Contents

Preface

1 Sound and Numbers

Physics of Sound

Sound Pressure Level

Harmonics

Digital Basics

Number Systems

Binary Number System

Binary Codes

Weighted Binary Codes

Unweighted Binary Codes

Two’s Complement

Boolean Algebra

Analog versus Digital

2 Fundamentals of Digital Audio

Discrete Time Sampling

The Sampling Theorem

Nyquist Frequency

Aliasing

Quantization

Signal-to-Error Ratio

Quantization Error

Other Architectures

Dither

Types of Dither

Summary

Postscript

3 Digital Audio Recording

Pulse-Code Modulation

Dither Generator

Input Lowpass Filter

Sample-and-Hold Circuit

Analog-to-Digital Converter

Successive Approximation A/D Converter

Oversampling A/D Converter

Record Processing

Channel Codes

Simple Codes

Group Codes

Code Applications

4 Digital Audio Reproduction

Reproduction Processing

Digital-to-Analog Converter

Weighted-Resistor Digital-to-Analog Converter

R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter

Zero-Cross Distortion

High-Bit D/A Conversion

Output Sample-and-Hold Circuit

Output Lowpass Filter

Impulse Response

Digital Filters

FIR Oversampling Filter

Noise Shaping

Output Processing

Alternate Coding Architectures

Floating-Point Systems

Block Floating-Point Systems

Nonuniform Companding Systems

m-Law and A-Law Companding

Differential PCM Systems

Predictive Differential Coding

Delta Modulation

Adaptive Delta Modulation

Companded Predictive Delta Modulation

Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation

Timebase Correction

Jitter

Eye Pattern

Interface Jitter and Sampling Jitter

Jitter in Mechanical Storage Media

Jitter in Data Transmission

Jitter in Converters

5 Error Correction

Sources of Errors

Quantifying Errors

Objectives of Error Correction

Error Detection

Single-Bit Parity

ISBN

Cyclic Redundancy Check Code

Error-Correction Codes

Block Codes

Hamming Codes

Convolutional Codes

Interleaving

Cross-Interleaving

Reed–Solomon Codes

Cross-Interleave Reed–Solomon Code (CIRC)

CIRC Performance Criteria

Product Codes

Error Concealment

Interpolation

Muting

Duplication

6 Optical Disc Media

Optical Phenomena

Diffraction

Resolution of Optical Systems

Polarization

Design of Optical Media

Nonerasable Optical Media

Read-Only Optical Storage

Write-Once Optical Recording

Erasable Optical Media

Magneto-Optical Recording

Phase-Change Optical Recording

Dye-Polymer Erasable Optical Recording

Digital Audio for Theatrical Film

7 Compact Disc

Development

Overview

Disc Design

Disc Optical Specification

Data Encoding

Player Optical Design

Optical Pickup

Autofocus Design

Autotracking Design

One-Beam Pickup

Pickup Control

Player Electrical Design

EFM Demodulation

Error Detection and Correction

Output Processing

Subcode

Disc Manufacturing

Premastering

Disc Mastering

Electroforming

Disc Replication

Alternative CD Formats

CD-ROM

CD-R

CD-RW

CD-MO

CD-i

Photo CD

CD + G and CD + MIDI

CD-3

Video CD

Super Audio CD

Disc Design

DSD Modulation

DST Lossless Coding

Player Design

8 DVD

Development and Overview

Disc Design

Disc Optical Specification

Disc Manufacturing and Playback

Optical Playback

Data Coding

Reed–Solomon Product Code

EFMPlus Modulation

Universal Disc Format (UDF) Bridge

DVD-Video

DVD-Video Video Coding

DVD-Video Audio Coding

DVD-Video Playback Features

DVD-Video Authoring

DVD-Video Developer’s Summary

DVD-Audio

DVD-Audio Coding and Channel Options

DVD-Audio Disc Contents

DVD-Audio Developer’s Summary

Alternative DVD Formats

DVD-ROM

DVD-R and DVD + R

DVD-RW and DVD + RW

DVD-RAM

DVD Content Protection

DVD-Video Copy Protection

DVD-Audio Copy Protection

Content Protection for Recordable Media

Secure Digital Transmission

DVD Watermarking

HD DVD

9 Blu-ray

Development and Overview

Disc Capacity

BD-ROM Player Profiles

Disc Design

Disc Optical Specification

Optical Pickup Design

Disc Manufacturing

BD-ROM Specifications

Audio Codecs

Video Codecs

Modulation and Error Correction

Audio-Video Stream Format and Directory

Blu-ray UDF File System

HDMV and BD-J Application Programming Modes

Blu-ray 3D

Region Playback Code

Content Protection

Blu-ray Recordable Formats

AVCHD Format

10 Low Bit-Rate Coding: Theory and Evaluation

Perceptual Coding

Psychoacoustics

Physiology of the Human Ear and Critical Bands

Threshold of Hearing and Masking

Temporal Masking

Psychoacoustic Models

Spreading Function

Tonality

Rationale for Perceptual Coding

Perceptual Coding in Time and Frequency

Subband Coding

Transform Coding

Filter Banks

Quadrature Mirror Filters

Hybrid Filters

Polyphase Filters

MDCT

Multichannel Coding

Tandem Codecs

Spectral Band Replication

Perceptual Coding Performance Evaluation

Critical Listening

Listening Test Methodologies and Standards

Listening Test Statistical Evaluation

Lossless Data Compression

Entropy Coding

Audio Data Compression

11 Low Bit-Rate Coding: Codec Design

Early Codecs

MPEG-1 Audio Standard

MPEG Bitstream Format

MPEG-1 Layer I

Example of MPEG-1 Layer I Implementation

MPEG-1 Layer II

MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)

MP3 Bit Allocation and Huffman Coding

MP3 Stereo Coding

MP3 Decoder Optimization

MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 1

MPEG-1 Psychoacoustic Model 2

MPEG-2 Audio Standard

MPEG-2 AAC

AAC Main Profile

AAC Allocation Loops

AAC Temporal Noise Shaping

AAC Techniques and Performance

ATRAC Codec

Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) Codec

AC-3 (Dolby Digital) Codec

AC-3 Overview

AC-3 Theory of Operation

AC-3 Exponent Strategies and Bit Allocation

AC-3 Multichannel Coding

AC-3 Bitstream and Decoder

AC-3 Applications and Extensions

DTS Codec

Meridian Lossless Packing

12 Speech Coding for Transmission

Speech Coding Criteria and Overview

Waveform Coding and Source Coding

Human Speech

Source-Filter Model

Channel, Formant, and Sinusoidal Codecs

Predictive Speech Coding

Linear Predictive Coding

Code Excited Linear Prediction

CELP Encoder and Decoder

CELP Codebooks

Vector Quantization

Examples of CELP Codecs

Scalable Speech Coding

G.729.1 and MPEG-4 Scalable Codecs

Bandwidth Extension

Echo Cancellation

Voice Activity Detection

Variable Bit Rate

Speech Recognition

Speex Codec

Quantifying Performance of Speech Codecs

Speech Coding Standards

13 Audio Interconnection

Audio Interfaces

SDIF-2 Interconnection

AES3 (AES/EBU) Professional Interface

AES3 Frame Structure

AES3 Channel Status Block

AES3 Implementation

AES10 (MADI) Multichannel Interface

S/PDIF Consumer Interconnection

Serial Copy Management System

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

AES11 Digital Audio Reference Signal

AES18 User Data Channels

AES24 Control of Audio Devices

Sample Rate Converters

Fiber-Optic Cable Interconnection

Fiber-Optic Cable

Connection and Installation

Design Example

14 Personal Computer Audio

PC Buses and Interfaces

IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP)

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Sound Card and Motherboard Audio

Music Synthesis

Surround Sound Processing

Audio Codec ’97 (AC ’97)

High Definition Audio (HD Audio)

Windows DirectX API

MMX

File Formats

WAV and BWF

MP3, AIFF, QuickTime, and Other File Formats

Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI)

Advanced Authoring Format (AAF)

Material eXchange Format (MXF)

AES31

Digital Audio Extraction

Flash Memory

Hard-Disk Drives

Magnetic Recording

Hard-Disk Design

Digital Audio Workstations

Audio Software Applications

Professional Applications

Audio for Video Workstations

15 Telecommunications and Internet Audio

Telephone Services

ISDN

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Cellular Telecommunications

Networks and File Transfers

Ethernet

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Bluetooth

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi)

MediaNet

Internet Audio

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Digital Rights Management

Audio Encryption

Audio Watermarking

Audio Fingerprinting

Streaming Audio

G2 Music Codec for Streaming

Audio Webcasting

MPEG-4 Audio Standard

MPEG-4 Interactivity

MPEG-4 Audio Coding

MPEG-4 Versions

MPEG-4 Coding Tools

MPEG-7 Standard

16 Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting

Satellite Communication

Direct Broadcast Satellites

Digital Audio Radio

Digital Audio Transmission

Spectral Space

Data Reduction

Technical Considerations

Eureka 147 Wideband Digital Radio

In-Band Digital Radio

HD Radio

HD Radio FM-IBOC

HD Radio AM-IBOC

Direct Satellite Radio

Sirius XM Radio

Digital Television (DTV)

DTV and ATSC Overview

Video Data Reduction

MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Coding

MPEG-1 Video Standard

MPEG-2 Video Standard

ATSC Digital Television

ATSC Display Formats and Specification

DTV Implementation

17 Digital Signal Processing

Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing

DSP Applications

Discrete Systems

Linearity and Time-Invariance

Impulse Response and Convolution

Complex Numbers

Mathematical Transforms

Unit Circle and Region of Convergence

Poles and Zeros

DSP Elements

Digital Filters

FIR Filters

IIR Filters

Filter Applications

Sources of Errors and Digital Dither

DSP Integrated Circuits

Processor Architecture

Fixed Point and Floating Point

DSP Programming

Filter Programming

Texas Instruments Code

Motorola Code

Analog Devices SHARC Code

Specialized DSP Applications

Digital Delay Effects

Digital Reverberation

Digital Mixing Consoles

Loudspeaker Correction

Noise Removal

18 Sigma-Delta Conversion and Noise Shaping

Sigma-Delta Conversion

Delta Modulation

Sigma-Delta Modulation

Analysis of a First-Order Sigma-Delta Modulator

Higher-Order Noise Shaping

Idle Tones and Limit Cycles

One-Bit D/A Conversion with Second-Order Noise Shaping

Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Third-Order Noise Shaping

Multi-Bit D/A Conversion with Quasi Fourth-Order Noise Shaping

Sigma-Delta A/D Conversion

Digital Filtering and Decimation

Sigma-Delta A/D Converter Chip

Sigma-Delta D/A Converter Chip

Sigma-Delta A/D–D/A Converter Chip

Noise Shaping of Nonoversampling Quantization Error

Psychoacoustically Optimized Noise Shaping

Buried Data Technique

Appendix The Sampling Theorem

Bibliography

Index