If you wish to package component types that are only available in subscriber orgs of certain editions, you can choose to include these in extension packages. For example, you may wish to support the Professional Edition, which does not support record types. In this case, create an Enterprise Edition extension package (as outlined above) for your application's functionality, which leverages the functionality from this edition.
Note that you will need multiple scratch org configurations and partner testing orgs for each combination of features that you utilize in this way to effectively test the configuration options or installation options that your application requires.