factor of incidents, 199

9. CDRH, See Center for Devices and Radiological Health

10. Cell death, 159

11. Cell sorter, 42

12. Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), 31

13. CFZ, See Critical flight zone

14. Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, 270, 271, 282

    1. camera-based system, 280

    2. silicon, 271

15. Checklist

    1. for accident investigation, 194–197

    2. for developing a checklist, 207, 208

16. Chemical handling, sample safety plan, 18

17. Chirped-pulse amplification (CPA), 109, 110

18. Class 1 enclosure, creating, 225

19. Class 1 product, laser, 42

20. Class 3B laser systems, 42–45, 80, 226, 229

    1. SOP, 49

21. Class 4 laser systems, 42–45, 80, 226, 232

    1. SOP, 49

22. Cleanliness, laser shutter technologies, 319

23. Coaxial low-power lasers, 205

24. Collect task information, OJT program, 137

25. Commercial grating design software, 110

26. Commercial laser interlock system, 242

27. Commercial solid-state lasers, 99

28. Complex optical systems, 95

29. Compliance, 289–291

30. Confocal microscope, 42

31. Conservation of energy, 85, 90, 91

32. Content presentation, typical instructional strategy, 131

33. Continuous carrier wave (CCW), 117, 118

34. Continuous wave (CW), 116, 118, 267, 302, 316

35. Controlled location, 77

36. Controllers fo r shutter deliver power, 320–321

37. Control measures

    1. applicability of, 79–80

    2. establishment, 79

    3. substitution of alternate, 80

38. Control room, 328, 332

39. Convergent beams, 101

40. Cornea, 95

41. Crash switch, 240, 241

42. Critical flight zone (CFZ), 218

43. Custom-built lasers, 99

44. CW, See Continuous wave

D

1. Damage thresholds, 316

   1. considerations for laser eyewear, 253

2. Damping Reduction Rating, 296

3. Damping, vibration, 289

4. Dazzle, 258

5. Defeatable entryway safety control, 235–239

6. Degrees of freedom (DOF), 123

7. Department of Energy (DOE), 381

8. Dichromated gelatin (DCG) gratings, 107

9. Dielectric coatings, 100, 101

10. Dielectric oxide materials, 113

11. Difference frequency generation, 102

12. Diffraction, 82, 83

    1. efficiency, 111

       1. average and root mean square, 117

       2. gold and MLD, 112

    2. grating, 105–106

13. Diffraction limited, 94

14. Diffraction spot, 94

15. Diffuse reflection, 86

16. Diffusers, volume absorbers, 305

17. Diffuse viewing only (DVO) eyewear, 246

18. Digital scroll sign, 371

19. Diode laser systems, 391–392

20. Direct laser exposure vs. diffusely scattered laser light, 98

21. Displays, 309–310

22. Disposal

    1. diode/semiconductor lasers, 391

    2. diode/telecommunications laser systems, 392

    3. dye lasers, 390

    4. excimer lasers, 391

    5. gas lasers, 392

    6. solid-state and rod lasers, 393

23. Divergent beams, 101

24. Documentation

    1. alignment eyewear approval form, 53–54

    2. audits, laser safety, 59

    3. core safety principles, 72

    4. experiment safety sheet, 385–386

    5. ISM, 34–36

    6. laser binder, 67–70

    7. laser inventory, 57–58

    8. laser registry, 58–59

    9. laser safety audits

       1. Form 1, 60

       2. Form 2, 62

       3. Form 3, 64

       4. Form 4, 65

    10. SOP, See also Standard operating procedure

25. DOF, See Degrees of freedom

26. Dot matrix displays, 310

27. DVO eyewear, See Diffuse viewing only eyewear

28. Dye lasers, 390

E

1. ECDLs, See External cavity diode lasers

2. Effective learning objectives, 138

3. 800 nm beams, 251–252

4. Electrical hazards, laser accidents, 207

5. Electrical laser accident, 221–222

6. Electrical safety, 22

7. Electrical shock, 220–222

8. Electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA), 351

9. Electromagnetic waves, 83, 84

10. Electron beam deposition, 113

11. Electronic laser beam profile analysis, 268

12. Electronic warning systems, 230, 231

13. Emergency phone numbers, 18

14. Employee training, sample safety plan, 18

15. EN, See European Norm

16. End-user interlocking requirements, 228

17. Engineered area

    1. defeatable area, 235–239

    2. nondefeatable area, 232–235

    3. procedural area, 239–240

18. Engineered safety system

    1. budgeting for, 224–225

    2. interlocks, 227

    3. selection, 241–242

    4. training, 240

19. Engineering controls for laser safety, 8

    1. engineered area, See Engineered area

    2. physical protection from hazard, 229–230

    3. visual warning, 230–231

20. Entryway keypad/button, 237

21. Entryway safety controls, See Engineered area

22. Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) health services group and professionals, 41

    1. standards and requirement, ISM, 35

23. Environmental vibrations, 286

24. Environment Rating, 293, 296

25. Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H)

    1. management, 35, 36

    2. representative/division, 18, 21

26. Environment, SOP, 50

27. ESA, See Electrical spectrum analyzer

28. ESAF, See Experiment Safety Approval Form

29. ESS, See Experiment safety sheet

30. Ethernet, 311

31. European Norm (EN)

    1. EN 207, 259

    2. EN 208, 259, 261

    3. EN 60825, 261

32. Exceptional instructor, 132

33. Excimer lasers, 390–391

34. Exclusionary mode, 182, 183, 337

35. Exclusion location, 77

36. Exiting control area, 44

37. Expectation failure, 129, 131

38. Experiment Safety Approval Form (ESAF), 342, 343

39. Experiment safety sheet (ESS)

    1. and on-site inspection, 385

    2. procedures and documentation, 385–386

40. Explosives safety, 23

41. Extended object, 93

42. External cavity diode lasers (ECDLs)

    1. applications

       1. microresonator biodetection, 353

       2. phase-shifting interferometry, 355

       3. quantum computing, 353–354

    2. characteristics

       1. linewidth and frequency stability, 351–352

       2. mode-hop-free tuning, 350–351

       3. tapered amplifiers, 352

    3. Littrow and Littman–Metcalf designs for, 350

    4. tunable, See also Tunable external cavity diode lasers

43. Eye, 95–96

    1. complicated operation of, 96

    2. and laser safety, 96–98

    3. optics, function of, 147

44. Eye-safe region, 97

45. Eyewear, 9, 44, 52

    1. failure, laser accidents, 209

    2. in lab, 6

    3. laser alignment, 77

    4. laser-protective, 91

F

1. Facility safety culture, 383

2. Factor levels of incidents, 199–200

3. Fail-safe design, 318

4. Failsafe laser shutters, 338

5. Fan cooled sensors, 306

6. Fatigue, laser accidents, 210–211

7. FBGs, See Fiber Bragg gratings

8. Federal Laser Product Performance Standards (FLPPS), 227–228

9. FEL, See Free-electron laser

10. Femtosecond lasers, laser eyewear for, 246

11. Ferroelectric (microbolometer) sensors, 272

12. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), 107

13. Fiber coupling system, 125

14. Fiber optic systems, 391

    1. near-miss, 189–190

15. Fibers, 392

16. Fire alarm report, 20

17. Fire extinguishers, 21

18. Firefighting equipment, access routes for, 20

19. Fire prevention, 20

20. First-aid, kits/stations, 18

21. Flashblindness, 258

22. Flash lamps, 393

    1. YAG high-energy 532 nm beams, 252

23. Flat mirrors, 99

24. Flat-top beams, 280

25. Flexure devices, 318

26. Focal length of lens, 92

27. Focal point of lens, 92, 93, 95

28. Focus measurement, 280–282

29. Food & Drug Administration, 204

30. Free-electron laser (FEL), 182

    1. ESAF, 342

    2. JLab facility

       1. advantages of, 329

       2. applications for, 329–330

       3. basic components of, 325

       4. infrastructure, 330–334

       5. specifications, 325, 326

    3. medium, 324

    4. operator, 335

    5. safety, 334–341

       1. training, 341

    6. wiggler, 324

31. Free-running linewidth

    1. stability, 351

32. Frequency, 83

    1. stability, 351–352

33. Fresnel reflection, 90, 101

34. Full attenuation eyewear, 244, 248

35. Full protection eyewear, 9

    1. OD, 206

G

1. Gamma rays, 84

2. Gas lasers, 392–393

3. Geometrical optics, 85

4. Ghosts, 101

5. Glare, 258

6. Glass laser eyewear, 246

7. Glass plasma tube, 392

8. Gold-overcoated gratings, 112, 113, 116

9. Gratings, 105–106

   1. performance, 116–118

   2. plane, See Plane gratings

   3. surface relief reflection, 108–109

   4. transmission, See Transmission gratings

   5. volume, 107

H

1. Hardware-engineered safety interlock, 226

2. Hardware for defeatable access controls, 237

3. Harmonic generator, 102

4. Hazard

   1. awareness, OJT package, 139

   2. communication program, 19

   3. controls, ISM, 35

   4. evaluation, 44–45

      1. cartoon representation of, 28

      2. role of user, 30

      3. Z136.8, 76

   5. materials

      1. control, 19

      2. diode/semiconductor lasers, 391

      3. diode/telecommunications laser systems, 392

      4. excimer lasers, 391

      5. gas lasers, 392–393

      6. solid-state and rod lasers, 393

   6. physical protection from, 229–230

   7. waste generator assistant, questions for, 389

5. Healthy organization, 212

6. Helium–neon (HeNe) laser

   1. alignment mode, 337

   2. beam, photograph of, 264, 266

7. Hertz, 83

8. High-efficiency transmission gratings, 108

9. High-energy pulsed lasers, 319

10. High-integrity mirror, 317

11. High-power laser systems, 99

    1. laser eyewear use with, 256–257

    2. transmission gratings in, 108–109

12. Homemade infrared viewer, 372

13. Homemade sharps container, 371

14. Hutch mode, 182

I

1. ICNIRP, See International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

2. Idler, 102

3. IEC, See International Electrotechnical Commission

4. ILT, See Instructor-led training

5. Image point, 87

6. Improper restoration of lasers, after service, 207

7. Inaccessible location, 77

8. Incidents, factor levels of, 199–200

9. Infinite mass, 320

10. Infrared motion sensor, 368

11. Infrastructure, JLab FEL

    1. management structures, 332–334

    2. physical structures, 330–332

12. In-house use, lasers/laser systems manufactured for, 228

13. Instructor-led training (ILT), 134

    1. considerations in, 132

14. Integrated Safety Management (ISM)

    1. core functions, 36

    2. documentation of safety, 37

    3. guiding principles, 35

15. Intense nanosecond pulsed lasers, 108

16. Intense pulse laser beam, 28

17. Intense short-pulse lasers, 108

18. Interference, 82

19. Interferogram, 355

20. Interlocks, 224

    1. checks, 69

    2. defeatable, 235–239

    3. definition, 226

    4. end-user requirements, 228

    5. laser safety, 338

       1. administrative interaction, 338

       2. controls, 342

    6. nondefeatable, 232–235

    7. reasons for, 226–227

    8. remote laser, 227–228

    9. tests, 185, 187

21. Internal user facilities, 381

22. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 145

23. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 145, 230

24. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 266, 273, 277

    1. for measuring M2, 278

25. Intrabeam view, 206

26. Investigation of laser accidents, 193–198

    1. checklist/flowchart for, 194–197

27. Invisible beams, 206

28. Ion-assisted e-beam deposition, 113

29. Iris, 95

30. ISM, See Integrated Safety Management

31. ISO, See International Organization for Standardization

32. Isolation reduction rating, 296

33. Isolators filter vibrations, 287

J

1. JLab facility

   1. advantages of, 329

   2. applications, 329–330

   3. basic components of

      1. laser beam transport and delivery system, 327

      2. laser laboratories, 328

      3. lasing medium, 325–327

   4. description of, 325

   5. infrastructure

      1. management structures, 332–334

      2. physical structures, 330–332

2. Job stress, 211

3. Joe method, 136

4. Just-in-time training, 133

K

1. Kinematic mount, 124

   1. resolution of, 125

2. Klystrons, 332, 334

3. Knife-edge method, 266

4. Krypton arc flash lamps, 393

L

1. Labeled beam tube, 362

2. Lack of planning, laser accidents, 207–209

3. Lamellar grating, 111

4. Large-aperture holographic plane gratings, 113–116

5. Laser accidents, 212

   1. action plan, 201

   2. alignment activities, 204–206

   3. common factors, 204

   4. electrical hazards, 207

   5. electrical shock, 220–222

   6. eyewear failure, 209

   7. failure to wear protective eyewear, 206–207

   8. fatigue, 210–211

   9. investigation, See Investigation of laser accidents

   10. perceived incident, 213

   11. planning, lack of, 207–209

   12. stress, 211–212

   13. tattoo incident, 218–220

   14. ultrafast lab accident, 213–218

   15. wearing wrong eyewear/improper fit, 209

6. Laser alignment, 45–46

   1. activities, 204–206

   2. eyewear, 77

7. Laser amplifiers, lasers and, 99

8. Laser audit forms, 31

9. Laser beam profile, 263, 265, 269

   1. camera-based imaging systems, 270–271

      1. wavelength dependencies of, 272

   2. case for, 264

   3. focus measurement, 280–282

   4. mechanical scanning devices, 267–270

   5. spatial

      1. history of, 264–266

      2. requirements, 267

   6. temporal beam analysis, 273

   7. width measurements, 273–276

10. Laser beams, 100

    1. diagnose, 103

    2. interaction of, 28

    3. profile, See Laser beam profile

    4. transport optics, 99–102

11. Laser binder, 67–73

12. Laser curtain, 237

13. Laser disposal, 388

    1. approaches to, 389–393

14. Laser Doppler vibrometers, 292

15. Laser eye injury, guidance for, 201

16. Laser eye protection (LEP), 5

17. Laser eyewear, 9, 244–245

    1. cleaning and inspection, 247, 256

    2. coatings, factors affecting, 258

    3. considerations in choosing, 247–250

       1. comfort and fit, 247–248, 250

    4. labeling, 246, 254–255

    5. limitations, 256–257

    6. prescriptions, 254

    7. threshold considerations, 253

18. Laser-Free Zone (LFZ), 218

19. Laser hazard

    1. controls, 206

    2. management, 103

    3. mitigation of, 48

20. Laser housekeeping, 8

21. Laser incidents

    1. additional issues, 7

    2. lab setup, 2

    3. making laser safety easier

       1. housekeeping, 8

       2. OJT, 8

       3. stray and contain reflections, 9

    4. problem, 6

    5. root causes, 5

    6. summaries of, 215

22. Laser injury, 46, 53

23. Laser interferometer, 42

24. Laser interlocks

    1. manager, 334

    2. system, 184–185

25. Laser inventory, 57–58

26. Laser lab beam delivery pipe, 327

27. Laser lab setup, 2, 332

28. Laser manufacturing requirements, 227–228

29. Laser operations in lab, management, 183–185

30. Laser operator, 214

31. Laser/OPO, 3, 5

32. Laser Personnel Safety System (LPSS), 339

33. Laser product safety rules, 78

34. Laser protective eyewear, 46–47, 91, 205, 209

35. Laser protocols (interpretations), 41

36. Laser pulse compression, plane gratings for, 109–113

37. Laser radiation, 28–30

38. Laser registry, 58–59

39. Laser research laboratory, optics in, 98

    1. diagnostics, 103

    2. laser beam transport optics, 99–102

    3. lasers and laser amplifiers, 99

    4. nonlinear optical devices, 102–103

40. Laser safety audits

    1. Form 1, 60

    2. Form 2, 62

    3. Form 3, 64

    4. Form 4, 65

41. Laser Safety Committee, 41

42. Laser safety eyewear, 187

    1. safety implications, 186–187

43. Laser safety hazards and controls

    1. administrative interaction with interlock system, 338

    2. alignment mode, 337

    3. communication system, 338

    4. exclusionary mode, 337

    5. harmonics, 340–341

    6. hutch mode, 336

    7. interlock system, 338

    8. laser labs, 336

    9. multiple laser laboratories, 335

    10. operating mode, 337

    11. shutter configuration, 335–336

    12. tunability, 341

    13. user community, cultural differences of, 341

    14. vacuum pipes, 338

44. Laser safety officer (LSO), 40, 206, 223, 334

    1. accident investigation, 193

    2. establishment, 79

    3. hazard evaluation, 30

    4. laser use location, 77

    5. laser research laboratories, 98

    6. responsibilities, 11, 14, 15

    7. tools, 15–16

    8. training, 12

45. Laser safety officer (LSO) Workshop, 388

46. Laser safety program

    1. policy, 37–38

    2. requirements for laser use, 42–45

    3. responsible parties for implemention, 38–41

    4. special topics, 45–47

47. Laser safety supervisor (LSS), 39

48. Laser safety training, 5, 18, 341

    1. guests and visitors, 16

    2. levels, 12

49. Lasers after service, improper restoration of, 207

50. Laser scanning, 42

51. Laser shutter

    1. control, 320–321

    2. definition, 313

    3. guideline for design/commercial purchase, 321

    4. proper use of, 319–320

    5. required features and performance, 315

    6. role, 314

    7. technologies implemented

       1. beam absorption, 318–319

       2. cleanliness, 319

       3. mirror, 316–318

    8. user safety applications, 315–316

52. Laser system

    1. beam path of, 27–28

    2. capability of injuring personnel, 27

    3. supervisor, 334

    4. using environments, 28, 29

53. Laser technology, 204, 388

    1. mirrors, 95

54. Laser-use environments, 28

55. Laser use locations, Z136.8, 77

56. Laser user, responsibilities, 13–14, 39

57. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 109

58. Lead sulfide (Vidicon) sensors, 272

59. Learning components in typical instructional strategy, 131–132

60. Learning context, 130

61. Lens, 100, 101

    1. eye, 95

    2. mirrors and, 99

    3. multielement, 96

    4. and optical imaging, 92–95

62. LEP, See Laser eye protection LFZ, See Laser-Free Zone Light beam, 3, 5

63. Light-emitting diode (LED), 186

    1. displays, 316

64. Light waves, 83

65. Lightweight mirror, 316

66. Lightweight moving mirror system, 313

67. Linear polarization, 84

68. Line management

    1. ISM, 35

    2. supervisor, 12

69. Line Management Accountability, 11

70. Line of sight, 82

71. Linewidth, 351

    1. stability, 351–352

72. Liquid-crystal display programmable warning sign, 377

73. Littman–Metcalf ECDL, 350

74. Littrow angle, 110, 116

75. Littrow ECDL, 350

76. Logo label, 389

77. Look-down motion detectors, 239

78. Los Alamos National Lab, 189

79. Low-efficiency transmission gratings, 108

80. Low-power alignment lasers, 101

81. LPSS, See Laser Personnel Safety System

82. LSO, See Laser safety officer

83. LSS, See Laser safety supervisor

M

1. M2, 276

   1. curve showing, 276

   2. measurements, 277– 279

2. Magnetic lock, 237

3. Management, laser operations in lab, 183–185

4. Material safety data sheets (MSDSs), 18, 70

5. Maximum permissible exposure (MPE), 97, 226, 245

   1. bioeffects data

      1. ED50, 146, 147

      2. RPE, 148

   2. exposure duration (time) dependence

      1. cell death, 159

      2. safety factor ranges, 161

   3. repetitive pulses,

      1. CP curves approach, 166

      2. energy/pulse, 162

      3. laser-induced retinal ED50 (RP), 163, 164

      4. lower RP, 163

      5. probability summation model, 162

      6. single-pulse ED50, 163

      7. slope, 163

   4. safety margin, 171

   5. spot-size dependence

      1. beam divergence, 166

      2. bovine retinal explants, 171

      3. computed and experimental thresholds, 167

      4. laser-induced retinal injury, 167

   6. wavelength dependence

      1. absorption, 149, 150

      2. beam splitter deflects, 153

      3. CA × CC, 151

      4. chromatic aberration, 151, 152

      5. direct and total transmission, 149, 150

      6. ED50, 154

      7. photochemical injury, 155, 156

      8. photochemical threshold, 157

      9. retinal damage, 157

      10. tunable lasers, 154

6. Mechanical scanning devices, 267–270

7. Medical facility for laser eye injury, 201

8. Medlite C6, 218–219

9. Metal mirrors, 316

10. Metal plasma tube, 392

11. Meters, 310

12. Microresonator biodetection, 353

13. Minimum visible lesion (MVL), 153

14. Mirrors, 95, 316–317

    1. cassettes, 328

    2. and lenses, 99

    3. movement, 317–318

15. MLD gratings, See Multilayer dielectric gratings

16. Mode-hop-free tuning, 350–351

17. MPE, See Maximum permissible exposure

18. MSDSs, See Material safety data sheets

19. Multielement lens, 96

20. Multilayer dielectric (MLD) gratings, 109, 110

    1. average and RMS diffraction efficiency, 117

    2. design, 111

    3. electric field distribution in multilayer stack, 113

    4. gold gratings and, 112

    5. process flowchart for manufacture, 114

21. MVL, See Minimum visible lesion

N

1. Narrowband damping techniques, 291

2. National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser, 119

3. National Institute of Standards (NIST), 301

4. Nature of light, 81–85

5. Nd, 221

6. Near-infrared (NIR) spectrum, 154

7. Near-miss

   1. fiber optic example, 189–190

   2. labeled Class 2

   3. laser, 190

   4. reports, 177–184, 190–191

   5. tracking of, 177

8. Near point, 96

9. Negative lens, 94, 95

10. Negative noise, 275

11. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers, 354

12. nmLaser shutter, 364

13. Nominal hazard zone (NHZ), 227

14. Nonbeam hazards, 51

15. Nondefeatable entryway safety control, 232–235

16. Nonhazardous waste disposal, 20

17. Noninterlocked access, 51

18. Nonlinear optical devices, 102–103

19. NV centers, See Nitrogen vacancy centers

O

1. Objectives, OJT program, 138

2. OCR, See Optics control room

3. OD, See Optical density

4. ODHs, See Oxygen-deficiency hazards

5. Off-axis object point, 94

6. Off-normal safety conditions, OJT package, 139

7. OJT, See On-the-job training

8. On-site inspection, experimental safety sheet and, 385

9. On-the-job training (OJT), 8, 38, 43, 52, 77, 135–136

   1. form, 72

   2. instructor conducts training, 141

   3. level guideline, 142

   4. program

      1. factors, 136–140

      2. model for implement, 136

   5. success, 143

   6. supervisor responsibilities, 13

   7. trainer and trainee responsibilities, 140

   8. training

      1. process, 141

      2. tips on feedback during, 141–142

10. Open beam classes, 42

11. Open walkways, 49

12. Operations authorization, ISM, 36

13. Optical axis, 93

14. Optical density (OD), 245, 248

    1. factors for calculation, 247

    2. and VLT, 249

15. Optical devices, nonlinear, 102–103

16. Optical fibers, 391

17. Optical imaging, lenses and, 92–95

18. Optical lattices, 353

19. Optical mounts, 123–126

20. Optical parametric amplification, 102

21. Optical tables, 298, 299, 361, 362

22. Optics, 81, 104, 390

    1. eye, 95–96

       1. and laser safety, 96–98

    2. in laser research laboratory, 98

       1. diagnostics, 103

       2. laser beam transport optics, 99–102

       3. lasers and laser amplifiers, 99

       4. nonlinear optical devices, 102–103

    3. lenses and optical imaging, 92–95

    4. nature of light, 81–85

    5. scattering, absorption, reflection, and refraction of rays, 85–91

23. Optics control room (OCR), 327

24. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) laser shutter, 315

25. Oscilloscope in lab, 6

26. Oxygen-deficiency hazards (ODHs), 330

P

1. Partial attenuation eyewear, See Alignment, eyewear

2. PC options, 311

3. Performance context, 130

4. Periodic magnetic field, 324

5. Personnel protective equipment (PPE), 19, 187

6. Phase conjugator, 103

7. Phase-shifting interferometry, 355

8. Photodiodes, silicon, 308–309

9. Photons, 85

10. Photorefractive keratotomy (PRK), 264

11. Photosensitive film, 114

12. Photothermal refractive (PTR) gratings, 107

13. Physical protection from hazard, 229–230

14. PI, See Principal investigator

15. Pipe insulation padding, 376

16. Plane gratings

    1. design considerations, 109–113

    2. manufacture of large-aperture holographic, 113–116

17. Plane wave, 92

18. Pneumatic systems, 318

19. Pointing stability, 125

20. Point source, 86, 87

21. Policy statement, sample safety plan, 17

22. Polycarbonate laser eyewear, 246, 249

23. Positive lens, 92

24. Posting

    1. LSO, 44

    2. SOP, 50

25. Power supplies, approaches to laser disposal, 390

26. Prerequisite training, OJT package, 139

27. Principal investigator (PI), 38

28. PRK, See Photorefractive keratotomy

29. Probability summation model, 162

30. Procedural entryway safety control method, 239–240

31. Product packaging, 299

32. Product safety, 299

33. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 185

34. PTR gratings, See Photothermal refractive gratings

35. Pulsed lasers, 206

36. Pump, 99, 102

37. Pyroelectric sensors, 302, 306–308

Q

1. Quantum computing, 353–355

2. Quantum theory of light, 102

R

1. Radial flow thermopiles, 303

2. Radiation safety, 24

3. Radio frequency (RF), 328

   1. gallery, 331–332

4. Radio frequency identification (RFID) card, 182

5. Radio waves, 84

6. Raman scattering, 102

7. Rapid e-learning software, 134

8. Rays, scattering, absorption, reflection, and refraction of, 85–91

9. Real image, 94

10. Reduced-OD eyewear, 206

11. Reducing unwanted vibrations

    1. compliance, 289–291

    2. isolation, 287

    3. transmissibility curves, 287–289

12. Redundant interlocks, 338

13. Reflections of rays, 85

14. Refraction

    1. at a curved surface, 92

    2. of rays, 85–91

15. Refractive index, 88

16. Regime of linear optics, 90

17. Reliance, on laser protective eyewear, 5

18. Remote laser interlock, FLPPS requirements specific to, 227–228

19. Repair provider, laser safety, 16–17

20. Repetitive pulses (RP)

    1. curves approach, 166

    2. energy/pulse, 162

    3. laser-induced retinal ED50 (RP), 104, 163

    4. lower RP, 165

    5. probability summation model, 162

    6. single-pulse ED50, 163

    7. slope, 163

21. Responsibility, distribution of, 388–389

22. Restricted location, 77

23. Retinal hazard zone, 97

24. Retina, light-sensitive cells in, 95– 97

25. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 147

26. RF, See Radio frequency Rigid body line, 290

27. Rod lasers, 393

28. Room access interlock, 50–51

29. Root mean square (RMS) diffraction efficiency, 117

30. Root sum square (RSS), 124

31. Rotating drum system, 267

32. Rotating shaft devices, 317

33. Rotating slit measurements, 280

34. RSS, See Root sum square

35. Run-safe box, 333

S

1. Safety

   1. awareness, OJT package, 139

   2. culture, 1–2

   3. eye washes, 18

   4. facility culture, 383

   5. margin, 171

   6. officer challenge, 385

   7. responsibilities, sample safety plan, 17

   8. system, 188, 359

   9. training industry, 130

2. Saturable absorption, 255–256

3. Scaffolding, 23

4. Scanning electron micrograph, grating, 116

5. Scattering of rays, 85–91

6. Second moment, beam width, 266, 273

7. Secret button, 237

8. Self-assessment reports, laser binder, 70

9. Semiconductor lasers, 391

10. Sensitive Flight Zones (SFZ), 218

11. Sensitivity, 125

12. Sensor

    1. determining, 302–303

    2. photodiodes, 308–309

    3. pyroelectrics, 306–308

    4. thermopile, See also Thermopile sensors

13. SERF Lab E-218, See also Solar Energy Research Facility Lab E-218

14. Service provider, laser safety, 16–17

15. SFZ, See Sensitive Flight Zones

16. Short-pulse laser generation, CPA for, 110

17. Side shields, 253

18. Signal, 102

19. Sign-off record page, OJT package, 139

20. Silicon-based cameras, 272

21. Silicon photodiodes, 308–309

22. Silvered mirrors, 100

23. Single-pulse mode, 303

24. Site surveys, 292–293

25. Sleeve-type bearings, 317

26. SMARTER, 200

27. SmartTable, 296, 297

28. SME, See Subject matter expert

29. Smoking, 20

30. Snell’s law, 89

31. Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF) Lab E-218, 3

32. Solid-state laser, 393

33. Solvents, dye lasers, 390

34. SOP, See also Standard operating procedure

35. Spatial laser beam profiling

    1. history of, 264–266

    2. requirements, 267

36. Spinning wire/hollow-needle method, 280, 281

37. Spot-size dependence

    1. beam divergence, 166–167

    2. bovine retinal explants, 171

    3. computed and experimental thresholds, 167

    4. laser-induced retinal injury, 167

38. Standard laser safety controls, 3

39. Standard operating procedure (SOP), 13, 16

    1. access control, 50

    2. beam path, 49

    3. emergency response, 52–53

    4. laser binder, 69

    5. personnel, 51

    6. safety policy, 48–49

40. Startle, 258 “Stop Work Authority” policy, 13

41. Stray reflections, 9

42. Stress, laser accidents, 211–212

43. Structural biology beamlines, 385

44. Subcontract Hazards List, 25

45. Subject matter expert (SME), 137, 140

46. Surface absorbers, 304

47. Surface normal, 86

48. Surface relief reflection gratings, 108–109

49. Surface relief transmission gratings, 107–108

50. Surgical laser, 239, 240

51. Surplus receiver, 389

T

1. Tabletop analysis, 137, 140

2. TAC, See Technical Advisory Committee

3. Tapered amplifiers, 352

4. Tattoo incident, 218–220

5. TCA, See Temporary controlled area

6. Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), 342

7. Temporal beam analysis, 273

8. Temporary controlled area (TCA), 15–16, 40–41

9. Temporary visual impairment, 217

10. Temporary work authorization, 15–16, 40–41

11. Thermal stability, 125

12. Thermopile sensors

    1. cooling ways, 305, 306

    2. surface absorbers, 304

    3. theory and parameters, 303

    4. types

       1. axial flow, 303

       2. radial flow, 303–304

    5. volume absorbers, 305

13. Threshold, considerations for laser wear, 253

14. TIE, See Total intraocular energy

15. Ti-sapphire laser, 222

16. Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR), 227

17. Total intraocular energy (TIE), 154

18. Tracking of near misses, 177–190

19. Training, 128–131

    1. engineered safety, 240–241

    2. package, 138–139

    3. SOP, 51

20. time frame of, 129

21. Training/authorized worker list, laser binder, 69

22. Transmissibility curves, 287–289

23. Transmission gratings

    1. limitations in high-power laser systems, 108–109

    2. surface relief, 107–108

24. Tunable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), 349, See also External cavity diode lasers

    1. Littrow and Littman–Metcalf designs for, 350

25. Typical instructional strategy, learning components in, 131–132

U

1. UEF, See User Experiment Form

2. Ultrafast lab accident, 213–218

3. Ultrafast lasers, 255

   1. laser safety eyewear for, 246

4. Ultrafast optical parametric amplifier (166 nm to 20 μm) beams, 251

5. Ultraviolet 200–266 nm beams, 250

6. Unattended laser work, 51

7. Unrestricted location, 77

8. Unwanted vibrations, reduction of, 287–291

9. USB, 311

10. User

    1. questions for, 388

    2. responsibilities, 388–389

    3. safety, 383

11. User Experiment Form (UEF), 384

12. User facility, 381

13. User facility agreement, 381

14. U.S. laser safety community, 9

V

1. Vendor sample safety plan

   1. general and special instructions, 21–25

   2. hazardous materials control, 19

   3. medical supplies and assistance, 18

   4. policy statement, 17

   5. traffic control, 20

2. Vertical beam block, 364

3. Vibration, 126

   1. control system, 298

   2. criteria curves and comparison, 293–296

   3. reduction

      1. compliance, 289–291

      2. damping, 289

      3. isolation, 287

      4. ratings, 295

      5. transmissibility curves, 287–289

   4. sources and location selection, 286–287

4. Virtual image, 95

5. Visual effects, from visible laser exposure, 258–261

6. Visual light transmission (VLT), 249–250

7. Visual warning, 230–231

8. Vitreous humor, 95

9. VLT, See Visual light transmission

10. Volume absorbers, 305

11. Volume gratings, 107

W

1. Warning alarm, 182

2. Water cooled sensors, 305

3. Wavelength, 83

4. Wave theory of light, 83–85, 94

5. Web-based training (WBT), considerations in, 133–134

6. Welder’s flash, 98

7. Whispering gallery mode (WGM), 353

8. White packing foam, 379

9. Wideband tunability spans, 341

10. Wiggler, 324

11. Window frame, 317

12. Work team leader, 39

X

1. Xenon, 393

Y

1. YAG/YLF high-power 532/527 nm beams, 252

2. Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) shutter, 186

Z

1. Z136.8 standard, ANSI, 76–78