Index
Absolute value circuit, 371–377
design, 375–377
equivalent circuits, 372–373
numerical analysis, 372–375
operation, 371–372
schematic, 372
AC-coupled amplifier. See also Amplifier
important nonideal parameters, 401–403
single-supply, 416–422
bandpass, 228–236
bandwidth, 231
design, 231–236
equivalent circuits, 229
numerical analysis, 229–231
operation, 229
Q, 230
resonant frequency, 230
schematic, 228
voltage gain, 231
band reject, 236–246
center frequency, 238–239
design, 239–246
input impedance, 239
numerical analysis, 238–239
operation, 236–238
fundamentals, 212–214
high-pass, 221–228
cutoff frequency, 223
design, 224–228
equivalent circuits, 222
input impedance, 223
numerical analysis, 223
operation, 221–222
Q, 223
schematic, 222
low-pass, 214–221
cutoff frequency, 216
design, 217–221
equivalent circuits, 215
input impedance, 216
numerical analysis, 215–216
operation, 214–215
Q, 216
schematic, 214
peaking, 214
Adder, 360–366
design, 363–366
numerical analysis, 361–363
operation, 360
schematic, 361
Adjustable gain, 80
AC-coupled, 95–111
bandwidth, 104–107
design, 107–111
input impedance, 102–103
numerical analysis, 97–107
operation, 95–97
schematic, 96
single-supply, 416–422
voltage gain, 97–102
antilogarithmic, 411–413
averaging, 370–371
current, 111–118
design, 116–118
gain, 112–113
input current, 114–115
input resistance, 115–116
load current, 113–114
maximum load resistance, 115
numerical analysis, 112–116
operation, 111–112
output resistance, 116
schematic, 112
differential, 1–2
double-ended, 2
in instrument amplifier, 405
phase relationships, 3
single-ended, 2
in subtractor, 366–370
frequency response, 37–38
high-current, 118–129
bias voltage, 121–122
design, 123–129
effective load resistance, 120–121
input current, 123
input voltage swing, 121–123
numerical analysis, 120–123
operation, 118–119
output current, 120–121
output voltage swing, 121
peak load current, 120
peak load voltage, 120
schematic, 119
bandwidth, 51–52
basic rules, 40
design, 53–58
input current, 43–44
input impedance, 43
input voltage swing, 45–46
minimum load resistance, 49–51
numerical analysis, 41–53
operation, 39–41
output current, 48–49
output impedance, 46–48
output voltage swing, 44
power supply rejection ratio, 52–53
schematic, 39
slew-rate limiting frequency, 44–45
voltage gain, 42
inverting summing, 78–92
bandwidth, 86–87
as D/A converter, 344–347
design, 88–92
input current, 82
input impedance, 82
input voltage swing, 83–84
numerical analysis, 81–88
operation, 78–80
output current, 86
output impedance, 84–86
output voltage swing, 82–83
schematic, 80
slew-rate limiting frequency, 87–88
voltage gain, 81–82
logarithmic, 409–411
bandwidth, 66–67
design, 67–72
effects of slew rate limiting, 66–67
input current, 63
input impedance, 62–63
input voltage swing, 64
numerical analysis, 59–67
operation, 58–59
output current, 65–66
output impedance, 64–65
output voltage swing, 63
power supply rejection ratio, 67
schematic, 59
slew-rate limiting frequency, 64
voltage gain, 60–61
adder, 360–366
numerical analysis, 93–95
operation, 93
schematic, 93
single-supply, 416–422
stability, 397–398
bandwidth, 76
design, 76–78
input current, 74
input impedance, 73–74
input voltage swing, 74
numerical analysis, 73–76
operation, 72
output current, 75
output impedance, 75
output voltage swing, 74
power supply rejection ratio, 76
schematic, 72
slew-rate limiting frequency, 74
voltage gain, 73
wideband power, 447
constrasted with digital, 337
multiplexer, 341–343
Analog-to-digital conversion, 349–359
accuracy, 340
conversion rate, 340
conversion time, 340
defined, 337
dual-slope, 353–357
schematic, 353
flash, 349
fundamentals, 338–343
gain error, 339
linearity, 339
monotonicity, 339
offset error, 339–340
parallel, 349–351
hybrid, 349
schematic, 350
quantization, 338
quantization uncertainty, 339
scaling error, 339
successive approximation, 357–359
schematic, 357
tracking, 351–353
schematic, 351
Antilogarithmic amplifier, 411–413
schematic, 412
Averaging amplifier, 370–371
definition, 212
definition, 212
Bandstop filter. See Active filter, band reject
definition, 21
general equation, 38
power for MC1741, 428
power for MC1741SC, 445
Burst regulator, 279
Capacitive reactance, 98
Center frequency, 228
component placement, 26
grounding, 29–30
methods, 25–26
performance example, 30–33
power supply decoupling, 27–29
power supply distribution, 26–27
routing of leads, 26
design, 314–316
numerical analysis, 309–313
operation, 308–309
schematic, 308–309
design, 303–307
numerical analysis, 301–302
operation, 299–300
schematic, 299–300
definition, 19
output resistance, 46–48
CMRR, 20
Common-mode rejection ratio, 20
Comparator. See Voltage comparator
bias current, 41
frequency. See Frequency compensation
Constant current limiting, 280–281
in current amplifier. See Amplifier
current-to-voltage, 442
decibel form of CMRR, 20
decibel form of current gain, 37
decibel form of power gain, 37
decibel form of voltage gain, 37
linear ramp to DC, 330
peak-to-peak to peak, 45
peak-to-peak to RMS, 122–123
peak to RMS, 44
RMS to peak, 69
square wave to triangle wave, 324
triangle wave to sinewave, 324
DC, 402
Crosstalk, 341
Crowbar circuit, 285
effects of increasing load, 48–49
feedback, 48–49
load, 48–49
op amp output, 48–49
short circuit, 48
Current amplifier. See Amplifier
Current limiting, 280–283
Current mirror, 420–421
Current-to-voltage converter, 442
1N914A, 455
MC1741, 425–429
MC1741SC, 442–447
MJE1103, 431–432
MPF102, 457
2N2222, 434–440
2N3440, 465–468
1N4728–1N4764, 459–463
1N5221–1N5281, 449–454
important nonideal parameters, 402
DC power supply. See Voltage regulator
DC regulation. See Voltage regulator
Decibel, 37
Decoupling, 27–29
circuit, 28–29
equivalent circuit, 28–29
power-entry, 29
Derating factor, 471
AC-coupled amplifier, 107–111
compensation resistor, 108–109
design results, 110–111
feedback resistor, 108
input coupling capacitor, 109
input resistor, 107–108
op amp selection, 108
output coupling capacitor, 109
adder, 363–366
design results, 365–366
feedback resistor, 364–365
input resistor, 363–364
op amp selection, 365
capacitors, 231–232
compensation resistor, 233
design results, 234–236
op amp selection, 233–234
resistors, 232–233
band reject filter, 239–246
compensation resistor, 241–242
design results, 242–246
filter components, 239–241
op amp selection, 242
current amplifier, 116–118
current gain, 117
current resistors, 117
design results, 118
differentiator, 332–335
bypass capacitor, 333
compensation resistor, 333
design results, 334–335
feedback resistor, 332
input capacitor, 332–333
input resistor, 333
dual half-wave rectifier, 294–299
compensation resistor, 295–296
design results, 296–299
feedback resistors, 294–295
input resistor, 294
op amp selection, 296
rectifier diodes, 295
high-current amplifier, 123–129
bias potentiometer, 127
bias voltage, 126
compensation resistor, 128
current-boost transistor, 123–124
design results, 129
feedback resistor, 127
input coupling capacitor, 128
input resistor, 127
op amp output voltage, 125–126
op amp selection, 127–128
output voltage swing, 126
voltage gain, 126–127
high-pass filter, 224–228
capacitors, 224–225
compensation resistor, 225
design results, 226–228
op amp selection, 225–226
resistors, 224
ideal biased clipper, 303–307
clipper diode, 304
design results, 305–307
filter capacitor, 304–305
op amp selection, 304
voltage divider, 303–304
ideal clamper, 314–316
integrator, 326–330
capacitor, 327
compensation resistor, 327
design results, 327–330
feedback resistor, 327
input resistor, 326
op amp selection, 326
inverting amplifier, 53–58
compensation resistor, 56
design results, 57–58
feedback resistor, 54–55
input resistor, 54
op amp selection, 55–56
supply voltage, 55–56
inverting summing amplifier, 88–92
compensation resistor, 90
design results, 91–92
feedback resistor, 89
input resistors, 88–90
op amp selection, 91
power supply voltages, 90–91
worst-case input, 88
low-pass filter, 217–221
capacitors, 217
design results, 219–221
op amp selection, 218–219
resistors, 217–218
noninverting amplifier, 67–72
compensation resistor, 70
design results, 70–71
feedback resistor, 68
input resistor, 68
minimum supply voltages, 69
op amp selection, 69–70
peak detector, 318–323
current limiting resistors, 321
design results, 321–323
detector diode, 319
filter components, 319–321
op amp selection, 318–319
series voltage regulator, 259–265
design results, 262–265
feedback network, 261–262
pass transistor, 259–260
voltage gain, 261
shunt voltage regulator, 269–274
current limiting resistor, 270–271
design results, 272–274
error amp gain, 269–270
feedback network, 270
transistor selection, 271–272
sign changing circuit, 378–380
design results, 379–380
op amp selection, 378–379
resistor, 378
subtractor, 368–370
design results, 369–370
op amp selection, 368–369
resistors, 368
triangle-wave oscillator, 205–208
design results, 207–208
integrator, 206–207
op amp selection, 207
voltage comparator, 205–206
variable-duty oscillator, 197–203
design results, 202–203
isolation diodes, 201
op amp selection, 201–202
output zener regulator, 197–198
reference zener regulator, 198–199
timing components, 199–201
voltage comparator with hysteresis, 152–155
design results, 155
feedback resistor, 153–154
op amp selection, 152–153
reference voltage, 154–155
voltage comparator with output limiting, 165–170
design results, 168–170
feedback resistor, 165–166
hysteresis voltage, 165
output zener diodes, 166
reference current limiting resistor, 168
reference zener, 167–168
voltage-controlled oscillator, 186–193
design results, 190–193
integrator, 188–189
op amp selection, 189–190
zener current limiting resistor, 187–188
zener diodes, 187
voltage follower, 76–79
compensation resistor, 78
design results, 78–79
op amp selection, 77
power supply voltages, 77
voltage reference, 251–256
current-boost transistor, 253–254
current resistor, 253
design results, 254–256
regulator diode, 253
Wien-bridge oscillator, 176–180
amplitude control, 179–180
design results, 179–180
feedback resistor, 177
frequency-determining components, 177
op amp selection, 179
rectifier and filter, 178
window voltage comparator, 158–161
design results, 160–161
isolation diodes, 159–160
op amp selection, 158
pull-up resistor, 159
zener diodes, 158
zener resistors, 158–159
zero-crossing detector, 137–140
design results, 139–140
op amp selection, 138–139
zero-crossing detector with hysteresis, 145–149
design results, 147–149
feedback resistor, 146–147
op amp selection, 146
Differential amplifier. See Amplifier
affected by frequency, 62
ideal value, 41
Differentiator, 330–335
design, 332–335
numerical analysis, 331–332
operation, 330–331
schematic, 330
stability, 331
contrasted with analog, 337
states, 337
Digital-to-analog conversion, 343–349
accuracy, 343
defined, 337
gain error, 343–344
glitches, 344
monotonicity, 344
offset error, 343–344
propagation time, 343
R2R ladder, 347–349
schematic, 347
scaling error, 343–344
settling time, 343
slew rate, 343
weighted, 344–347
schematic, 345
Diode. See also Ideal diode
1N914A, 455
in ideal rectifier, 291–299
silicon versus ideal, 289–291
Divider. See also Multipliers/dividers
schematic, 416
Divider circuit, 415–416
Drift, 390
Dual-slope A/D conversion, 353–357
oscillator with variable, 190–203
Electrostatic discharge, 31
from power supplies, 278
regulatory agencies, 278
Equivalent input noise, 393
Error amplifier, 257
ESD, 31
External frequency compensation, 399–400
Fast attack, 317
definition, 38
in series voltage regulator, 256–257
in shunt voltage regulator, 265–266
in switching voltage regulator, 276–277
types of, 38–39
Feed-forward frequency compensation, 400
Filter. See Active filter
Flash A/D conversion, 349
Foldback current limiting, 282
schematic, 283
Frequency compensation, 394–400
external, 399–400
feed-forward, 400
internal, 398–399
principles, 395–398
rule for stability, 397–398
safety margins, 402–403
Frequency doubler, 415
AC-coupled amplifier, 104–107
inverting amplifier, 51–52
MC1741, 428
MC1741SC, 445
noninverting amplifier, 66
steepness of slope, 213–214
voltage follower, 76
decibel form, 37
definition, 36
fractional, 37
voltage, 36
definition, 21
Gain margin, 402–403
Gain-source-resistance product, 88
virtual, 41
analog versus digital, 30
ground bounce, 29–30
ground noise, 29–30
ground plane, 29
quiet ground, 29–30
in switching regulators, 278
selection, 469–473
High-current amplifier. See Amplifier
definition, 212
Hold-up time, 286
Hybrid op amps, 422–423
Ideal biased clipper, 299–307
clipping levels, 301
design, 303–307
fundamentals, 299
highest frequency, 301–302
input impedance, 302
maximum input, 302
numerical analysis, 301–302
operation, 299–300
output impedance, 302
schematic, 300
Ideal clamper, 307–316
adjustment range, 309–310
design, 314–316
frequency range, 310–312
fundamentals, 307–308
input impedance, 312
maximum input voltage, 310
numerical analysis, 309–313
operation, 308–309
output impedance, 312
schematic, 309
concept, 289–291
in biased clamper, 308–309
in biased clipper, 299–300
in peak detector, 316–317
Ideal rectifier circuit, 290–299
design, 294–299
schematic, 291
highest frequency, 293–294
schematic, 291
maximum input, 293
maximum output, 292–293
numerical analysis, 292–294
operation, 292
voltage gain, 293
ideal, 16
effects of, 47–48
ideal, 16–17
series RC circuit, 98–99
transformation, 72
power supply wires, 26–27
minimizing effects, 386–387
model, 384
versus temperature, 443
Input offset current, 387–388
model, 389
AC, 400–401
DC, 390
equivalent circuit, 406
Integration, 323–324
Integrator, 323–330
definition, 323–324
design, 326–330
frequency of operation, 325
as low-pass filter, 324
numerical analysis, 325
operation, 324–325
used in VCO, 180–182
Internal frequency compensation, 398–399
Inverting amplifier. See Amplifier
Inverting summing amplifier. See Amplifier
used in VCO, 181
Level detector. See Voltage comparator
Limit detector. See Window voltage comparator
Logarithmic amplifiers, 409–411
schematic, 410
Lower cutoff frequency, 38
Lower threshold voltage, 141–142
Multiplexer, 341–343
crosstalk, 341
modes of operation, 414
scale factor, 413–414
schematic, 415
symbol, 413
Multipliers/dividers, 413–416
divider circuit, 416
as frequency doubler, 415
multiplier circuit, 415
square root circuit, 416
squaring circuit, 416
Negative threshold voltage, 141–142
Noise, 393–394
effect on differentiator, 331
equivalent input noise, 393
graphs for MC1741, 427
graphs for MC1741SC, 445
rejection of power supply noise, 52–53
sources in power supplies, 24
dual-slope A/D, 357
increased with hysteresis, 142
Noninverting amplifier. See Amplifier
Noninverting summing amplifier. See Amplifier
Norton’s Theorem, 11–12
Ohm’s Law, 5–6
applications survey, 4–5
bias current, 383–387
MC1741, 425–429
MC1741SC, 442–447
equivalent input noise, 393
history, 1
hybrid, 422–423
bandwidth, 15–16
common-mode voltage gain, 15
differential voltage gain, 14–15
input impedance, 16
noise generation, 17
output impedance, 16–17
slew rate, 16
table of, 34
temperature effects, 17
multiple device packages, 422
nonideal AC characteristics, 392–402
nonideal DC characteristics, 383–392
common-mode voltage gain, 19–21
drift, 390
input bias current, 383–387
input offset current, 387–388
input offset voltage, 388–390
temperature effects, 23
offset current, 387–388
versus frequency, 428
versus load resistance, 428
power supply requirements, 24
programmable, 404–405
stability, 397–398
symbol, 14
MC1741, 428
MC1741SC, 445
versus supply voltage, 429
frequency selective, 173–174
fundamentals, 173–174
loading, 210
nonideal considerations, 210
triangle-wave, 204–208
design, 205–208
frequency, 205
numerical analysis, 204–205
operation, 204
schematic, 204
variable-duty cycle, 190–203
design, 197–203
frequency, 196–197
numerical analysis, 194–197
percent duty, 197
schematic, 194
voltage-controlled, 180–193
design, 186–193
frequency, 186
numerical analysis, 182–186
operation, 180–181
schematic, 181
Wien-bridge, 174–180
design, 176–180
frequency, 175
numerical analysis, 175–176
operation, 174–175
schematic, 174
interpretation, 474–476
AC, 401
DC, 391–392
Over-current protection, 279–282
constant current limiting, 280
schematic, 281
foldback current limiting, 282
schematic, 283
load interruption, 279–280
schematic, 280
Over-voltage protection, 282–285
schematic, 284
Parallel A/D conversion, 349–351
Peak detector, 316–323
design, 318–323
low-frequency limit, 317–318
numerical analysis, 317–318
operation, 316–317
response time, 318
schematic, 316
Phase margin, 402–403
Phase shift, 395–397
Positive threshold voltage, 141–142
heat sink requirements, 469–473
Power-fail sensing, 285–286
schematic, 285
Power supply noise, 24
definition, 24
inverting amplifier, 52–53
noninverting amplifier, 67
Preamplifier, 340
Programmable op amp, 404–405
Pulse width modulator, 276–277
definition, 214
for narrow-band filters, 228
value for minimum peaking, 216
for wide-band filters, 228
Quadrants, multiplier, 414
R2R ladder D/A converter, 347–349
in A/D converter, 353–357
integrator circuit, 324–325
in VCO, 180–182
common-mode, 20
Relative magnitude rule, 402
in peak detector, 318
switching versus linear regulators, 278
Sample-and-hold, 340–341
acquisition time, 341
aperture time, 341
droop rate, 341
hold command, 340–341
sampling rate, 341
track command, 340–341
SAR, 358
Saturation voltage, 25
Sawtooth wave generator, 208
Scale factor, multiplier, 413–414
Series voltage regulator, 256–265
design, 259–265
numerical analysis, 258–259
operation, 256–258
schematic, 256
Shunt voltage regulator, 265–274
design, 269–274
numerical analysis, 266–269
operation, 265–266
schematic, 266
Sign changing circuit, 377–380
design, 378–380
operation, 377
schematic, 378
Single-supply amplifiers, 416–422
Slew rate, 392–393
definition, 16
digital-to-analog conversion, 343–344
effect on clamper, 312–313
effect on integrator, 325
effects on comparator, 135–136
ideal, 16
limiting frequency, 22
Square root circuit, 416
Squaring circuit, 416
amplifiers, 397–398
differentiator, 331
gain margin, 402–403
phase margin, 402–403
Subtractor, 366–370
design, 368–370
numerical analysis, 367–368
operation, 366–367
schematic, 366
Successive approximation A/D, 357–359
Summing amplifier. See Amplifier
Superposition Theorem, 12–13
Switching voltage regulator, 275–279
classes, 278–279
versus linear, 276–278
principles, 275–276
response time, 278
schematic, 277
drift, 390
effects on bias current, 443
definition, 469
equation, 469
relationship to derating factors, 471
required for heat sink, 471
table of, 470
Thevenin’s Theorem, 9–11
Trace inductance, 27–29
Tracking A/D converter, 351–353
MC1741, 429
MC1741SC, 446
voltage regulator, 278
Transient suppressor, 285
current limiting, 280–283
current mirror, 420–421
MJE1103, 431–432
MPF102, 457
2N2222, 434–440
2N3440, 465–468
as logarithmic element, 410–412
pass, 256
as switch, 353–354
switching regulator, 275–276
thermal calculations, 469–473
Triangle-wave generator. See Oscillator
active filters, 246
amplifier circuits, 130–132
arithmetic circuits, 380–381
oscillator circuits, 209–210
power supply circuits, 286–288
procedure, 130–131
observation, 130
resistance measurements, 131
signal injection/tracing, 131
signal processing circuits, 336
voltage comparators, 170–171
voltage measurements, 131
definition, 41
fundamentals, 134
schematic, 150
affected by frequency, 62
ideal value, 41
high-frequency drops, 27–29
multiple sources, 12–13
negative threshold, 141–142
positive threshold, 141–142
reference, 251–256
fundamentals, 248–256
purpose, 248
zener, 154–155
saturation, 44
definition, 25
between two points, 8–9
unregulated source, 248
fundamentals, 134
nonideal considerations, 171
used in A/D, 351–359
used in VCO, 181–182
design, 152–155
hysteresis, 151
lower threshold voltage, 150–151
maximum frequency, 151–152
numerical analysis, 149–152
operation, 149
schematic, 150
upper threshold voltage, 150
Voltage comparator with output limiting, 161–170
design, 165–170
hysteresis, 163–164
lower threshold voltage, 163
numerical analysis, 162–165
operation, 161–162
output voltage, 165
schematic, 161
upper threshold voltage, 162–163
zener currents, 164
Voltage-controlled oscillator, 180–193
design, 186–193
frequency, 186
numerical analysis, 182–186
operation, 180–182
schematic, 181
Voltage divider equation, 47–48
Voltage follower amplifier. See Amplifier
general, 36–37
large signal, 19
noninverting amplifier, 58–61
MC1741, 428
MC1741SC, 445
versus supply voltage (MC1741), 429
design, 252–256
operation, 251–252
fundamentals, 248–256
line, 250
load, 251
references, 251–256
design, 259–265
numerical analysis, 258–259
operation, 256–258
output current, 258–259
output voltage, 258
schematic, 256
design, 269–274
numerical analysis, 266–269
operation, 265–266
output current, 268
output voltage, 267
schematic, 266
classes, 278–279
fundamentals, 275–276
types, 249
Weighted D/A converter, 344–347
Window voltage comparator, 156–161
design, 158–161
numerical analysis, 156–158
operation, 156
output voltage, 157–158
reference voltages, 157
schematic, 156
1N4728–1N4764, 459–463
1N5221–1N5281, 449–454
Zener diode tester, 118
Zero-crossing detector, 135–140
design, 137–140
input current, 137
input impedance, 137
numerical analysis, 136–137
operation, 135–136
output voltage, 137
schematic, 135
Zero-crossing detector with hysteresis, 141–149
design, 145–149
hysteresis, 143–144
lower threshold voltage, 143
maximum frequency, 144–145
noise immunity, 142
numerical analysis, 142–145
operation, 141–142
schematic, 141
upper threshold voltage, 143
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