Endnotes

Introduction

¹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials, retrieved February 24, 2009.

²Thomas Friedman, “Meet the Zippies,” The New York Times (op-ed), February 22, 2004.

Chapter 1

¹Patented May 1, 1849, patent number 6,420: National Museum of American History, from the U.S. Patent Office, http://www.150.si.edu/150trav/remember/r819.htm, retrieved February 24, 2009.

²Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum: http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Pacific_Railroad_Acts.html, retrieved February 24, 2009.

³http://www.enchantedlearning.com/usa/states/area.shtml.

⁴Henry Ford, Today and Tomorrow, Anniversary Edition (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1926); (Reprint edition, Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press, 1988), 234.

⁵Wikipedia, “George Westinghouse,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse, retrieved February 24, 2009.

⁶IBD (Investor’s Business Daily), “His Radios Dazzled Listeners,” January 26, 2009.

⁷Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi’s Black-Box to the Audion (Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology) MIT Press, 2001, (Cambridge, MA).

⁸Ibid.

⁹Government Archives, “Crafting the Day of Infamy Speech,” http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2001/winter/crafting-day-of-infamy-speech.html, retrieved February 27, 2009.

¹⁰http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:/farm3.static.flickr.com/2183/2036985734_c262bceff9.jpg%3Fv%3D0&imgrefurl=http://flickr.com/photos/39735679%40N00/2036985734&usg=__W0tZ7_FQcPdWIfcHW2IEx6_Zio0=&h=369&w=500&sz=94&hl=en&start=106&um=1&tbnid=O4J_yQINZBQjQM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfranklin%2Broosevelt%2Bphotos%2Bdated%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D90%26um%3D1.

¹¹“Television History—The First 75 Years,” http://www.tvhistory.tv/Annual_TV_Households_50-78.JPG and Encyclopedia of TV, http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/index.html.

¹²Sam Palmisano, Speech to the Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/publication/17696, retrieved February 6, 2009.

¹³Henry Ford, My Life and Work, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1922), 72.

¹⁴D. Comin and B. Hohijn, “Cross-Country Technological Adoption: Making the Theories Face the Facts.” Journal of Monetary Economics, January 2004, pp. 39-83, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census.

¹⁵“Toshiba Dumps HD DVD,” SkyNews, http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Technology/Blu-Ray-Sony-Wins-DVD-War-As-Toshiba-Dumps-HD-DVD/Article/20080231305804?lpos=Technology_Article_Related_Content_Region_5&lid=ARTICLE_1305804_Blu-Ray_Sony_Wins_DVD_War_As_Toshiba_Dumps_HD_DVD, retrieved February 19, 2008.

¹⁶U.S. Patent Number 7,082,306, granted to the author: “Apparatus and method for merging wireless telephone service with existing wired telephone equipment in a facility, allowing instantaneous connection with credit card companies, banks and other payers from a cell phone at the point of sale.”

¹⁷Jared Bernstein “Good Reception: Using Cell Phones to Predict Behavior.” EContent 28(10): 8, http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/News/News-Feature/Good-Reception-Using-Cell-Phones-to-Predict-Behavior-14183.htm, retrieved October 29, 2008.

¹⁸Wikipedia, “Folksonomy,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy, retrieved February 27, 2009.

¹⁹http://myspace.com, http://facebook.com, http://friendster.com, http://orkut.com, http://home.live.com/, http://cyworld.com, http://hi5.com.

²⁰http://24htennis.com, http://taltopia.com, http://travellerspoint.com, http://www.librarything.com, http://www.goodreads.com, http://myartspace.com, https://www.cakefinancial.com.

²¹http://blackplanet.com, http://migente.com, http://geni.com.

²²http://linkedin.com, http://plaxo.com.

²³John F. Gantz, Christopher Chute, Alex Manfrediz, Stephen Minton, David Reinsel, Wolfgang Schlichting, and Anna Toncheva, “The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, An Updated Forecast of Worldwide Information Growth Through 2011,” IDC, March 2008, http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf, page 2.

²⁴Ibid.

²⁵Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.,The Mythical Man-Month (Essays on Software Engineering) (Boston: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1995), 292.

²⁶YouTube.com, Shift Happens, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljbI-363A2Q, retrieved February 24, 2009.

²⁷Ibid.

²⁸Elizabeth Haas Edersheim and Peter Ferdinand Drucker, The Definitive Drucker: The Final Word from the Father of Modern Management (New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007), 97.

Chapter 2

¹IBM Corporation, Expanding the Innovation Horizon: The IBM Global CEO Study 2006, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/bcs_ceostudy2006.html?re=ceo, p. 22.

²Malcolm Gladwell, Blink, The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005), 36.

³Interviewed January 9, 2009, by IBM employee Michael Roche.

⁴Wikipedia, “Service-oriented Architecture,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture, retrieved February 27, 2009.

⁵Valdis Krebs, “Social Capital: the Key to Success for the 21^st Century Organization,” IHRIM Journal 12(5), http://orgnet.com/IHJour_XII_No5_p38_42.pdf, p. 38, retrieved February 27, 2009.

⁶Ibid.

⁷Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, http://www.oxford-internet-institute.net/research/project.cfm?id=45, retrieved February 27, 2009.

⁸Malcolm Gladwell, in The Tipping Point, How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000), 38 and 41, defines Connectors as people who, “link us up with the world...people with a truly extraordinary knack of making friends and acquaintances.”

⁹Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point, How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000).

¹⁰M. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360-1380.

¹¹M. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited,” http://www.si.umich.edu/~rfrost/courses/SI110/readings/In_Out_and_Beyond/Granovetter.pdf, retrieved February 27, 2009.

Chapter 3

¹Melanie Lindner, “What Are People Actually Doing on the Web?” Forbes.com, August 20, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/20/google-yahoo-microsoft-ent-tech-cx_ml_0820wheregoweb.html, retrieved October 24, 2008.

²Quarter ending December 31, 2008.

³Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, op. cit.

Chapter 4

¹Ed Brill, Interview by IBM employee Laurisa Rodriguez by telephone.

²http://www.edbrill.com/ebrill/edbrill.nsf, accessed February 27, 2009.

³Malcolm Gladwell, in The Tipping Point, How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000), 34, 62, 64-71, quoting Linda Price, marketing professor at the University of Nebraska: “A Maven is a person who has information on a lot of different products or prices or places...they like to be helpers in the marketplace.”

⁴Wikipedia, “Institutional memory,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_memory, retrieved March 4, 2009.

⁵Ioannidis JPA, “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False” (2005), http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124&ct=1, retrieved February 27, 2009.

⁶Luis Suarez Rodriguez, interviewed by the author on December 10, 2008.

⁷http://docs.google.com.

⁸Reed Cartwright (ed.) Bora Zivkivic (series ed.) The Open Laboratory: The Best Science Writing on Blogs 2007 (Lulu.com 2008).

⁹http://lulu.com/en/about/index.php.

¹⁰http://flickr.com.

¹¹http://jacketflap.com.

¹²Luis Benitez, interviewed by the author, December 12, 2008.

¹³Wikipedia, “RSS,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS_(file_format), retrieved February 27, 2009.

¹⁴Wired magazine editor Chris Anderson popularized the term “long-tail” in an article he wrote for Wired in October 2004. Chris treated this subject to an extended analysis in a book of the same name. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/tail.html.

¹⁵http://wordpress.com, http://blogger.com, http://typepad.com.

¹⁶http://twitter.com, http://flickr.com.

¹⁷http://codingrobots.com/blogjet/.

¹⁸http://illuminex.com/ecto/.

¹⁹http://windowslivewriter.spaces.live.com/.

²⁰http://livejournal.com/, http://typepad.com.

²¹http://www.qumana.com/.

²²http://www.scribefire.com/.

²³http://blogger.com, http://livejournal.com, http://www-01.ibm.com/software/lotus/products/connections/.

²⁴http://wordpress.org, http://drupal.org/.

²⁵Wikipedia, “Software as a Service,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service, retrieved March 2, 2009.

Chapter 5

¹Wikipedia, “Folksonomy,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy, retrieved February 6, 2009.

²Wikipedia, “List of social networking websites,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites, retrieved March 5, 2009.

³T. J. Allen, Managing the Flow of Technology. Cambridge, MA: (MIT Press, 1977). See also a discussion of the “Allen Curve” on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_curve.

⁴Marc Strohlein, “Enterprise Search Gets Lost,” BusinessWeek, May 15, 2006, http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/may2006/tc20060515_393086.htm?chan=technology_ceo+guide+to+technology_executive+guide+to+search.

⁵http://delicious.com/.

⁶Dogear was an enterprise social bookmarking service created by Jonathan Fienberg of IBM Research; it has been incorporated into the Lotus Connection product Suite.

⁷David R. Millen, Jonathan Feinberg, and Bernard Kerr, “Dogear: Social bookmarking in the Enterprise,” pp. 111-120; Rebecca E. Grinter, Tom Rodden, Paul M. Aoki, Edward Cutrell, Robin Jeffries, and Gary M. Olson (ed.), Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2006), ACM Press, Montréal, Canada, April 2006, 1-59593-372-7.

⁸Stephen Farrell, Tessa Lau, Stefan Nusser, Eric Wilcox, and Michael Muller, “Socially augmenting employee profiles with people-tagging,” pp. 91-100, Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (ACM 2007) ACM New York (ISBN:978-1-59593-679-2).

⁹See Harvard Business School professor Andrew McAfee’s blog post on Serena Software’s use of Facebook as an intranet: http://blog.hbs.edu/faculty/amcafee/index.php/faculty_amcafee_v3/facebook_on_the_intranet_no_facebook_as_the_intranet/.

¹⁰http://www.topcoder.com.

¹¹IBM Research.

Chapter 6

¹Wikipedia, “Cloud Computing,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing, retrieved March 2, 2009.

²Irving Wladawsky-Berger, telephone interview with the author, November 25, 2008.

³http://www.Google.com, http://www.Yahoo.com, http://www.apple.com/mobileme/, http://YouTube.com, http://Skype.com, http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, http://public.Soonr.com, http://Mosso.com.

⁴Creating Energy-Efficient Data Centers, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Industrial Technologies Program, Paul Scheihing, May 18, 2007.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Creating Energy-Efficient Data Centers, U.S. Department of Energy, May 18, 2007.

⁷http://vmware.com/.

⁸http://www.xen.org/.

⁹http://www.gnu.org/.

¹⁰"IT Doesn’t Matter,” http://www.nicholasgcarr.com/articles/matter.html, originally published in the Harvard Business Review, May 2003.

¹¹Wikipedia, “Geek,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek, retrieved February 6, 2009.

¹²“In web development, a mashup is a Web application that combines data or functionality from two or more sources into a single integrated application.” Wikipedia, “Mashup,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid), retrieved May 5, 2009.

¹³Creating Energy-Efficient Data Centers, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Industrial Technologies Program, Paul Scheihing, May 18, 2007.

Chapter 7

¹http://covestor.com.

²Peter Lunn, Basic Instincts—Human Nature and the New Economics (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2008).

³http://edbrill.com/ebrill/edbrill.nsf/dx/new-zealand-herald-it-sellers-talk-up-social-links.

⁴Interview of IBM employee Andy Piper by IBM employee Laurisa Rodriguez, on December 30, 2008.

⁵Wikipedia, “Facebook,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook.

⁶Malcolm Gladwell, Tipping Point, How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference, (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000).

⁷http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwTZ2xpQwpA.

⁸http://www.youtube.com/user/fordvideo1?blend=1, retrieved February 6, 2009.

⁹Wikipedia, “Tay Zonday,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Zonday, retrieved February 6, 2009.

¹⁰IBM Marketing Research.

¹¹Interview of IBM employee Adam Christensen by IBM employee Laurisa Rodriguez, on December 23, 2008.

¹²Keith Brooks interview by IBM employee Laurisa Rodriguez, on December 18, 2008.

¹³http://mibancoblog.popular.com/.

Chapter 8

¹Wikipedia, “Standing on the shoulders of giants,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants, retrieved February 6, 2009.

²Elias Torres, telephone interview by the author, February 3, 2009.

³Giuseppe DeCandia, Deniz Hastorun, Madan Jampani, Gunavardhan Kakulapati, Avinash Lakshman, Alex Pilchin, Swaminathan Sivasubramanian, Peter Vosshall, and Werner Vogels, “Dynamo: Amazon’s Highly Available Key-value Store,” SOSP, October 14–17, 2007, Amazon.com, Stevenson, WA.

⁴http://project-voldemort.com/.

⁵http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/global_brand_2008/.

⁶Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, “MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters,” Google, Inc., 2004.

⁷Wikipedia, “Hadoop,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadoop, retrieved March 1, 2009.

⁸Interviewed on August 14, 2006, by IBM employee Brian Goodman.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰Ibid.

¹¹Ibid.

¹²http://www-01.ibm.com/software/webservers/httpservers/, http://drupal.org/, http://www.sun.com/software/products/mysql/.

¹³http://www-01.ibm.com/software/websphere/.

¹⁴http://acquia.com/.

¹⁵Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.The Mythical Man-Month, Anniversary Edition (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1995).

Chapter 9

¹“Expanding the Innovation Horizon: Global CEO Study 2006,” IBM Corp., http://www-935.ibm.com/services/au/bcs_ceostudy2006.html.

²Scienceblogs.com, “Exorcising animal spirits,” Category: History of neuroscience, Posted on: July 10, 2007, by Mo; http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/07/exorcizing_animal_spirits.php.

³Mary Bellis, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI—Raymond Damadian—MRI Scanner,” Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield, About.com; http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/MRI.htm.

⁴Tan Le interviewed by the author, March 18, 2009.

⁵Genographic Project, National Geographic Society, www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic.

⁶http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/.

⁷Adrianne Fox, “The Brain at Work,” HR Magazine, March 2008.

⁸Thomas R. Insel and Russell D. Fernald, “How the Brain Process Social Information: Searching for the Social Brain,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 27: 697–722.

⁹Adrianne Fox, op. cit.

¹⁰http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins.

¹¹James Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations, 2004, ISBN 978-0385503860.

¹²http://www.innocentive.com/.

Chapter 10

¹IBM CIO Insight Survey on Emerging Technology, April 2008.

²Clay Shirky, New York University professor, was the first to refer to “situational applications” in his publication “Networks, Economics, and Culture,” March 30, 2004.

³2008 IBM Global Human Capital Study, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/2008ghcs.html?sa_campaign=message/laft2/all/hcstud.

⁴Sacha Chua, Enterprise 2.0 Evangelist, IBM Global Business Services, Canada.

Chapter 11

¹The Financial Forecast Center^™—U.S. Gross Domestic Product GDP Forecast, forecast retrieved March 17, 2009.

²Gross Domestic Product—Monetary value that includes private and public consumption, government, investments, and imports and exports. GDP = Consumer spending + Government Spending + Country business spending on capital + export – imports.

³World Economic and Financial Surveys 2008—World Economic Outlook Database World Economic and Financial Surveys 2008—World Economic Outlook Database.

⁴Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)—National Economic Accounts. Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Products, February 27, 2009. The Financial Forecast Center^™—U.S. Gross Domestic Product GDP Forecast, retrieved March 17, 2009.

⁵D. Comin, B. Hobijn, and E. Rovito, “World Technology Usage Lags,” version 2, April 2007, JEL-codes: O33, O47, O57. D. Comin and B. Hohijn, “Cross-Country Technological Adoption: Making the Theories Face the Facts.” Journal of Monetary Economics, January 2004, pp. 39-83.

⁶D. Comin and B. Hohijn, “Cross-Country Technological Adoption: Making the Theories Face the Facts.” Journal of Monetary Economics, January 2004, pp. 39–83.

⁷Business School, Nottingham University, England.

⁸D. Comin, B. Hobijn, and E. Rovito, “World Technology Usage Lags,” version 2, April 2007, JEL-codes: O33, O47, O57.

⁹Jackie Fen and Mark Raskino, Mastering the Hype Cycle—How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2008) (ISBN 978-1-4221-2110-8).

¹⁰Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index. International Telecommunication Union, 2009, pp. 108. (ISBN 9261128319). http://www.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2009/material/IDI2009_w5.pdf.

¹¹Geoffrey A. Moore, Crossing the Chasm—Marketing and Selling Disruptive Products to Mainstream Customers (New York: Harper Business, 1997) (ISBN 0-06662-002-3).

¹²MSNBC, “Obama raises $150 million in September,” http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27262116/, retrieved April 3, 2009.

Chapter 12

¹http://mashable.com/2006/07/11/myspace-americas-number-one/.

²Techtree News Staff (2008-08-13). “Facebook: Largest, Fastest Growing Social Network.” Techtree.com. ITNation.

³WiMAX Global Market, WiMAX Forum, August 2008.

⁴Mobile Broadband Evolution to 4G, Intel^® Corporation.

⁵WiMax: Worldwide Inter-Operability for Microwave Access.

⁶Mobile Networks Forecasts: Future Mobile Traffic, Base Station & Revenue, Informa Telecoms & Media, June 2008.

⁷Figure Predicted Traffic Distribution by WPB Applications from 2010 to 2020, Telecompetition Group, September 2007.

⁸See http://www.pong-story.com/1952.htm.

⁹See http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/NLI0425.pdf.

¹⁰Adel Hendaoui, Moez Limayem, and Craig W. Thompson. IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING. Published by the IEEE Computer Society, 1089-7801/08.

¹¹Mobichange.com.

¹²From the Sanskrit word “ ” that means “descent” and originally refers to incarnations of Hindu deities. “Avatar,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar, retrieved July 10, 2009.

¹³“When you meet someone for the first time, ...your mind takes about two seconds to jump to a series of conclusions.” http://www.gladwell.com/blink/index.html.

¹⁴See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furry_fandom.

¹⁵Wonderland, Virtual Adultery and Cyberspace Love, aired January 2008, http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008vrht.

¹⁶Paul R. Messinger, School of Business, University of Alberta; Xin Ge, School of Business, University of Northern British Columbia; Eleni Stroulia, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta; Kelly Lyons, Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto; Kristen Smirnov and Michael Bone, School of Business, University of Alberta; “On the Relationship between My Avatar and Myself,” https://journals.tdl.org/jvwr/article/view/352/263.

¹⁷Ambient Social TV: Drawing People into a Shared Experience, http://web.mit.edu/bentley/www/papers/chi1227-harboe.pdf.

¹⁸Social Network Methods and Measures for Examining E-learning, http://www.wun.ac.uk/elearning/seminars/seminars/seminar_two/papers/haythornthwaite.pdf.

¹⁹http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/photo/20820.wss.

²⁰Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through the Day (New York: Marlowe, 1997).

²¹See “Real Life Brands in Second Life,” 1st Quarter 2007, by Market Truths Limited.

²²See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myqwxc0YKwo&mode=related&search=.

²³See “Fiat 500 Wants You,” http://www.fiat500.com/.

²⁴“The word haptic, from the Greek (haptikos), means pertaining to the sense of touch and comes from the Greek verb (haptesthai) meaning to ‘contact’ or ‘touch.’” (“Haptic technology,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology, retrieved March 30, 2009).