Chapter 1
1. “Deliverance from Deliverables,” Hollywood Reporter, May 25, 2010.
2. Avatar estimates, “Delivery from Deliverables, Hollywood Reporter, May 25, 2010.
3. Motion Picture Association of America Theatrical Market Statistics: Worldwide Box Office Reaches Historic High, www.mpaa.org/researchstatistics.asp; Motion Picture Theater Industry Statistics 1965–1999, 5th edition, Cambridge University Press, 2001, by Harold Vogel, Chapter 2, “Movie Macroeconomics, Entertainment Industry Economics.”
34. “Around the World in One Movie: Film Financing’s Global Future,” New York Times, December 5, 2011, by Nicholas Kulish and Michael Cieply.
5. Regarding Life of Pi, Box Office Mojo reports foreign box office representing 80.3 percent as of March 4, 2013, after the picture’s Oscar bump and near the end of its run, having debuted in November 2012; see www.boxofficemojo.com.
6. The Da Vinci Code’s International box office as a percentage of the worldwide total of 71.3 percent, pursuant to www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world.
7. “Summer Movies: End of the World as We Know it?” Wall Street Journal (Market Watch), May 4, 2012, by Russ Britt.
8. “Hollywood Studios Fined for Price Fixing,” Variety, May 11, 2006.
9. “Studio 3 Networks Announces Epix, the New Brand in Consumer Entertainment,” Reuters, January 27, 2009.
10. Based on information from MPAA Theatrical Market Statistics, 2012. Rentrak Corporation – Box Office Essentials.
11. “Movies Try to Escape Cultural Irrelevance,” New York Times, October 28, 2012, by Michael Cieply.
12. “Label-It Is,” Variety, March 19–25, 2007.
13. “Label-It Is,” Variety, March 19–25, 2007.
14. www.mpaa.org/researchstatistics; the MPAA has not publicly updated these figures, but SNL Kagan estimates the average negative cost of a major studio motion picture was $72.4 million in 2010 and $66.6 million in 2011—see also Chapter 4 (data provided by SNL Kagan, a division of SNL Financial).
15. “White-Knuckle Summer,” Variety, January 22–28, 2007.
16. Hit & Run, Simon & Schuster, 1996, by Nancy Griffin and Kim Masters.
17. “The Economics of Awful Blockbuster Movies,” The Atlantic, July 11, 2013, by Derek Thompson. Highlighting the top 25 films by US/Canada Box Office earned in 2012 citing source: Rentrak Corporation, Box office Essentials, CARA (Rating).
18. “Gauls Digital Dilemma,” Variety, October 13, 2012, by Elsa Kislassey.
19. “Movie Biz on the ‘Bubble’—‘Bubble’ Triple Bow Biz Inconclusive,” Variety, January 30, 2006.
20. “Window Treatments,” Variety, March 1, 2006.
21. “Comcast and IFC to Offer On-Demand Day-and-Date Premieres of Independent Theatrical Films,” Comcast press release, February 28, 2006.
22. “Sundance 2012: The Day-and-Date Success Story of Margin Call,” Hollywood Reporter, January 18, 2012, by Daniel Miller.
23. “Morgan Freeman Movie Might be Coming to a PC Near You,” USA Today, February 8, 2006.
24. “European Movie Chains Boycott Major Releases,” Arts Technica, February 6, 2007; “British Exhibitors Shut Museum—Fox Punished for Breaking Window,” Variety, February 1, 2007.
25. “Universal Aborts Tower Heist VOD Plan,” Variety, October 12, 2011, by Josh L. Dickey and Andrew Stewart.
26. “Universal Drops Early Video-on-Demand Plan for Tower Heist,” Los Angeles Times, October 13, 2011, by Richard Verrier.
Chapter 2
1. Adventures in the Screen Trade, Warner Books, 1983, by William Goldman.
2. “How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity,” Harvard Business Review, September 2008, by Ed Catmull.
3. “NBC Pulls the Plug on Quarterlife,” Variety, February 28, 2008.
4. “ABC Gives Web Moms a Chance at the Tube,” Business Insider, Silicon Valley Insider, May 19, 2008, by Michael Leamonth.
5. “Drunk History Web Series Heads to TV With Presentation Order by Comedy Central; Will Ferrell and Adam McKay to Produce,” Deadline TV, April 5, 2012, by Nellie Andreeva.
6. “Comedy Central Picks Up Tiny Apartment Pilot Based on Web Series,” Deadline, July 25, 2012, by Nellie Andreeva, www.deadline.com/2012/07/comedy-central-picks-up-tiny-apartment-pilot-based-on-web-series.
7. “Nickelodeon Confirms Fred Series, Picks Up Pilot, Sets Premiere for How to Rock,” Deadline, January 14, 2012, by Nellie Andreeva, www.deadline.com/2012/01/nickelodeon-confirms-fred-series-picks-up-pilot-sets-premiere-for-how-to-rock/.
8. U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 8.
9. Title 17, U.S. Code, § 102.
10. Title 17, U.S. Code, § 106.
11. Title 17, U.S. Code, § 107.
12. “Judge Again Rules for Youtube in Viacom Suit,” The Hollywood Reporter, April 19, 2013, by Eric Gardner.
13. Grokster, p. 10, citing Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, supra, at 442.
14. Grokster, pp. 23–24.
15. Cartoon Network et al. v. CSC Holdings, Inc. and Cablevision Sys. Corp., No. 071480-cv (L) (2d Cir. August 4, 2008), available at www.ca2.uscourts.gov:8080/isysnative/RDpcT3BpbnNcT1BOXDA3LTE0ODAtY3Zfb3BuLnBkZg==/07-1480-cv_opn.pdf#xml=http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov:8080/isysquery/irl7d48/2/hilite; “Second Circuit Reverses Cablevision Case; Hold Remote DVR Service Not Directly Infringing,” Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati client alert, August 2008.
16. “Fox Appeals Ruling on Dish’s AutoHop,” Variety, December 16, 2012, by Ted Johnson.
17. “Google’s Brin, Others Rail Against House Antipiracy Bill,” SNL Financial LC, December 15, 2011, by Kyle Daly; “Tech Titans Fights Hollywood-Backed Antipiracy Bill,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 15, 2011.
18. “E.U. Lawmakers Reject Antipiracy Treaty,” International Herald Tribune, July 5, 2012, by Eric Pfanner.
19. “TV Networks, Aereo Face Off in Court …,” Hollywood Reporter, May 31, 2012, by Eriq Gardner.
20. “Aereo Says People Have a Legal Right to Rabbit Ears and DVRs, Countersues the Big TV Networks,” Venture Beat, March 13, 2012, by Ben Popper.
21. “News Corp. to Take Fox Off Air if Courts Back Aereo,” Bloomberg News, April 9, 2013, by Andy Fixmer.
22. “Now CBS is Threatening to Become a Cable Channel if Aereo isn’t Shut Down,” Venture Beat, April 10, 2013, by Tom Cheredar.
23. “What are Patents, Trademarks, Servicemarks, and Copyrights?”—“What is a Trademark of Servicemark?” www.upsto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
24. “Anti-Piracy”—“Who are They?” www.mpaa.org.
25. “Piracy Data Summary,” 2005, www.mpaa.org/researchstatistics.asp.
26. www.mpaa.org/resources/5a0a212e-c86b-4e9a-abf1-2734a15862cd.pdf.
27. “New Wave of Pirates Plunders Hollywood—Streaming Videos are the Latest Threat,” International Herald Tribune, February 6, 2009, by Brian Stetler and Brand Stone.
28. “The Nerd Who Burned Hollywood,” Hollywood Reporter, May 11, 2012, by Daniel Miller and Matthew Belloni.
29. “Some Pirates are More Equal than Others—New ‘Piracy Continuum’ Splits Offenders into Five Groups,” CommunicAsia, June 18–July 1 issues, by Janine Stein.
30. “Anti-Piracy”—“Piracy and the Law,” www.mpaa.org.
31. EdiMA is an alliance of Internet and new media companies whose members include Amazon EU, Apple, eBay, Expedia, Google, Microsoft, MIH Group, Nokia, Yahoo!, Orange, and others. EdiMA’s members provide Internet and new media platforms offering users a wide range of online services, including the provision of audiovisual content, media, e-commerce, communications, and information/search services. EDiMA represents the interests of the Internet and new media sector in Europe in policymaking, standards development, and industry cooperative activities.
32. www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2012/05/09/hbo-has-only-itself-to-blame-for-record-game-of-thrones-piracy/.
1. U.S. Theatrical Market Statistics, 2007, www.mpaa.org.
2. “A $500 Million Film Ain’t What it Used to Be,” USA Today, January 13, 2006.
3. “White-Knuckle Summer,” Variety, January 22–28, 2007.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_films.
5. “Avatar’s True Cost—and Consequences,” The Wrap, December 3, 2009, by Josh Dickey, citing Adams Media Research by request of The Wrap.
6. “Bebo’s Online Drama Fans in for a Shock,” Guardian, January 16, 2008, by Mark Sweney.
7. Nielsen: State of the Media—Spring 2012, Advertising and Audiences, Part 2: By Demographic, http://nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/reports-downloads/2012-Reports/nielsen-advertising-audiences-report-spring-2012.pdf.
8. “Ratings Service Will Count the Web,” International Herald Tribune, February 23–24, 2013, by Brian Stelter.
9. Creative Industries, Harvard University Press, 2002, by Richard Caves, p. 179.
10. Comparing AP, January 10, 2013, “Box Office Numbers for Oscar Best Picture Nominees,” as reported by Yahoo! News versus Box Office Mojo 2012 Yearly Box Office Results, boxofficemojo.com and http://movies.yahoo.com/news/box-office-numbers-oscar-best-picture-nominees-220520933.html.
11. Creative Industries, Harvard University Press, 2002, by Richard Caves, pp. 178–179.
12. “Uncertainty in the Movie Industry: Does Star Power Reduce the Terror of the Box Office?” Journal of Cultural Economics, 1999, 23: 285–318, by Arthur De Vany and David Walls. © 1999 Kluwer Academics Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
13. “Spielberg Predicts ‘Implosion’ of film Biz,” The Hollywood Reporter, June 13, 2013, by Paul Bond.
14. “Ranger Could Lead to $150 Million Loss For Disney,” July 8, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter, by Pamela McClintock; see also footnote 22, Chapter 4, regarding John Carter.
15. “Slate Debate: Investors Now Get to Pick and Choose,” Variety, February 24, 2012, by Rachel Abrams.
16. “Heavy Hitters Pick Up Slack as Studios Evolve,” Variety, February 24, 2012, by Marc Graser; “Slate Debate: Investors Now Get to Pick and Choose,” Variety, Febraury 24, 2012, by Rachel Abrams; “Fox Extends Film Finance Partnership with Hedge Fund Dune Capital,” Hollywood Reporter, November 29, 2010; “From IndyMac to One West: Steven Mnuchin’s Big Score,” Business Week, March 22, 2012, by Karl Taro Greenfeld; “Jeff Sagansky-Led Film Fund to Invest in Up to 16 Movies,” Los Angeles Times, August 2, 2011; “Film Financier Faces a Critical Juncture,” New York Times, February 3, 2013, by Brooks Barnes and Michael Cieply (article regarding Legendary Entertainment and Thomas Tull); “Universal, Legendary Pair Up in New Five-Year Deal,” Variety, July 16, 2013, by Marc Graser.
17. “Other People’s Money,” International Variety, January 23–26, 2006.
18. “Other People’s Money,” International Variety, January 23–26, 2006.
19. “Defying the Odds, Hedge Funds Bet Billions on Movies,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2006.
20. “Defying the Odds, Hedge Funds Bet Billions on Movies,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2006.
21. “Defying the Odds, Hedge Funds Bet Billions on Movies,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2006.
22. “Legendary Entertainment Nears Raising $250 Million in Financing,” Los Angeles Times, March 28, 2012.
23. “Sea Change at Hollywood Newbie: Poseidon Capsizes Fund,” Variety, May 16, 2006.
24. “Sea Change at Hollywood Newbie: Poseidon Capsizes Fund,” Variety, May 16, 2006.
25. “Sea Change at Hollywood Newbie: Poseidon Capsizes Fund,” Variety, May 16, 2006.
26. “Old Studio Moguls Find New Future in Hedge-Funding Financing,” International Herald Tribune, November 20, 2006.
27. “Slate Debate: Investors Now Get to Pick and Choose,” Variety, February 24, 2012.
28. International Herald Tribune, May 18, 2006.
29. PR Newswire, DreamWorks release, August 26, 2002.
30. “Legendary Seals $700 million in Film Financing,” Financial Times, June 5, 2011, by Matthew Garrahan.
31. “Studio Nabs Lower Interest Rates to Reduce Debt Load and Costs After Box Office Wins for The Hunger Games, Twilight,” Hollywood Reporter, July 12, 2012.
32. “In Boost for Hollywood, Village Roadshow Secures $1 Billion in Financing,” New York Times, May 27, 2010, by Brooks Barnes.
33. “Can Polar Express Make the Grade?” Business Week, October 20, 2004.
34. “As Others Shun Hollywood, FedEx Founder Bets on Movies,” International Herald Tribune, July 22, 2008, by Brooks Barnes.
35. “How Kickstarter Works,” www.kickstarter.com.
36. “Bret Easton Ellis is Using Kickstarter to Finance The Canyons Indie,” Hollywood Reporter, May 4, 2012, by Erin Carlson.
37. “Crowdfunding Sites Launch a Preemptive Strike on Fraud,” Business Week, April 9, 2012, by Karen Klein; “Obama Signs Bill Easing Securities Laws for Start-Up Firms,” Business Week, April 5, 2012, by Phil Mattingly and Roger Runningen.
38. “Around the World in One Movie: Film Financing’s Global Future,” New York Times, December 5, 2011, by Nicholas Kulish and Michael Cieply.
39. “As Lucas Goes Digital, Will He Ditch Hollywood?” Business Week, April 27, 2001, by Ron Grover; “Fox Feels the Force,” Entertainment Weekly, April 17, 1998, by Judy Brennan, www.ew.com.
40. “As Lucas Goes Digital, Will He Ditch Hollywood?” Business Week, April 27, 2001, by Ron Grover.
41. SEC S-1 Filing: The primary result of giving pro forma effect to the Distribution Agreement as of January 1, 2003 is that we recognize revenue net of (i) DreamWorks Studios’ 8.0% distribution fee and (ii) the distribution and marketing costs that DreamWorks Studios incurs for our films, July 21, 2004.
42. “Spielberg Severs Paramount Ties,” International Herald Tribune, October 7, 2008.
43. “DreamWorks in Deal with Universal,” New York Times, October 14, 2008.
44. “DreamWorks and Disney Agree to a Distribution Deal,” New York Times, February 10, 2009, by Brooks Barnes and Michael Cieply.
45. “The Mad Men Economic Miracle,” New York Times, December 4, 2012, by Adam Davdison.
46. www.the-numbers.com/movis/2006; www.abc.net.au/news, November 10, 2006.
47. “International Treaties,” Special Section, Hollywood Reporter, November 20, 2008.
48. “The Hobbit: Should We Have Paid? Majority Back $67 Million in Tax Breaks Given for The Hobbit, as Bank Estimates $1.5 Billion in Revenue Retained,” New Zealand Herald, January 9, 2013, by Issac Davison.
49. “States’ Film Production Incentive Cause Jitters,” New York Times, October 12, 2008.
50. “States’ Film Production Incentive Cause Jitters,” New York Times, October 12, 2008.
51. “States’ Film Production Incentive Cause Jitters,” New York Times, October 12, 2008.
Chapter 4
3. “Movie Theater Deal: When Genius Merged,” Forbes, June 22, 2005; “Movie Theaters of the Absurd,” Forbes, March 2, 2001.
4. “The Phantom of the Megaplex,” CFO, January 1, 2001.
5. “Megaplex Mania,” USA Today, November 17, 2005
6. “The Phantom of the Megaplex,” CFO, January 1, 2001; “Movie Theaters of the Absurd,” Forbes, March 2, 2001; “The Multiplex Under Siege,” Wall Street Journal, December 24–25, 2005.
7. MPAA Theatrical Marketing Statistics, 2012.
8. “Fox Eyes End to 35 mm Film Distribution in U.S.,” Hollywood Reporter, April 25, 2012, by Pamela McClintock.
9. MPAA Theatrical Market Statistics, referencing HIS Screen Digest.
10. “Can This Man Save the Movies? (Again?),” Time, March 20, 2006.
11. “D-Cinema Grows Under Carmike, Christie Pact,” Hollywood Reporter, December 20, 2005.
12. “Hollywood Rebounds at the Box Office,” New York Times, January 23, 2012, by Brooks Barnes; “Box Office Milestone: Daniel Craig’s Skyfall Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide,” Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 2012, by Pamela McClintock; MPAA Theatrical Marketing Statistics, 2012.
13. “3D Day—D’Works Ani Monsters is Biggest Push into New Realm,” Hollywood Reporter, March 25, 2009, by Carl DiOrio.
14. “B.O. Mid-Year Report: What’s Worrying Hollywood,” Hollywood Reporter, July 1, 2012, by Pamela McClintock.
15. “Theaters Slow to Warm to 3D, Dispute Over Upgrades Threatens Hollywood’s Big New Bet,” Los Angeles Times, January 13, 2009, by Brooks Barnes.
16. “3D Day—D’Works Ani Monsters is Biggest Push into New Realm,” Hollywood Reporter, March 25, 2009, by Carl DiOrio; “Strong Monsters Feeds Hollywood’s 3D Hopes,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2009, by Lauren Schulker.
17. Regarding Avatar, “Avatar is New King of the World,” Box Office Mojo, January 26, 2010, by Brandon Gray, noting that, at time of breaking Titanic’s all-time worldwide box office record, “Avatar’s 3D presentations have accounted for 72 percent or $1.35 billion of its total gross. Breaking that down, 3D’s domestic share is 80 percent, and its foreign share is 69 percent.”
18. MPAA Theatrical Market Statistics, Worldwide Digital 3D Screens, referencing HIS Screen Digest.
19. “Box Office Milestone: Daniel Craig’s Skyfall Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide,” Box Office Mojo, as reported by the Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 2012.
20. “Battleship Underwhelms with $25.3 Million Stateside,” Variety, May 20, 2012, by Andrew Stewart.
21. Box Office: Avengers Helps Sink Battleship,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2012, by John Horn.
22. www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=johncarterofmars.htm, May 28, 2012.
23. “Movie Theaters of the Absurd,” Forbes, March 2, 2001.
24. “Apple Turns to Indies to Buoy iTunes Film,” International Herald Tribune, October 24, 2007.
25. “Apple Turns to Indies to Buoy iTunes Film,” International Herald Tribune, October 24, 2007.
26. “Madagascar Downgrades Slow DWA,” Hollywood Reporter, June 1, 2005; four-day opening box office, www.boxofficeguru.com.
27. “MIB3 Opens Biggest, but Doubts Remain,” Hollywood Reporter, May 29, 2012, by Pamela McClintock.
29. “Sith Degrees of Separation,” Variety, May 30, 2005.
30. “Chinese Cinema Firm Bo buy AMC in $2.6 Billion Deal,” Los Angeles Times, May 20, 2012, by Richard Verrier.
31. “China’s Film Market is Proving Tough for Foreign Studios to Crack,” Economist, April 28, 2012.
32. “China B.O. Revenue Hits $2.7 Billion in 2012,” Hollywood Reporter, March 22, 2013, by Pamela McClintock.
33. “China’s Film Market is Proving Tough for Foreign Studios to Crack,” Economist, April 28, 2012.
34. “Foreign Box Office: Titanic 3D Unsinkable No. 1 Overseas After Sensational China Debut,” Hollywood Reporter, April 15, 2012.
35. “China Woos Hollywood Studios with Film Fund,” Associated Press, March 8, 2012, www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/03/08/china-hollywood-film-fund-co-production.html.
36. “Boost for Hollywood Studios as China Agrees to Ease Quota on U.S. Films,” Guardian, February 20, 2012, by Mary Hennock.
37. www.mpaa.org/resources/5bec4ac9-a95e-443b-987b-bff6fb5455a9.pdf.
38. www.mpaa.org/resources/5bec4ac9-a95e-443b-987b-bff6fb5455a9.pdf.
1. “Studios’ Digital Revenue Will Grow 15 Percent a Year,” Video Business, May 20, 2008, by Susanne Ault; “Studios Editing Video Strategy,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2008, by Dawn Chmielewski; 2004 home video sales accounted for 51 percent of studios’ top-line revenues, Kagan Research estimates.
2. www.museum.tv/archives/etv/h/htmlh/homevideo/homevideo.htm.
3. Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios 464 U.S. 417, 104 S. Ct. 774, 78 L.Ed. 2d 574 (1984).
4. “A History of Home Video and Gaming Retailing,” Entertainment Merchant Association, www.entmerch.org/industry_history.html.
5. “A History of Home Video and Gaming Retailing,” Entertainment Merchant Association, www.entmerch.org/industry_history.html.
6. “Lion King Rules at Retail,” Billboard, October 18, 2003.
7. “Finding Nemo DVD/Video Sales Reach 20 Million,” USA Today, November 17, 2003.
8. Communication Technology Update, 11th edition, by August E. Grant and Jennifer H. Meadows, Focal Press, 2008, Chapter 14, “Home Video.”
9. “2004 Video Wrap,” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2005.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_disney_direct-to-video-films.
11. “Scorpion 2 Latest Direct-to-Video Prequel,” Reuters, August 7, 2008.
12. International Herald Tribune, December 31, 2007–January 1, 2008.
13. “Sony Prevails in Format War,” International Herald Tribune, February 20, 2008.
14. “Sony Prevails in Format War,” International Herald Tribune, February 20, 2008.
15. “Consumer Spending on Home Entertainment Up in First Half of 2012,” Hollywood Reporter, July 29, 2012, by Thomas Arnold; “Blu-Ray Grows, but DVD Slide Nips Home Video Sales,” USA Today, January 9, 2012.
16. “For Home Entertainment Releases, a Rare Bright Spot,” New York Times, October 30, 2011, by Michael Cieply.
17. Communications Technology Update, 11th edition, by August E. Grant and Jennifer H. Meadows, Focal Press, 2008, Chapter 14, “Home Video,” p. 197, citing K. Gyimesi (December 19, 2006); “Nielsen Study Shows DVD Players Surpass VCRs,” Nielsen Media Research, retrieved March 12, 2008 from www.nielsenmedia.com.
18. www.entmerch.org/industry_history.html.
19. “Big Green for Shrek Vid,” Mania, November 6, 2001.
20. “Video Slips as DVD Market Matures,” USA Today, January 4, 2006.
21. “Year End Wrap,” Variety, December 26, 2005–January 1, 2006.
22. “Studios Editing Video Strategy,” Los Angeles Times, Business Section, June 16, 2008.
23. “DVD Market Down 5.7 Percent in 2008,” Hollywood Reporter, January 14, 2009, by Georg Szalai.
24. “Year End Review,” Variety, December 26, 2005–January 1, 2006.
25. “How DreamWorks Misjudged DVD Sales of its Monster Hit,” Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2005.
27. “Coinstar: Still Money in the Bank,” Barrons, December 1, 2011, by Andre Bary.
28. “Coinstar: Still Money in the Bank,” Barrons, December 1, 2011, by Andre Bary.
30. “Redbox Agrees to Buy NCR/Blockbuster Kiosks as Revenue Surges,” Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2012.
31. “Redbox to Acquire NCR’s Blockbuster Express for $100 Million, Boast ‘More Locations than McDonald’s And Starbucks Combined’,” Fast Company, February 6, 2012, by Austin Carr, quoting Gary Cohen, SVP marketing and customer experience at Redbox.
32. “Universal Keeps Peace with Redbox, spurning Warner Bros.,” Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2012.
33. “Netflix Delivers 1 Billionth DVD,” Associated Press, February 25, 2007; www.entmerch.org/industry_history.html.
34. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011; “Netflix Recovers Subscribers,” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2012, by Stu Woo and Ian Sherr.
35. $304.17 on July 13, 2011 and $62.37 on November 30, 2011 www.nasdaq.com/symbol/nflx/historical.
36. “Netflix Messes Up,” Economist, September 24, 2011.
37. “Under Fire, Netflix Rewinds DVD Plan,” Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2011, by Stu Woo.
38. “Netflix Recovers Subscribers,” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2012, by Stu Woo and Ian Sherr.
39. “Netflix Recovers Subscribers,” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2012, by Stu Woo and Ian Sherr.
40. “By the Numbers: Netflix Subscribers,” www.news.yahoo.com, July 26, 2013, also referencing The Associated Press, also ir.netflix.com, July 26, 2013.
41. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
42. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
43. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
44. “Netflix Losing Starz Play: Over 1,000 Starz Movies, TV Shows to be Cut,” Huffington Post, February 27, 2012, as told to All Things D.
45. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
46. “Netflix, Disney Sign Deal for Streaming,” Hollywood Reporter, December 5, 2012, by Paul Bond.
47. “Netflix Signs Streaming Deal with Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2013, by John Jannarone and Shalini Ramachandran.
48. “Netflix Messes Up,” Economist, September 24, 2011.
49. “Netflix—Undoing the Mess,” Economist, October 10, 2011.
50. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
51. “Netflix Signs Streaming Deal with Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2013, by John Jannarone and Shalini Ramachandran.
52. http://jobs.netflix.com/jobs.html, Q2 2012.
53. “What’s Driving the Box Office Batty—Hollywood is Pushing Movies to DVD and Video Faster—and Theaters Feels Squeezed,” Business Week, July 11, 2005.
54. “British Exhibitors Shut Museum: Fox Punished for Breaking Window,” Variety, February 1, 2007.
55. “How DreamWorks Misjudged DVD Sales of its Monster Hit,” Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2005.
56. Video Business, Carl DiOrio, June 2, 2005.
57. “Feds Shred Shrek Prove,” Variety, May 5, 2006.
58. “End of the DVD Party? First DreamWorks’ Shrek 2, now Pixar’s The Incredibles. Retailers are Shipping Back Scads of Unsold Copies. A Bad Plot Twist for Tinseltown,” Business Week, July 2, 2005.
Chapter 6
1. FCC’s Review of Broadcast Ownership Rules, as outlined in a Consumer Acts summary on the FCC website, www.fcc.gov/ownership.
2. www.bloomberg.com/news/2012–09–25/nielsen-cuts-u-s-tv-homes-by-500–000-on-census-shift-to-web.html.
3. Comcast Spotlight’s West Regional VP of Integrated Media, Chip Meehan, “On-Demand Summit: Comcast Sets Up for ‘Hockey Stick’ Jump in VOD Advertising,” Multichannel News, June 20, 2012, by Todd Spangler.
4. “State of the Media: Cross-Platform Report,” Nielsen, Quarter 3 2012 (US).
5. “Spike’s ‘Star’ Wattage—Cable Net Pays Up to $70 Million for Six Franchise Pics,” Variety, October 19, 2005, by Denise Martin and John Dempsey.
6. “Nets Share Window on Worlds,” Variety, February 26, 2006.
7. “FX Acquires Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, Mission Impossible,” Broadcasting & Cable, January 5, 2013, by Lindsay Rubino; “FX Acquires 21 Jump Street, The Lorax,” Broadcasting & Cable, March 20, 2012, by Andrea Morabito.
8. Pilot Programs, Museum of Broadcast Communications, www.museum.tv/archives/etv/P/htmlP/pilotprogram/pilotprogram/htp.
9. Pilot Programs, Museum of Broadcast Communications, www.museum.tv/archives/etv/P/htmlP/pilotprogram/pilotprogram/htp.
10. “Focus: 2009–2010 Pilot Season—Back on Auto Pilot,” Hollywood Reporter, March 6, 2009, by Nellie Andreeva.
11. “He Has a Hot TV Series, a New Book—and a Booming Comedy Empire,” Time, September 28, 1987.
12. www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/the-carseywerner-company-llc-company-history.html.
13. “Sopranos and Sex and the City Estimates,” Broadcast & Cable, January 11, 2007.
14. “Office, Earl Land at TBS,” Variety, June 21, 2007.
15. “7-Week Itch: USA Nabs NCIS: LA,” Hollywood Reporter, November 6, 2009, by James Hibberd and Nellie Andreeva.
16. “TNT Acquires Off-Network Rights to Hawaii Five-O,” Hollywood Reporter, April 14, 2011, by Kimberly Nordyke, noting “low-to-mid $2 million range.”
17. “A+E’s Raven Calls Out Rivals in Upfront Speech,” Hollywood Reporter, May 10, 2012, by Marisa Guthrie.
18. “7-Week Itch: USA Nabs NCIS: LA,” Hollywood Reporter, November 6, 2009, by James Hibberd and Nellie Andreeva.
19. “The Good Wife Off-Network Rights Sell to Amazon, Hulu, Hallmark Channel, Broadcast Syndication for Nearly $2 Million an Episode,” Deadline, March 13, 2013, by Nellie Andreeva.
20. “The Good Wife Off-Network Rights Sell to Amazon, Hulu, Hallmark Channel, Broadcast Syndication for Nearly $2 Million an Episode,” Deadline, March 13, 2013, by Nellie Andreeva.
21. www.museum.tv.archives/etv/f/htmlf/financialint/financialint.htm.
22. www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/the-carseywerner-company-llc-company-history.html.
23. “Digital Media Brings Profits (and Tensions) to TV Studios,” New York Times, May 14, 2006.
24. “Cable Hits the Wall,” Variety, July 9–15, 2007.
25. “The Mad Men Economic Miracle,” New York Times, December 4, 2012, by Adam Davidson.
26. “The Mad Men Economic Miracle,” New York Times, December 4, 2012, by Adam Davidson.
27. “Sooner Than Expected, CBS Largely Finishes Upfront Sales,” New York Times, June 7, 2013, by Stuart Elliott.
28. “Turner Wraps Upfront Business—Broadcast Still in Motion,” Adweek, June 19, 2013, by Anthony Crupi.
29. “Nets Face Muddled Metrics—Upfronts Unsettled by Ad Agony,” Variety, April 2–8, 2007.
30. “Even With Record Prices, Expect $10 million Super Bowl Ad.,” Forbes.com, February 2, 2013, by Alex Konrad.
31. Copyrighted information of the Nielsen Company, licensed for use herein.
35. “New Rules Roil the Ad Biz,” Variety, July 9–15, 2007.
36. “Battle Over Dish’s Ad-Skipping Begins as Networks Go to Court,” New York Times, May 24, 2012, by Brian Stelter.
37. “Battle Over Dish’s Ad-Skipping Begins as Networks Go to Court,” New York Times, May 24, 2012, by Brian Stelter.
38. “Fox, CBS, NBC Sue Dish Over Auto Hop,” Hollywood Reporter, May 25, 2012, by Matthew Belloni.
39. “New Rules Roil the Ad Biz,” Variety, July 9–15, 2007.
40. “New Rules Roil the Ad Biz,” Variety, July 9–15, 2007.
41. “A Game-Changing Season,” Ad Age, August 6, 2007, www.mediakid.adage.com.
42. Neilsen: State of the Media—Spring 2012, Advertising & Audiences, Part 1: Primetime by Genre.
43. “Nets Face Muddled Metrics—Upfronts Unsettled by Ad Agony,” Variety, April 2–8, 2007.
44. “Ratings Service Will Count the Web,” International Herald Tribune, February 23, 2012, by Brian Stelter.
45. “As Seen on TV,” Wired, October 2008.
46. “As Seen on TV,” Wired, October 2008.
47. “comScore Releases January 2013 U.S. Online Video Rankings,” comScore, February 21, 2013.
48. “Twitter and Nielsen devise TV ratings,” Financial Times, December 17, 2012, by Emily Steel and Tim Bradshaw.
49. “HBO GO iPad App Gets Interactive Game of Thrones Treatment,” PC Magazine, March 29, 2012, by Mark Hachman.
50. www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2012/05/09/hbo-has-only-itself-to-blame-for-record-game-of-thrones-piracy.
51. “Seeing HBO’s Girls Without Buying Television,” New York Times, May 25, 2012, by Brian Stelter.
52. “NBC Launches Olympics Apps,” Hollywood Reporter, July 13, 2012.
53. Gary Zenkel, president of NBC Olympics, as quoted in “NBC Launches Olympics Apps,” Hollywood Reporter, July 13, 2012.
54. “The Final Numbers Are in … Olympics a Huge Success for NBC,” NBC press release, reproduced in Sports Media Journal, August 13, 2012.
55. “Fox Feeds HBO’s Film Fix,” Variety, July 9, 2007.
56. “Is Netflix Good for Hollywood?” Hollywood Reporter, January 19, 2011.
57. “Netflix, Disney Sign Deal for Streaming,” Hollywood Reporter, December 5, 2012, by Paul Bond.
58. “Amazon and Epix Strike Movie Deal; Netflix Shares Drop,” Reuters, September 4, 2012, by Alistair Barr.
59. “Fox Feeds HBO’s Film Fix,” Variety, July 9, 2007.
60. “Scouring the Vaults,” Variety, October 2–8, 2007.
61. “HBO and the Future of Pay TV: The Winning Streak,” Economist, August 20, 2011.
62. “HBO and the Future of Pay TV: The Winning Streak,” Economist, August 20, 2011.
63. “Netflix to offer $11.99 Family Plan, Beats HBO in Subscribers,” Forbes.com, April 22, 2013.
64. “Pro7 Inks Deal with WBITTV,” Hollywood Reporter, February 23, 2007.
65. “Private Equity Firms Win German TV Bid,” International Herald Tribune, December 15, 2006.
66. “FT-Orange Lures Auds to Pay TV,” Variety, March 4, 2009.
67. “France’s Competition Authority Approves Canal Plus Takeovers with Restrictions,” Hollywood Reporter, July 23, 2012, by Rebecca Leffler.
68. “Encyclopedia of Company Histories: TaurusHolding GMbH & Co. KG.,” www.answers.com/topic/taurusholding-gmbh-co-kg.
69. “Kirch Creditors Line Up for First Payments,” Hollywood Reporter, January 23, 2007.
70. “How the Mighty Fall,” Time, April 15, 2002.
71. European Cover Story, “The Fall of Leo Kirch,” Business Week, March 11, 2002.
72. “How the Mighty Fall,” Time, April 15, 2002.
73. European Cover Story, “The Cartoon King,” Business Week, May 10, 1999.
74. International Edition Cover Story, Business Week, May 10, 1999.
75. “German Firm to Buy Henson for $680 Million,” Los Angeles Times, February 22, 2000.
76. “Zounds! EM.TV Slips on Ice (International Edition),” Business Week, November 6, 2000.
77. European Cover Story, “The Fall of Leo Kirch,” Business Week, March 11, 2002.
78. “Private Equity Firms Win German TV Bid,” International Herald Tribune, December 15, 2006.
Chapter 7
1. “At Stake in Viacom vs. Google Lawsuit: Future of Media—Defining Ownership in an Age of Fluid Content,” Ad Age, March 18, 2007, by Abbey Klaassen.
2. “The Nerd Who Burned Hollywood,” Hollywood Reporter, May 11, 2012, by David Milles and Matthew Belloni.
3. “Four Guilty in Web Piracy Case,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 2009.
4. “Internet to Revolutionize TV in Five Years,” Reuters, via Yahoo! News, January 27, 2007.
5. “U.K. Commission Confirms BSkyB Has No Material Advantage in Pay TV Movies,” Hollywood Reporter, August 2, 2012.
6. “Digital Giants Go TV Shopping,” Televisual, August 2012, by Tim Dams.
7. “Netflix Monthly Viewing Tops 1 Billion Hours,” Hollywood Reporter, July 5, 2012, by Sophie A. Schillaci.
8. “Netflix’s Arrested Development to Run Just One Season,” Wall Street Journal, February 25, 2013, by Greg Bensinger.
9. “Digital Giants,” Televisual, August 2012, Digital Video-on-Demand section, by Tim Dams; article notes that Netflix was originally committing roughly 5 percent of its overall content budget to original series.
10. “‘Arrested Development’ A Bust? Netflix Laughs Off the Critics”, CNET News May 30, 2013, by Joan E. Solsman.
11. “Netflix Seals Deal for Original Series,” Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2011, by Nick Wingfield and Sam Schechner.
12. “Emmys 2013: Netflix Scores Big, But HBO remains the Player to Beat,” LA Times, July 18, 2013, by Susan King and Rene Lynch.
13. New York Times, February 5, 2013, by Brian Stelter.
14. “Does the House of Cards All-You-Can-Eat Buffet Spoil Social Viewing?” New York Times, February 5, 2013, by Brian Stelter.
15. “YouTube Goes Professional,” Wall Street Journal, October 4, 2011, by Amir Efrati.
16. “A New YouTube, Herding the Funny Cats,” New York Times, December 13, 2011, by Mike Hale.
17. “YouTube Tees Up Big Talent,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2011, by Amir Efrati and Lauren A.E. Schuker.
18. “YouTube Tees Up Big Talent,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2011, by Amir Efrati and Lauren A.E. Schuker.
19. YouTube/Google press release, May 2, 2012.
20. YouTube/Google press release, May 2, 2012.
21. “YouTube Original Programming: Europe Gets More than 60 New Professional Channels,” Associated Press, as reposted via the Huffington Post, October 8, 2012, by Raphael Satter.
22. “Digital Giants,” Televisual, August 2012.
23. “Hulu, the Online TV Site, Adds Original Programs,” New York Times, April 17, 2012.
24. “Digital Giants Go TV Shopping,” Televisual, 2012.
25. “Hulu Upfronts Present Shows by Morgan Spurlock, Richard Linklater, Seth Myers,” Deadline, April 19, 2012.
26. “Hulu Debuts Previews of its 2013 Original Programming and Exclusive Series,” Techcrunch, January 8, 2013, by Sarah Perez.
27. “Canceled Soaps All My Children and One Life to Live Coming Back from the Dead on Hulu, iTunes,” Techcrunch, January 25, 2013.
28. “Hulu, the Online TV Site, Adds Original Programs,” New York Times, April 17, 2012.
29. “Amazon Looks to Produce TV Comedies, Kids’ Shows,” Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2012, by Stu Woo.
30. “Amazon Studios Opens Door to TV: Net Retailer Calls for Submissions of Comedy, Kidvid Pilot Scripts,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 2012, by Andrew Wallenstein.
31. “Networks Feel Heat as Unexpected Rivals Pursue Internet TV,” International Herald Tribune, March 6, 2013, by Brian Stelter.
32. “Amazon to Produce 6 Original Comedy Series Pilots, Viewers Decide Which Shows Survive,” Techcrunch, January 12, 2012, by Jordan Crook.
33. “Amazon Invests in Original Shows, Taking on Netflix and TV,” USA Today, January 20, 2012, by Julia Boorstin.
34. “Prime Instant Video to be the Exclusive Subscription Streaming Home for Carnival/Masterpiece Coproduction Downton Abbey on PBS,” Amazon press release, as confirmed on February 1, 2013, www.amazon.com/pr.
35. “Netflix Shows Take a Hit from Disappointing ‘Arresting Development’ Reviews,” Forbes.com, May 29, 2013, by Abram Brown.
36. “TV Forsees its Future. Netflix is There,” The New York Times, July 21, 2013, by David Carr; also, “Emmys 2013: Netflix Scores Big, But HBO Remains the Player to Beat,” LA Times, July 18, 2013, by Susan King and Rene Lynch.
37. “Katie Couric Goes Digital with Weekly ABC News Series for Yahoo,” Deadline, April 25, 2012.
38. “AOL Launches AOL On Network, Announces Seven New Shows,” Deadline, April 24, 2012.
39. “AOL Launches AOL On Network, Announces Seven New Shows,” Deadline, April 24, 2012.
40. “Albie Hecht Keeps an Eye on Web—Spike TV Founder Balances New and Old Media,” Variety, May 1, 2009, by Dade Hayes; “The Hollywood Treatment,” Wired, August 2008.
41. Sales reportedly tripled from the prior year, with Anthony Wood claiming sales of upwards of 1.5 million units, and even hinting at a potential public offering; “Apple TV Rival Roku Plans IPO,” C21 Media, March 8, 2012.
42. “Samsung Acquires Boxee for $30 million (confirmed),” Venturebeat.com, July 3, 2013, by Tom Cheredar.
43. www.boxee.tv, 2011.
44. “Boxee to Remove PC Application from its Website,” Venture Beat, January 31, 2012, http://venturebeat.com/2012/01/31/boxee-pc-app.
45. “Why Chromecast May be Google’s Game-changer,” CNN.com, July 25, 2013, by Doug Gross.
46. “Microsoft Reveals Xbox 360 Sales to Date—66 Million Sold Worldwide,” IGN, January 10, 2012, by Andrew Goldfarb, describing CES press conference during which Microsoft revealed more than 40 million subscribers to Xbox Live; “PSN Now Boasts 90 Million Registered Users Worldwide,” Games Thirst, March 7, 2012, by Ernice Gilbert, quoting Sony’s Ted Regulski, manager SCEA developer relations at GDC. (Note: Individuals can have multiple registrations.)
47. “XBox Aims to Bow First Original Series Within the Year,” www.adweek.com, February 11, 2013, by Tim Peterson.
48. Ibid.
49. “Nielsen Three-Screen Report,” Nielsen, May 2008.
50. “Cross-Platform Report: How We Watch from Screen to Screen,” Nielsen, May 3, 2012.
51. “Tablet PC Market Forecast to Surpass Notebooks in 2013, NPD DisplaySearch Reports,” PRWeb, January 7, 2013.
52. “Kindle Fire: If Each Amazon Tablet Generates $3 per Month in Digital Sales, that’s 20 Percent Profit,” Venture Beat, January 16, 2013, by Josh Koetsier.
53. “Apple’s Revolutionary App Store Downloads Top One Billion in Just Nine Months,” Apple press release, April 29, 2009.
54. “App Store Tops 40 Billion Downloads with Almost Half in 2012,” Apple press release, January 7, 2013.
55. “As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part is Making a Living,” New York Times, November 17, 2012, by David Streitfeld.
56. “As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part is Making a Living,” New York Times, November 17, 2012, by David Streitfeld.
57. “Nielsen Cuts 500,000 U.S. TV Homes on Census, Web Viewing,” Bloomberg, September 25, 2012, by Andy Fixmer.
58. “Ownership of TV Sets Falls in U.S.,” New York Times, May 3, 2011, by Brian Stelter.
59. °On Traditional TV includes live usage plus any playback viewing within the measurement period. Time-shifted TV is playback primarily on a DVR but includes playback from VOD, DVD recorders, server-based DVRs, and services such as Start Over. In response to these services’ continued growth, for Q2 2012 forward, this report will no longer feature the “only in homes with DVRs,” which was limited to physical DVR presence.
On Traditional TV reach includes those viewing at least one minute within the measurement period. This includes live viewing plus any playback within the measurement period. Q3 2012 television data is based on the following measurement interval: July 2, 2012–September 30, 2012. As of February 2011, DVR Playback has been incorporated into the persons using television (PUT) statistic.
°°In response to client requests for the ability to recreate the quintiles of time spent, from Q2 2011 forward the production of the underlying data for Tables 8a, 8b, and 8c has been fully migrated to the NPOWER system. In addition to allowing clients that subscribe to the Nielsen Cross-Platform Service to generate these and associated reports, it also incorporates production sample weighting (detailed in Chapter 3 of the National Reference Supplement) and universe projections.
Beginning in Q3 2011, average daily minutes statistics are calculated by averaging the total minutes from all persons in the quintile including nonusers. Q1 and Q2 2011 reports averaged the total minutes from users only.
* In July 2011 an improved hybrid methodology was introduced in Nielsen’s NetView and VideoCensus product. This methodology combines a census level accounting of page views and video streams where Nielsen measurement tags have been deployed in order to project audience and behavior to the full universe of all Internet users. For VideoCensus, the portion of the total video streams calibrated by census data, previously allocated to Home/Work computers, are now allocated to other devices and locations such as smartphones and viewing outside of home and work. This change affects both “Watching Video on the Internet” and “Using the Internet” figures. Beginning in Q1 2012, Cross-Platform metrics are derived from new hybrid panel. Year over year trends are available beginning in Q3 2012. Data are trendable within this version of the report, but not to previous quarters’ published editions.
Hours:minutes for Internet and video use are based on the universe of persons who used the Internet/watched online video. All Internet figures are weekly or monthly averages over the course of the quarter. All “Using the Internet on a Computer” metrics are derived from Nielsen NetView product, while all “Watching Video on the Internet” metrics are derived from Nielsen VideoCensus product. ^ Watching video on the Internet is a subset of Using the Internet on a computer.
^ Mobile video user projection, time spent and composition data are based on survey analysis of past 30 day use during the period. The mobile video audience figures in this report include mobile phone users (aged 13+) who access mobile video through any means (including mobile Web, subscription based, downloads and applications). Beginning in Q1 2012, data reflect enhanced methodology for calculating the Total Minutes spent watching video on a mobile phone. Historically, distributions of key variables (# sessions and # minutes per session) were skewed, warranting the use of the median as the measure of central tendency: Total Minutes = (median # sessions) × (median # minutes). Current analyses of the distributions indicate that the variable # minutes per session fits a more normal distribution and justifies the use of the mean as the measure of central tendency. The current calculation reflects a truer metric of average time spent watching video on a mobile phone: Total Minutes = (median # sessions) × (mean # minutes). All previous quarter/year metrics have been recalculated with new methodology. Data are trendable within this version of the report, but not to previous quarters’ published editions.
For Q2 2012, mobile data contained in table 2 are for June 2012 only. A SPECIAL NOTE ON INTERNET AUDIENCES
+ Due to the release of the Chrome browser v.19 in May 2012, some Nielsen NetView data for a small number of sites that have extensive use of HTTPS are underreported for May and June 2012. A solution has been implemented for July 2012 reporting. This affects the “Using the Internet on a Computer” and “Internet” time spent figures provided in this report for current quarter data.
Yahoo! Mail and Yahoo! page view and duration data shows an artificial decrease for May–November 2011 and do not reflect the actual activity on these sites. This was corrected with December 2011 forward reporting. This affects the “Using the Internet on a Computer” and “Internet” time spent figures provided in this report for previous year data.
Due to a change in the type of call used behind Facebook’s AJAX interface, Nielsen NetView data for Facebook page views and duration were under-reported for June and July 2011. This was corrected with August-forward reporting. This affects the “Using the Internet on a Computer” and “Internet” time spent figures provided in this report for previous year data.
¤ May 2012 volume metrics were affected for two YouTube channel entities. As of June 2012, YouTube Partner reporting became available through Nielsen VideoCensus featuring May 2012 data. YouTube Partner data are reported as individual channels under the YouTube brand in Nielsen VideoCensus. Data for each YouTube partner are aggregated across two entity levels, the broadest as Nielsen VideoCensus channel entity and the more granular being Nielsen VideoCensus client-defined entity. This affects the “Watching Video on the Internet” and “Stream” numbers in this report for current quarter data.
Due to a change in the format of Netflix stream URLs, streaming for the Netflix brand was not reported in the April and May 2011 VideoCensus reports. This was corrected with June-forward reporting. This affects the “Watching Video on the Internet” and “Stream” figures in this report for previous year data.
60. “Netflix Hits 30 Million Members After Q3 Subscriber Growth ‘Forecasting Error’,” Techcrunch, October 25, 2012, by Darrell Etherington, quoting Reed Hastings Facebook posting.
61. “Scripps Networks Interactive’s Popular Lifestyle Shows from HGTV, DIY Network, Food Network, Cooking Channel, and Travel Channel Coming to Prime Instant Video and Amazon Instant Video,” Amazon press release, February 28, 2013.
62. “Netflix Signs Streaming Deal with Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2013, by John Jannarone and Shalini Ramachandran.
63. “One Million Xbox Live Members Download and Activate Netflix on Xbox 360,” Joint Microsoft and Netflix press release, February 5, 2009.
64. “Netflix Signs Streaming Deal with Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2013, by John Jannarone and Shalini Ramachandran.
65. “Less is More on Video Web Site,” International Herald Tribune, October 30, 2008; “Hulu’s Online Video Explosion,” Julia Boorstin’s report of her interview with Hulu CEO Jason Kilar, quoting comScore numbers, November 11, 2008, www.cnbc.com.
66. Neilsen Media Research, as referenced in “Video Sites Duke it Out for Content: YouTube, Hulu React to Sign Deals for Movies, Shows that Draw Advertising,” Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2009.
67. “Number of Hulu Viewers Increases 42 Percent in February, According to comScore Video Metrix,” comScore press release, March 24, 2009.
68. “Disney Joins Hulu as Equity Partner,” Hollywood Reporter, May 1, 2009.
69. “As Seen on TV,” Wired, August 2010, by Frank Rose.
70. “Hulu CEO Faces Big Changes,” Variety, August 19, 2012, by Andrew Wallenstein.
71. “Watchever Launches Unique Series and Movie Flat Rate in Germany,” Watchever press release, Berlin, January 9, 2013.
72. “Garth Ancier Advises Intel on Virtual-MSO Plan,” Variety, May 8, 2012, by Andrew Wallenstein.
73. “Garth Ancier Advises Intel on Virtual-MSO Plan,” Variety, May 8, 2012, by Andrew Wallenstein.
74. “Campaign Trains Viewers for ‘TV Everywhere’,” New York Times, September 11, 2011, by Brian Stelter.
75. “Time Warner Chief Touts TV Everywhere; Disses Netflix Again,” CNET, December 5, 2011, by Don Reisinger.
76. “Campaign Trains Viewers for ‘TV Everywhere’,” New York Times, September 11, 2011, by Brian Stelter.
77. “Analyst: TV Everywhere Could Create $12 Billion in Annual Revenue for TV Industry,” Hollywood Reporter, January 20, 2012.
78. “Web Deals Cheer Hollywood, Despite Drop in Moviegoers,” New York Times, February 24, 2012, by Brooks Barnes.
79. “Netflix Signs Streaming Deal with Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2013, by John Jannarone and Shalini Ramachandran.
80. “Web Deals Cheer Hollywood, Despite Drop in Moviegoers,” New York Times, February 24, 2012, by Brooks Barnes.
82. “Louis C.K. Says Internet Experiment Yielded $200,000,” Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2011; “Louis C.K. Tops $1 Million in Sales of $5 Comedy Special,” CNN MoneyTech, December 22, 2011, by Julianne Pepitone.
83. “Louis C.K. Says Internet Experiment Yielded $200,000,” Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2011; “Louis C.K. Tops $1 Million in Sales of $5 Comedy Special,” CNN MoneyTech, December 22, 2011, by Julianne Pepitone.
84. “Meet Rebecca Black, the Internet’s ‘Friday’ Girl,” USA Today, April 18, 2011, by Korina Lopez.
85. “Justin Bieber Breaks YouTube Record: 9 Biggest YouTube Stars,” Huffington Post, October 31, 2011.
86. “Internet-Driven Fame and Fortune for Mideast Comedians,” New York Times, December 12, 2012, by Sara Hamdan.
87. www.youtube.com, 2012.
89. “Small Screens, New Programs,” International Herald Tribune, January 29, 2007.
90. “Blockbuster Uploading MovieLink,” Variety, August 9, 2007.
91. “Wal-Mart Sees Download Upside,” Variety, November 29, 2006.
92. “In Hollywood, the Picture Blurs for Studio Profits,” Wall Street Journal, September 5, 2006.
93. “In Hollywood, the Picture Blurs for Studio Profits,” Wall Street Journal, September 5, 2006.
94. “Wal-Mart’s Movie Download Service Passes into Ignominy,” International Herald Tribune, January 1, 2008.
95. “Wal-Mart Adds its Clout to Movie Streaming,” New York Times, February 23, 2010, by Brad Stone.
96. “Walmart Upgrades Streaming Netflix Competitor Vudu,” Hollywood Reporter, November 17, 2011.
97. “As Seen on TV,” Wired, October 2008, by Frank Rose.
98. “Hulu Guru, Kilar Vision,” Future Media, April 2008; “Less is More on Video Web Site,” International Herald Tribune, October 30, 2008.
99. “Interview with Andreas Bartl,” Worldscreen, reprinted from Mipcom 2011 issue of TV Europe, December 12, 2011, by Anna Carugati.
100. “Sneak Preview of PC Film Night,” International Herald Tribune, February 12, 2007.
101. “Google Channels YouTube,” Hollywood Reporter, October 10–16, 2006.
102. “Universal Nears Victory in Battle Over Royalties,” International Herald Tribune, February 13, 2007.
103. “What is Content ID?” www.youtube.com.
104. “Google Wins Battle, but Courts Will Settle the War,” Hollywood Reporter, June 24, 2010, by Matthew Belloni.
105. “Hollywood Executives Call for End to Residual Payments,” New York Times, July 11, 2007.
106. “Producers Make Dramatic Call for Residuals Revamp,” Broadcasting & Cable, July 11, 2007.
107. “WGA Negotiations Set to Start,” Variety, July 11, 2007.
108. “Contract 2008 TV/Theatrical Negotiations Update,” Special Bulletin, www.sag.org/files/documents/sag_contract_2008.pdf.
109. “Contract 2008 TV/Theatrical Negotiations Update,” Special Bulletin, www.sag.org/files/documents/sag_contract_2008.pdf.
Chapter 8
1. “Toy Makers Bet on Blockbuster Films for Sales,” Reuters, June 6, 2006.
2. “The Real Force Behind Star Wars,” Hollywood Reporter, February 17, 2012, by Alex Ben Block.
3. The Wall Street Journal on the Star Wars books: “According to a Random House spokesman, the publisher has more than 160 million copies of Star Wars books in print,” 1 April, 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_best-selling books.
4. “The Real Force Behind Star Wars,” Hollywood Reporter, February 17, 2012, by Alex Ben Block.
5. “The Real Force Behind Star Wars,” Hollywood Reporter, February 17, 2012, by Alex Ben Block.
6. “Disney to Purchase Fox Family for $3 Billion,” USA Today, July 23, 2001, by George Hager; “News Corp and Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion,” Saban Capital Group press release, July 23, 2001.
7. “Remember Squirtle and Jigglypuff? They’re Back,” New York Times, August 7, 2007.
8. “Gotta Catch the Pokémon Pirates: Nintendo Goes to Court in Crackdown on Fakes” New York Daily News, November 9, 1999.
9. “H’W’D’s Musical Mania,” Variety International, weekly edition, October 6–12, 2008.
10. “Figures in ‘000s,” 2004 Annual Report, discussion of “4Kids TV Broadcast Fee,” under Item 7.
11. 4Kids Entertainment 2004 Annual Report, Notes to be Consolidated Financial Statements Years Ended December 21, 2004, 2003, and 2002; “Advertising Media and Broadcast,” under Item 1, Description of Business.
12. Item 7, 4Kids TV Broadcast Fee.
13. “Angry Birds Developer Rovio is Growing Faster than Zynga,” Forbes, December 9, 2011, by John Gaudiosi.
14. “Angry Birds Soars Past Half a Billion Downloads—Rovio’s Physics-Based Game Crosses Massive Milestone; Game-Related Merchandise Efforts Expanding,” GameSpot, November 2, 2011, by Jonathan Downin, www.gamespot.com/news/angry-birds-soars-past-half-a-billion-downloads-6343647.
15. “Angry Birds Developer Rovio is Growing Faster than Zynga,” Forbes, December 9, 2011, by John Gaudiosi.
16. “Elements of Style,” KidScreen, May 2007.
17. “Elements of Style,” KidScreen, May 2007.
18. “Spider-Man, Transformers, and Pirates Toys Battle for Boys’ Attention,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2007.
19. “Toy Story,” Hollywood Reporter, February 13, 2009, by Georg Szalai.
20. “Now Playing: H’w’d’s Toy Ploy,” Variety International, June 11–17, 2007.
21. Los Angeles Times, first edition footnote 15 for 2006; re 2011, NPD, as quoted in “Toy Makers Cozy Up To App Gaming With Latest Products,” Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2012, by Christopher Palmeri and Matt Townsend, www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-27/hasbro-suffers-missed-gain-as-stores-hold-back-avengers.
22. “Hasbro Suffers Missed Gain as Stores Hold Back Avengers,” Business Week, August 27, 2012, quoting BMO Capital Markets analyst Gerrick Johnson.
23. “Company News: Hasbro Extends Deal on Star Wars Toys by 10 Years,” New York Times, January 31, 2003.
24. “Hasbro Gets Toy and Game Rights to Marvel Heroes,” New York Times, January 9, 2006.
25. “Hasbro Profits Fall on Charge,” New York Times, July 23, 2007; “Hasbro’s Net Income Drops 87% on Charge Tied to Warrants,” Wall Street Journal, July 23, 2007; “Hasbro and Lucas Extend Star Wars License through 2018,” Hasbro press release, February 30, 2003; www.secinfo.com/d1dzf.2d.d.htm.
26. “Spider-Man, Transformers, and Pirates Toys Battle for Boys’ Attention,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2007.
27. “Robert Iger to Wall Street: Disney Bought Lucasfilm for Star Wars,” Hollywood Reporter, October 30, 2012, by Alex Ben Block.
28. “Top 125 Global Licensors,” License Global, May 11, 2012.
29. “Spider-Man, Transformers, and Pirates Toys Battle for Boys’ Attention,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2007.
30. “Toy Story,” Hollywood Reporter, February 13, 2009, by Georg Szalai; box office from www.boxofficemojo.com.
31. “Toy Story,” Hollywood Reporter, February 13, 2009, by Georg Szalai.
33. Budget estimate, per “Hasbro Switches Partners in Hollywood Romance,” Hollywood Reporter, February 10, 2012, by Kim Masters.
34. “Leaner Ouija Pic in Universal’s Future,” Hollywood Reporter, March 6, 2012, by Borys Kit.
35. “Candly Land Movie Lands at Sony with Adam Sandler,” Reuters, January 31, 2013, by Joshua Weinstein.
36. “Playdate for H’wood Toys,” Hollywood Reporter, February 15–17, 2008.
37. www.webkinz.com; “$2B Estimate, the Webkinz Effect,” Wired, November 2008.
38. “Apps Make Leap from Phones to Toys,” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2012, by Spencer Ante.
39. “How Publishers Bolster Their Bottom Line by Retaining Film Rights,” Hollywood Reporter, February 23, 2012, by Andy Lewis.
40. http://company.zynga.com/games/empires-allies.
41. “Kabam to Make Social and Mobile Games Based on The Hobbit Film,” Venture Beat, September 25, 2012, by Dean Takahashi, http://venturebeat.com/2012/09/25/kabam-to-make-social-and-mobile-games-based-on-the-hobbit-film/#dU3cb5Elx3MlEd73.99.
42. “Sony Pictures Interactive Opens a Hotel Game on Facebook,” PR Newswire, August 15, 2012.
43. “Silly Walking onto the Web,” International Herald Tribune, September 8, 2008.
44. The service reaches more than 1.5 million hotel rooms according to its website, www.lodgenet.com.
45. “History,” www.indemand.com.
46. “NPD: Pay TV Transactional VOD Declines 12%,” Home Media, February 16, 2012, by Erik Gruenwedel.
47. “Bridesmaids Most Popular VOD Title Ever,” Hollywood Reporter, February 9, 2012.
48. “The Window for Pay TV Operators to Control the Video-on-Demand Movie Rental Market is Still Open, but for How Long?” NPD Group press release, February 6, 2012.
49. “Nearly Half of All Paid Video-on-Demand Movie Rental Orders Generated by Cable Companies,” NPD Group press release, September 24, 2012.
Chapter 9
1. “Strong Monsters Feeds Hollywood’s 3D Hopes,” Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2009, by Lauren Schulker.
3. “Marvel’s Date Shake Slows Super Releases,” Hollywood Reporter, March 13, 2009, by Carl DiOrio.
4. “Sequels Spur Spending Spiral,” Variety, May 14–20, 2007; “Major Brands Get Behind Bourne,” Variety, July 12, 2008; “Avengers Wields Big Brand Blitz—Marvel, Disney, Secure Estimated $100 Million in Marketing Spend,” Variety, March 30, 2012, by Marc Graser.
5. “DreamWorks Animation Announces Show-Stopping Promotional Partners and Licensing Support for Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted,” DreamWorks Animation press release, June 4, 2012.
6. www.mpaa.org/researchstatistics.asp.
7. “Special Report: Movies & the Media, Slim Pickings,” Hollywood Reporter, May 30, 2008.
8. “New Focus for Film Marketing,” Variety, December 30, 2009, by Pamela McClintock.
9. “New Focus for Film Marketing,” Variety, December 30, 2009, by Pamela McClintock.
10. “AT&T, Verizon Top TV Spenders in 2011—Film Marketing Accounted for $3.5 Bill across All Media,” Variety, May 8, 2012, by Jill Goldsmith.
11. “Money Buys Happiness,” Hollywood Reporter, international weekend edition, October 3–5, 2008.
12. Facebook post 2012, as reposted/reported by Mashable, by Christina Warren, www.mashable.com/2012/07/30/the-hobbit-trilogy.
13. “Will Ashton Kutcher’s Twitter Following Help Two and a Half Men?” Mashable, May 13, 2011, by Christina Warren.
14. “A-Listers, Meet Your Online Megaphone,” New York Times, November 10, 2012, by Brooke Barnes.
15. “A-Listers, Meet Your Online Megaphone,” New York Times, November 10, 2012, by Brooke Barnes.
16. “How Hunger Games Built Up Must-See Fever,” New York Times, March 18, 2012, by Brook Barnes.
17. “How Hunger Games Built Up Must-See Fever,” New York Times, March 18, 2012, by Brook Barnes.
18. “Box Office Shocker: Hunger Games Third-Best Opening Weekend of All Time,” Hollywood Reporter, March 25, 2012, by Pamela McClintock.
19. “Spielberg Predicts ‘Implosion of Film Biz’,” The Hollywood Reporter, June 13, 2013, by Paul Bond.
20. 2003 figures: “Video Marketing—by the Numbers,” Hollywood Reporter, August 10–16, 2004; 2005 figures: “Video Marketing and the Media—Caught in the Web,” Hollywood Reporter, July 11–17, 2006.
21. “Video Marketing—by the Numbers,” Hollywood Reporter, August 10–16, 2004.
22. “Video Marketing—by the Numbers,” Hollywood Reporter, August 10–16, 2004.
23. “Caught in the Web,” Video Marketing and the Media Section of DVD Special Report, Hollywood Reporter, July 11–17, 2006.
24. “Papa John’s Partners on Indiana Jones Promo,” Video Business, November 7, 2002, by Susanne Ault; “Papa John’s Launches First Movie Tie-In with Ice Age Promotion,” November 7, 2002, www.pizzamarketplace.com.
25. “Enterprise Marketing,” Hollywood Reporter, February 20, 2009, by Jay A. Fernandez.
Chapter 10
1. Superior Court of the State of California, for the County of Los Angeles, Art Buchwald, et al., Plaintiffs v. Paramount Pictures Corporation, et al., Defendants, Statement of Decision (Third Phase), March 16, 1992.
2. Fatal Subtraction: How Hollywood Really Does Business, Doubleday, 1992, by Pierce O’Donnell and Dennis McDougal.
3. “How Do a Bestselling Novel, an Academy Award-Winning Screenwriter, a Pair of Hollywood Hotties, and a No. 1 Opening at the Box Office Add Up to $78 Million of Red Ink?” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2007.
4. “The Lawsuit of the Rings,” New York Times, June 27, 2005.