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Previous Chapter

Chapter 30. Fundamentals and Instruments

Index

[SYMBOL][A][B][C][D][E][F][G][H][I][J][L][M][N][O][P][Q][R][S][T][U][V][W][X]

SYMBOL

10 log x chart, 2^nd, 3^rd 192 bit repeat pattern of C bit 20 log x chart, 2^nd, 3^rd 4:2:2 digital video interface clock signal filter templates timing relationships video timing reference signals 4:2:2 protocol description, 2^nd 8/10 code 8/14 code

A

absorber performance absorbers Absorbers performance absorption Absorption AC coupled amplifiers, 2^nd AC signal achievement acoustic contribution Acoustic environment absorption acoustic environment indoors mean free path reverberant sound field atmospheric absorption Doppler effect inverse square law reflection refraction sound fields classification: ambient noise field diffuse fields free fields outdoor acoustics pressure fields semireverberant fields sound, velocity of effect of altitude, in air space heater effect, on flutter echo temperature-dependent velocity wavelengths Acoustic environment indoors mean free path reverberant sound field acoustic intensity level Acoustic intensity level acoustic power level Acoustic power level acoustic pressure level Acoustic pressure level acoustical meaning of active crossovers Active crossovers active manifestations adaptor ADC and DAC, forms of adding additional data, encoded on disc AES/EBU standard, 2^nd AES3-formatted data transmission, by unbalanced coaxial cable, 2^nd AIFF and AIFC, 2^nd Air capacitor microphones Aliasing alternative waveform types ambient noise field, 2^nd Ambient noise field Amplification amplifier grounding Amplifiers architectures grounding history of stability and negative feedback an introduction Analog audio signal Analog broadcasting Analog ICs Analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) analogue and digital signal Analogue and digital signals analogue audio waveform Analogue audio waveform analogue mastering Analogue mastering recorder analogue models Analogue models, of loudspeaker analogue multitrack tape machines Analogue multitrack tape machines analogue video interfaces Analogue video interfaces and amplifier stability and concealment and ear, 2^nd and expansion and heater ratings and intermodulation distortion and linearity and loudness and NTSC and PAL color television systems and percentages, 2^nd anode, 2^nd Anode dissipation curve Antialiasing filter aperiodic signal Aperiodic signal Apex apparent VU levels Apparent VU levels apparent VU levels, reading Apple Apple Macintosh computers approaches architecture of architectures, 2^nd arithmetic operation as power quantity as power ratio Assessment of interaural delay (IAD) Atari ST computer atmospheric absorption Atmospheric absorption AU files, 2^nd, 3^rd Audibility, of distortion: harmonic and intermodulation distortion mains-borne interference spurious signals transient defects Audio amplification audio amplifier printed circuit board design Audio amplifier printed circuit board design audio PCB layout sequence cross talk output devices, mounting of power amplifier PCB layout details power supply PCB Layout rail induction distortion single- and double-sided PCBs Audio amplifiers block diagram circuit components constant current sources current mirror layouts circuit oddments emitter–follower systems insulated gate FETs JFETs junction transistors circuit configurations operating bias, control of performance AC coupled amplifiers architectures DC coupled amplifiers history, of amplifiers NFB, in power amplifiers power amplifier classes three-stage architecture power BJTs vs. power MOSFETs slew rate limiting stage gain thermal dissipation limits U and D MOSFETs Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF), and AIFC audio level metering Audio level metering Audio mixer circuitry Audio object audio PCB layout sequence audio scenes, 2^nd audio signal Audio signal audio taper Autonulling Axial lead capacitor Azimuth recording

B

Backward masking Balanced input balancing requirements CMR definition real conditions balanced mains power Balanced mains power balancing requirements, 2^nd band-pass filters derivation Band-pass filters derivation bandwidth, 2^nd Base Basilar membrane battery supplies Battery supply Beam tetrodes Beat frequency Bel, definition of Bernoulli cartridges bias Biasing circuits binary operations binary system Binary system biphonics Biphonics Bipolar breakdown limits Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) nonlinearity stage gain bipolar transistors, 2^nd Bipolar/FET cascode Bit error bits and bobs, significance of Bits and bobs, significance of Bitstream process bitstream process and noise shaping, 2^nd bi-wiring Bi-wiring BJTs Block address block diagram Blocks Blomley principle, 2^nd Blumlein Boolean algebra Bootstrap gyrator circuit Braithwaite RAI4 head amplifier breakdown Brick wall filter Bridging load Brimar broadcasting BS415, Buffer memory Building block components capacitors diodes ICs jack plugs and sockets LEDs resistors switches transistors Burst error by mains grounding currents by transformer stray capacitance by transformer stray magnetic fields Bytes

C

“Cross-interleaving”, cables calculation, in frequency span, 2^nd calibrating Capacitative cross talk capacitor capacitors Capacitors carbon Carbon microphones Cardioid microphone Cascode input moving coil head amplifier Cascode layouts cassette-based multitracks Cassette-based multitracks cathode, 2^nd Cathode and heater ratings Cathode ray tube (CRT) causes CCIR CD performance and disc statistics CD ripping CD writers uses CD-R CDR 770, CD-RW ceramic piezo-electric cartridges, 2^nd Ceramic piezo-electric cartridges CGMS channel balance controls Channel balance controls channel coding, 2^nd Channel coding channel separation controls Channel separation controls characteristic impedance Characteristic impedance characteristics, 2^nd Circuit arrangements: approaches monolithic super-matched input devices paralleled input transistors, systems using quad ultralow noise input small power transistors, as input devices step-up transformer very low noise IC op-amps Circuit capacitances Circuit components constant current sources current mirror layouts circuit configurations, 2^nd Circuit design techniques circuit oddments Circuit oddments Clapham junction tone control Class I and Class II equipments Class-A Class-A amplifier Class-AB Class-AB amplifier geometric mean Class-B amplifier variations on Class-C Class-C amplifier Class-D Class-D amplifier Class-E Class-E amplifier Class-F Class-F amplifier Class-G Class-G amplifier Class-H Class-H amplifier Classical control theory Class-S Class-S amplifier clip prevention, 2^nd Clip prevention clipping considerations, 2^nd Clipping considerations clock signal Closed-backed headphones CM stress CMR, 2^nd cochlea Cochlea Colloms’ law Color codes, of resistors color perception Color television Comb filter combining common gain control, 2^nd Common gain control audio taper characteristics common values fixed install linear variants position right range common misconceptions about Common mode impedance Common mode rejection (CMR) achievement impossibilities minimum requirements relativity rules sonic effects, of RF system reality common values, 2^nd common voice coil, 2^nd Communication networks Commutating amplifiers Compact disc digital encoding, problems with: bandwidth quantization noise signal recovery and bandwidth limitation, filtering for translation nonlinearity transmission errors, detection and correction of disc recording error correction error detection faulty bit/word replacement recording system layout replay system electronic characteristics physical characteristics compression Compression compression and limiting, 2^nd Compression and limiting (comp-lim) compression drivers, 2^nd Compression drivers computer control Computer control Computer, transcribing a recording by Concealment cone drivers, 2^nd Cone drivers connectors Constant current (CC) sources constant current sources, 2^nd contemporary commercial practice control grid, 2^nd Control grid Control theory Convection cooling convolution Convolution Cooling copy protection Copy protection systems Cosine waveform Creative Mixer Creative Technology Ltd. Crest Audio's Critical bandwidth cross talk Cross talk cross-blending Cross-blending Cross-coupled NAND gate Cross-interleave Reed–Solomon code (CIRC) crossover point Crossover point (XOF) crossovers Crossovers Crown's IQ CRT and raster scanning CSS (Content Scrambling System) Current mirror (CM) layouts current mirror layouts, 2^nd current-drive amplifiers Current-drive amplifiers Cylinder address Cylindrically symmetric microphone

D

DAM CD damping factor Damping factor (DF) Darlington pair data Data compression intermediate compression systems NICAM lossless compression MPEG layer Dolby AC-3, Dolby E DTS MPEG AAC MPEG layer 1 compression discrete cosine transform intensity stereo coding MPEG layer 2 audio coding MPEG-4, audio scenes SAOL structured audio psychoacoustic masking systems Data files AIFF and AIFC AU files MPEG raw PCM data VOC WAV files data format, 2^nd Data separator data, audio as Data, audio as dB, levels in dBm equations, 2^nd dBV, 2^nd DC blocking capacitors, use of DC coupled amplifiers, 2^nd DC signal DCPS (Digital Copy Protection System) De Morgan's theorem Decades, number of: calculation, in frequency span decibel Decibel adding and percentages as power quantity as power ratio dBV in acoustics levels in log multiplier subtracting voltage to power conversion Decilog defects definition, 2^nd, 3^rd Denon description design interaction design styles Deutsches Industrie Normal (DIN) standard diaphragm profile Diaphragm profile diaphragm size Diaphragm size diaphragm/suspension assembly Diaphragm/suspension assembly Differential input impedance diffuse fields, 2^nd Diffuse fields Digital audio audio signal binary system broadcasting channel coding compression data, audio as disk-based recording error correction and concealment networks processes rotary head digital recorders time compression and expansion Digital audio interfaces AES/EBU standard AES3-formatted data transmission, by unbalanced coaxial cable data MADI standard data format electrical format fiber-optic format scrambling and synchronization practical SPDIF interface TOSlink optical interface Digital audio production audio data files AIFF and AIFC AU files MPEG raw PCM data VOC WAV files digital audio workstations hard-disk editing low-cost audio editing multitrack hard-disk recording plug-ins professional audio editing digital noise generation discs and other peripheral hardware hard drive interface standards fiber channel firewire (IEEE 1394) interface IDE drives SCSI PCI bus vs. ISA bus sound cards Digital audio recording channel coding digital compact cassette editing digital audio tape error correction and concealment hard disc recorders magnetic recording magneto-optical recording open reel digital recorder optical recording PCM adaptor programmable delay recording media rotary head digital recorders sampler synchronization time compression Digital audio signals, representation of ADC and DAC, forms of analogue and digital signal analogue audio waveform arithmetic operation binary operations bits and bobs, significance of digital filtering digital signals transmission elementary logical processes quantizing sampling transform and masking coders Digital audio workstations (DAWs) hard-disk editing low-cost audio editing multitrack hard-disk recording plug-ins professional audio editing Digital band-pass filters Digital broadcasting digital compact cassette Digital compact cassette Digital consoles: digital filtering digital manipulation digital mixer architecture digital signal processing Digital encoding, problems with: bandwidth quantization noise signal recovery and bandwidth limitation, filtering for translation nonlinearity transmission errors, detection and correction of digital filtering, 2^nd, 3^rd Digital filtering digital filtering and oversampling, 2^nd digital filters design Digital filters design Digital frequency domain analysis Digital high-pass filters Digital ICs digital line-up Digital line-up digital manipulation, 2^nd Digital manipulation digital mixer architecture, 2^nd Digital mixer architecture digital noise generation Digital noise generation digital signal processing, 2^nd Digital signal processing (DSP) architecture of band-pass filters derivation convolution digital filters design finite impulse response filter frequency response high-pass filters derivation impulse response infinite impulse response filter problems with z-transform digital signals transmission Digital signals transmission Digital video 4:2:2 protocol description parallel digital interface serial digital video interface digital waveform generation, 2^nd Digital waveform generation digital-to-analog conversion, 2^nd Digital-to-analog convertor (DAC) DIN connector configurations Diode gate protection diode switching, 2^nd Diode switching diodes Diodes direct coupling, 2^nd Direct current management direct current supply line ripple rejection Direct current supply line ripple rejection directivity Directivity directivity factor Directivity factor Disc at once (DAO) Disc capacitors disc recording Disc recording discrete cosine transform, 2^nd Discrete cosine transform discs and other peripheral hardware disk-based recording Disk-based recording dissipation curve distortion measurement, 2^nd Distortion measurement Distortion, audibility, of: harmonic and intermodulation distortion mains-borne interference spurious signals transient defects dither, 2^nd Dither Dither noise DLR (Direct Line Recording) Dolby AC-3,, 2^nd, 3^rd Dolby E, 2^nd, 3^rd Dolby Laboratories Doppler effect, 2^nd Double pole, double throw, or DPDT switch Double pole, single pole, or DPST switch Double-sided PCBs Driver transistor installation Drivers, in loudspeakers: common voice coil compression drivers cone drivers electrostatic loudspeaker inductive coupling piezo driver ribbon driver soft and hard dome drivers Drop-frame time code DTS, 2^nd, 3^rd Dual-in-line (DIL) package dummy heads Dummy heads DVD and audio: copy protection DVD-Audio regionalization DVD-Audio Dye sublimation Dynamic element matching Dynamic microphones dynamic performance

E

eardrum deflection, at various sound levels Eardrum deflection, at various sound levels Editing digital audio editing digital audio tape effect of altitude, in air, 2^nd effect send and return effect sends and returns Effect sends and returns EFM technique, 2^nd Eigentones Eight to fourteen modulation (EFM) technique Electret capacitor microphones electrets Electrets headphone electrical analogue Electrical analogue electrical format, 2^nd Electrical power measurement electrodynamics orthodynamic Electrodynamics orthodynamic headphones Electrolytic capacitors Electromagnetic (EM) waves Electromagnetic tube electronic characteristics Electronic replay system bitstream process and noise shaping digital filtering and oversampling digital-to-analog conversion dither EFM technique electrostatic Electrostatic headphone electrostatic loudspeaker, 2^nd Electrostatic loudspeaker (ESL) Electrostatic tube elementary logical processes Elementary logical processes Elementary stream Eli Boaz embedded digital audio, in digital video interface Embedded digital audio, in digital video interface emitter–follower systems Emitter–follower systems energy control Enhanced IDE (EIDE) equalization equalizer Equalizer (EQ) controls equivalent level, in noise measurements Equivalent level, in noise measurements Equivalent series resistance (ESR) Error correction and concealment in CD error detection faulty bit/word replacement error correction and concealment, 2^nd error detection, 2^nd error-correcting amplifiers Error-correcting amplifiers Eustachian tubes external airborne noise, 2^nd External airborne noise Eyring formula

F

Fader automation system Fader flip mechanism faders and pan controls Faders and pan controls Fairchild Instrument Corporation FastEddie faulty bit/word replacement, 2^nd FDDI fiber channel, 2^nd Fiber channel fiber-optic format, 2^nd Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) fidelity and gain Field blanking field effect devices, 2^nd Field effect devices breakdown MOSFETs T-MOS V-MOS Field effect transistor (FET) filter templates filters Filters Finalized disc Finite impulse response (FIR) filter finite impulse response filter firewire (IEEE 1394) interface, 2^nd Firewire (IEEE 1394) interface First-order filter structures Fixation fixed install Fixed resistor Flash converters Fleming, Sir Ambrose Flip-flop (FF) gates Floating paraphase circuit Forward masking Fourier Transform free fields, 2^nd Free fields frequency discrimination Frequency discrimination Frequency modulation (FM) frequency response Frequency response and linearity frequency response and linearity Frequency shift keying (FSK) Front suspension Full-wave rectification Full-wave rectifier systems future

G

gain and swing gain controls Gain pot settings gain resetting gain restriction general design considerations geometric mean geometric mean Class-AB gettering, 2^nd Gettering Gramophone pick-up inputs ceramic piezo-electric cartridges moving coil pick-up cartridges moving magnet and variable reluctance cartridges Graphic equalizer system ground currents inside equipment ground loops Ground loops balanced mains power ground currents inside equipment hum injection: by mains grounding currents by transformer stray capacitance by transformer stray magnetic fields grounding Grounding Group codes Group delay error groups

H

Half-wave rectification half-wave, and full-wave rectification hard disc recorders Hard disc recorders Hard drive interface standards fiber channel firewire (IEEE 1394) interface IDE drives SCSI hard-disk editing, 2^nd Hard-disk editing Harman Kardon harmful conditions harmonic and intermodulation distortion, 2^nd, 3^rd harmonic distortion Harmonic distortion: acoustical meaning of and intermodulation distortion in arena sound system measuring Harmonic-mean AB operation head amplifier design Headphone amplifier Headphones future history measuring pros and cons, of listening biphonics cross-blending dummy heads types: electrets electrodynamics orthodynamic electrostatic high polymer intra-aural moving coil moving iron pressure-type velocity heater ratings and cathode, 2^nd Heater ratings, and cathode Helicotrema Helmholtz resonator Helmholtz/cavity absorber hi-end approach, 2^nd Hi-end approach High current power supply systems High definition compatible digital (HDCD) high impedances high polymer high power systems High power systems high-pass filters derivation High-pass filters derivation history history of history, of amplifiers Hitachi horizontal and vertical sync Horizontal and vertical synchronization Horn loading HP filters

I

IBM IC solutions, 2^nd, 3^rd ICL 8038, ICs ICs, use of, 2^nd IDE drives, 2^nd, 3^rd impedance correction impedance matching impedances impossibilities Impulse input impulse response Impulse response in acoustics, 2^nd in arena sound system in frequency domain in sound systems Incremental writing Incus indication, 2^nd Indigo inductive coupling, 2^nd Inductive coupling technology (ICT) Inductive cross talk inductor–gyrators Inductor–gyrators circuit Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter infinite impulse response filter In-line console input circuitry Input circuitry input connections Input connections input impedance Input impedance common values high impedances impedance matching loading low impedances multiconnection ramifications tandem variables voltage matching input sensitivity and gain requirements Input sensitivity, and gain requirements CM stress definition description fidelity and gain gain and swing gain resetting gain restriction real figures variables input strip Input strip, of in-line console Input switching diode switching transistor switching insert points Insert points Instruments and fundamentals alternative waveform types distortion measurement signal generators: digital waveform generation sinewave oscillators types insulated gate FETs Insulated gate FETs Insulation of sound Integrated circuits (ICs) use of Intensity (I) Intensity level (IL) intensity stereo coding, 2^nd Intensity stereo coding Interfacing and processing balanced input balancing requirements CMR definition real conditions computer control damage protection causes harmful conditions occurrence modes off-state vulnerability on-state risks protection circuitry scope input input impedance input sensitivity and gain requirements process functions clip prevention clipping considerations common gain control compression and limiting remotable gain controls remote control considerations soft clip radio frequency filtration: an introduction requirement subsonic protection and high-pass filtering: direct coupling hi-end approach indication logistics low approach pro approach rationale subsonic stresses Intermediate compression systems NICAM Intermodulation Intermodulation distortion (IMD) internal noise transfer, 2^nd Internal noise transfer internally and locally generated noise, 2^nd Interpolation Intersymbol interference intra-aural Intra-aural headphones inverse square law, 2^nd Inverse square law ISA bus vs. PCI bus ISO MPEG Audio Layer-3,

J

jack plugs and sockets Jack plugs and sockets Jack socket conventions JE-110K-HPC microphone input transformer JFETs, 2^nd Junction field effect transistors (JFETs) Junction transistors circuit configurations

L

Law of sound insulation layers Lead-in Lead-out Least significant bit (LSB) LED+LDRIs LEDs Lenz's law Level and loudness level and loudness levels in Light-dependent resistor (LDR) Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) linear variants linearity maximization, before feedback Linearity: bipolar transistors field effect devices Line-level audio stages line-level stages line-up levels Linn/Naim Live-music console LM 324 IC LM 386 IC LM 555, timer IC LM 741 IC loading Log charts, using: 10 log x chart 20 log x chart log multiplier Log multiplier logarithm of a number, to any base Logarithm of a number, to any base Logic devices logistics, 2^nd longitudinal time code, 2^nd Longitudinal time code (LTC) Long-tailed pair circuit lossless compression Lossless compression Loudspeaker enclosures configurations active crossovers active manifestations bi-wiring crossover point crossovers matching levels parallel connection passive crossovers passive low level drivers common voice coil compression drivers cone drivers electrostatic loudspeaker inductive coupling piezo driver ribbon driver soft and hard dome drivers interrelation of components: acoustic contribution damping factor design interaction energy control impedances low vs. high impedances passive crossover effects static vs. transient variation vs. frequency voltage sensitivity vs. efficiency types and efficiencies Loudspeakers characteristic impedance diaphragm profile diaphragm size diaphragm/suspension assembly directivity electrical analogue material motional impedance analogue models moving coil loudspeaker radiation from piston radiation impedance radiation of sound soft domes sound pressure, produced at a distance straight-sided cones suspension voice coil low approach, 2^nd Low bit/bit-stream decoding low impedances Low noise IC op-amps low vs. high impedances low-cost audio editing, 2^nd Low-cost audio editing Low-pass filter

M

Macintosh Macrovision system MADI standard data format electrical format fiber-optic format scrambling and synchronization magnetic recording Magnetic recording magnetic theory Magnetic theory Magnetization curve magneto-optical recording Magneto-optical recording Magneto-resistive (MR) head Mains ground Mains transformers mains-borne interference, 2^nd, 3^rd Mains-borne interference Malleus Masking coders Masking effect matching levels matching talker to microphone material maximization of MCA-76 head amplifier M-DACs mean free path, 2^nd Mean free path (MFP) Measurement acoustic intensity level acoustic power level acoustic pressure level dB, levels in dBm equations decades, number of: calculation, in frequency span decibel and percentages combining in acoustics in sound systems directivity factor distortion measurement eardrum deflection, at various sound levels equivalent level, in noise measurements harmonic distortion inverse square law log charts: 10 log x chart 20 log x chart logarithm of a number, to any base of electrical power Ohm's law phon playback systems, in studios power level semitone intervals system gain changes tempered scale voltage, combining VU and volume indicator instrument apparent VU levels, reading VI instrument, calibrating VU impedance correction VU level on VI instrument Measurement microphones measuring, 2^nd mechanical layout and design considerations Membrane/panel absorbers mental process Mental process Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) characteristics design styles symbols U and D MOSFETs meter Microfarad microphone preamplifiers Microphone preamplifiers Microphone technology cables connectors measurement microphones types of phantom power response and directional characteristics, nature of selection capacitor carbon matching talker to microphone moving coil piezoelectric ribbon sensitivity wireless microphones microphony, 2^nd Microphony Microsoft's Windows minimum requirements Minnetonka Software Inc. MIPS Technologies, Inc. Mitsubishi interface mix amplifiers Mix amplifiers Mixer automation time code Modal dispersion Mode conversion modern standards, 2^nd Modern standards Modified bass-cut RC circuit Modified treble-cut RC circuit monolithic super-matched input devices, 2^nd Monolithic super-matched input devices MOSFETs Most significant bit (MSB) Motional impedance Motorboating Motorola moving coil, 2^nd moving coil loudspeaker Moving coil loudspeaker Moving coil microphones moving coil pick-up cartridges, 2^nd Moving coil pick-up cartridges head amplifier design moving coil pick-up head amplifier design moving iron Moving iron headphones moving magnet and variable reluctance cartridges, 2^nd Moving magnet, and variable reluctance cartridges Moving-coil headphones MP3, MPEG, 2^nd, 3^rd MPEG AAC, 2^nd, 3^rd MPEG layer Dolby AC-3, Dolby E DTS MPEG AAC MPEG layer 1 compression discrete cosine transform intensity stereo coding MPEG layer 2 audio coding, 2^nd MPEG systems layers MPEG-4, audio scenes SAOL structured audio multiconnection Multiplexing Multiply Accumulate (MAC) function Multiplying digital-to-analogue converters (M-DACs) Multisession CD multitrack hard-disk recording, 2^nd Multitrack hard-disk recording music power Music power rating MUSICAM process

N

Nanofarad Negative feedback (NFB) and amplifier stability in power amplifiers common misconceptions about linearity maximization, before feedback maximization of nested differentiating feedback loops Nested differentiating feedback loops networks Neumann, John von Nexsys NeXT’ format NFB in NFB, in power amplifiers NICAM, 2^nd Noise and grounding amplifier grounding audio amplifier printed circuit board design Class I and Class II equipments ground loops mechanical layout and design considerations control external airborne noise internal noise transfer internally and locally generated noise sound insulation Noise criterion (NC) noise levels Noise levels Noise rating (NR) Noise shaping Nondrop-frame time code nonlinearity Nonrecursive filter nonswitching amplifiers Nonswitching amplifiers NTSC and PAL color television systems NTSC and PAL color systems Nyquist's sampling theorem

O

occurrence modes of electrical power off-state vulnerability Ohm's law, 2^nd on VI instrument One-pole, four-way rotary switch on-state risks Onyx open reel digital recorder Open reel digital recorder Open-backed headphones operating bias, control of Operating bias, control of Operational amplifiers (op-amps) optical readout system Optical readout system optical recording Optical recording opto-electronic level indication Opto-electronic level indication Ortofon MCA-76 head amplifier outdoor acoustics, 2^nd Outdoor acoustics output devices, mounting of Output devices, mounting of output load impedance, effect of Output load impedance, effect of output power Output power output stages output transformer Output transformer Output voltage characteristics Oval window overcurrent protection Overcurrent protection Oversampling techniques

P

PAL and NTSC, 2^nd pan control Pan control Panel/membrane absorbers parallel connection parallel digital interface, 2^nd Parallel digital interface Parallel T network Parallel transmission paralleled input transistors, systems using, 2^nd Paralleled input transistors, systems using Parametric equalizer controls passive crossover effects Passive crossover networks passive crossovers Passive equalizer circuit passive low level Passive tone control PCA (program calibration area) PCB layout details PCI bus vs. ISA bus PCM adaptor Peak program meter (PPM) dynamic performance meter Peak-shift distortion Pentodes Perceptual subband audio encoder performance, 2^nd Performance standards ICs, use of modern standards periodic signal Periodic signal Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus vs. ISA bus persistence of vision Persistence of Vision phantom power Phantom power Phase alternation line (PAL) system and NTSC Phase angle Phase inverter Phase locking Phase shift phase splitters Phase splitters Phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator Phase-sensitive detector (PSD) Philips CDR 770, phon Phono connector Phons physical characteristics physics physics of, 2^nd Picofarad piezo driver, 2^nd piezoelectric Piezoelectric loudspeaker Piezoelectric microphones Pinna Place theory Plastic diaphragms playback systems, in studios Playback systems, in studios Plug-and-play feature, of PCI bus plug-ins, 2^nd Plug-ins PMA (program memory area) Polar CRT displays polar displays Pole Porous absorbers position Potentiometer power amplifier classes Power amplifier classes Blomley principle Class-A Class-AB Class-B variations on Class-C Class-D Class-E Class-F Class-G Class-H Class-S current-drive amplifiers error-correcting amplifiers geometric mean Class-AB nested differentiating feedback loops nonswitching amplifiers power amplifier PCB layout details Power amplifiers: NFB in PCB layout details wiring for power BJTs vs. power MOSFETs Power BJTs vs. power MOSFETs power level Power level Power rating, of resistor Power ratio Power sensitivity Power supply design battery supplies contemporary commercial practice direct current supply line ripple rejection half-wave, and full-wave rectification high power systems music power overcurrent protection series regulator layouts signal type, influence of solid-state rectifiers switch-mode power supplies voltage regulator ICs voltage regulator systems power supply PCB Layout Power supply PCB Layout Power supply unit (PSU): s/c-protected PSU series-stabilized stabilized PowerMacs PowerPCs PPM dynamic performance PPM meter practical preamplifier stages Preamplifier stages Preamplifiers and input signals audibility, of distortion: harmonic and intermodulation distortion mains-borne interference spurious signals transient defects circuit arrangements: monolithic super-matched input devices paralleled input transistors, systems using quad ultralow noise input small power transistors, as input devices step-up transformer very low noise IC op-amps constant-current sources and current mirrors IC solutions controls channel balance controls channel separation controls filters gain controls tone controls general design considerations gramophone pick-up inputs ceramic piezo-electric cartridges moving coil pick-up cartridges moving magnet and variable reluctance cartridges input circuitry input connections input switching diode switching transistor switching linearity: bipolar transistors field effect devices moving coil pick-up head amplifier design noise levels output voltage characteristics signal characteristics performance standards ICs, use of modern standards preamplifier stages requirements signal voltage and impedance levels voltage amplifier design Precision adaptive sub-band coding (PASC) pressure fields, 2^nd Pressure fields Pressure gradient Pressure microphones pressure-type Pressure-type headphones Principles, of audio aperiodic signal audio level metering cochlea decibel frequency discrimination frequency response and linearity level and loudness mental process periodic signal root mean square measurements sine wave sound: and ear physics of wavelength pro approach, 2^nd Pro approach problems with Process functions clip prevention clipping considerations common gain control compression and limiting remotable gain controls remote control considerations soft clip processes Product code professional audio editing, 2^nd Professional audio editing Program stream programmable delay Programmable delay protection circuitry psychoacoustic masking systems Psychoacoustic masking systems Pulse code modulation (PCM) adaptor Pulse width modulation Push–pull vs. single-ended operation

Q

Q’ control, 2^nd Quad tilt control quad ultralow noise input, 2^nd Quad ultralow noise input circuit Quantization Quantization error quantization noise, 2^nd Quantization noise quantizing Quantizing Quantizing distortion

R

R&R array R–2R digital to analogue converter Radial lead capacitor radiation from piston Radiation from piston radiation impedance Radiation impedance radiation of sound Radiation of sound Radio frequency (RF) noise Radio frequency (RF) signals Radio frequency filtration requirement RAI4 head amplifier rail induction distortion Rail induction distortion ramifications Ramp generator Random access memory (RAM) Raster scanning rationale, 2^nd raw PCM data, 2^nd Raw PCM data real conditions, 2^nd real figures Rear suspension Recording consoles audio mixer circuitry effect send and return faders and pan controls inductor–gyrators insert points line-level stages microphone preamplifiers mix amplifiers Q’ control shelving equalizer tone controls digital consoles: digital filtering digital manipulation digital mixer architecture digital signal processing digital line-up line-up levels mixer automation time code sound mixer architecture and circuit blocks effect sends and returns equalizer groups input strip pan control revisited groups system architecture talkback standard levels and level meters opto-electronic level indication polar displays PPM dynamic performance PPM meter VU meter Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) recording standards recording media Recording media recording system layout Recording system layout Recursive filter Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor reflection Reflection Reflection pattern refraction Refraction regionalization relativity rules remotable gain controls, 2^nd Remotable gain controls JFETs LED+LDRIs M-DACs R&R array voltage-controlled amplifier remote control considerations, 2^nd Remote control considerations repeatability errors temperature repeatability errors Replay system: electronic characteristics bitstream process and noise shaping digital filtering and oversampling digital-to-analog conversion dither EFM technique physical characteristics additional data, encoded on disc CD performance and disc statistics optical readout system requirement, 2^nd requirements Resistive cross talk resistors Resistors resonances, 2^nd Resonances response and directional characteristics, nature of reverberant sound field, 2^nd Reverberant sound field reverberation and reflection, 2^nd Reverberation time revisited groups ribbon ribbon driver, 2^nd Ribbon microphones Ribbon speaker right range Roland digital multitrack ROM-based waveform synthesis Room acoustics noise control external airborne noise internal noise transfer internally and locally generated noise sound insulation studio and control room acoustics absorber performance absorbers resonances reverberation and reflection Room modes root mean square measurements Root mean square measurements rotary head digital recorders, 2^nd Rotary head digital recorders Rotel Rumble filters Run-length limits Run-length-limited codes

S

s/c-protected PSU sampler Sampler sampling Sampling Sampling rate Sampling window Sanyo SAOL, 2^nd SAOL (Structured Audio Orchestra Language) scope scrambling and synchronization, 2^nd Scratch filters SCSI, 2^nd Second-order filter structures Sectors Self-clocking code Semiconductor installation semireverberant fields, 2^nd Semireverberant fields semitone intervals Semitone intervals sensitivity sensitivity vs. efficiency Serial and self-clocking code serial digital video interface, 2^nd Serial digital video interface Serial transmission series regulator layouts Series regulators series-stabilized Session disc shelving equalizer Shelving equalizer Shunt regulators signal characteristics Signal characteristics Signal flow Signal generators: digital waveform generation sinewave oscillators signal recovery and bandwidth limitation, filtering for, 2^nd signal type, influence of signal voltage and impedance levels Signal voltage and impedance levels Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) Simple bass-cut circuit Simple treble-cut circuit Simple valve amplifier Sinc function sine wave Sine wave Sine waveform sinewave oscillators, 2^nd Sinewave oscillators single- and double-sided PCBs Single pole, double throw switch Single pole, single throw, or SPST switch single-ended vs. push–pull operation Single-ended vs. push–pull operation Single-sided PCBs slew rate limiting Slew rate limiting Slicing Slope controls Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) small power transistors, as input devices, 2^nd Small power transistors, as input devices soft and hard dome drivers, 2^nd Soft and hard dome drivers soft clip, 2^nd Soft clip soft domes Soft domes solid-state rectifiers Solid-state rectifiers sonic effects, of RF Sony Sony digital interface (SDIF) sound cards Sound cards Sound fields classification: ambient noise field diffuse fields free fields outdoor acoustics pressure fields semireverberant fields sound insulation, 2^nd Sound level meter (SLM) Sound mixer architecture and circuit blocks Sound pressure (SP) Sound pressure level (SPL) sound pressure, produced at a distance Sound reduction index (SRI) Sound: and ear physics of velocity of effect of altitude, in air space charge, 2^nd Space charge space heater effect, on flutter echo Space heater effect, on Flutter Echo SPDIF interface, 2^nd Specific acoustic impedance speed stability SPICE simulation: in frequency domain stability testing Split console spurious signals, 2^nd, 3^rd Spurious signals stability and negative feedback stability testing stabilized Stage Accompany stage gain, 2^nd Standard gain control circuit Standard tone control systems static vs. transient Steep-cut filter circuits step-up transformer, 2^nd Step-up transformer straight-sided cones Straight-sided cones Stray capacitance, circuit effect of structured audio, 2^nd Structured audio (SA) compression schemes Studio and control room acoustics absorbers performance resonances reverberation and reflection Subsonic protection (SSP) and high-pass filtering: direct coupling hi-end approach indication logistics low approach pro approach rationale subsonic stresses subsonic stresses, 2^nd subtracting Successive approximation register (SAR) Sun audio’ suspension Suspension switches Switches switching arrangements switch-mode power supplies Switch-mode power supply symbols Sync pattern Sync preamble section, of digital audio signal synchronization Synchronization SyQuest cartridges system architecture system gain changes system reality

T

Table of contents talkback Talkback tandem Tape Tape recording bias equalization magnetic theory physics recording formats analogue mastering analogue multitrack tape machines cassette-based multitracks speed stability tape speed tape speed Technics techniques Television signal temperature temperature-dependent velocity Temperature-dependent velocity tempered scale Tempered scale Tetrodes tetrodes and pentodes, 2^nd Texas Instruments TL071 op-amp, circuit layout of thermal dissipation limits Thermal dissipation limits Thermal runaway Thermionic valve three-stage architecture Three-stage architecture Throw Time base correction time code, 2^nd Time code longitudinal time code PAL and NTSC user bits vertical interval time code time compression Time compression and expansion time compression and expansion timing relationships T-MOS, 2^nd TO3P power transistor installation Tolerance percentage Tone control tone controls, 2^nd Toroidal transformer Toshiba TOSlink optical interface, 2^nd Track at once transform and masking coders Transform and masking coders Transient defects transient defects, 2^nd, 3^rd Transient intermodulation distortion (TID) Transistor amplifier waveform distortion Transistor constant-current sources IC solutions transistor switching, 2^nd transistors Transistors switching arrangements translation nonlinearity, 2^nd transmission errors, detection and correction of, 2^nd Transport stream Transversal filter Triode Trip circuit TTL levels Two-stage amplifier architecture Two-stage feedback amplifier Two-stage transistor voltage amplifier Tympanic membrane types types and efficiencies types of

U

U and D MOSFETs, 2^nd Uncorrelated noise signals, combining levels of use of user bits User bits User Bits uses

V

Vacuum tubes Valve amplifiers output load impedance, effect of output power output stages output transformer phase splitters single-ended vs. push–pull operation solid-state devices: BJTs valve audio amplifier layouts valves/vacuum tubes anode cathode control grid gettering heater ratings and cathode microphony space charge tetrodes and pentodes valve parameters valve audio amplifier layouts valve parameters, 2^nd Valves anode cathode control grid gettering heater ratings and cathode microphony space charge tetrodes and pentodes valve parameters variables, 2^nd variation vs. frequency variations on, 2^nd velocity Velocity headphone vertical interval time code Vertical Interval Time Code Vertical interval time code (VITC) very low noise IC op-amps, 2^nd VI instrument, calibrating Video recorders Video synchronization analogue video interfaces color perception color television NTSC and PAL color systems CRT and raster scanning digital video 4:2:2 protocol description parallel digital interface serial digital video interface embedded digital audio, in digital video interface persistence of vision television signal horizontal and vertical sync time code: longitudinal time code PAL and NTSC User Bits Vertical Interval Time Code video timing reference signals Video timing reference signals V-MOS, 2^nd VOC, 2^nd, 3^rd voice coil Voice coils voltage Voltage amplification voltage amplifier design Voltage amplifier design voltage matching Voltage matching voltage regulator ICs Voltage regulator ICs voltage regulator systems Voltage regulator systems Voltage sensitivity (S^V) voltage to power conversion voltage, combining voltage-controlled amplifier Voltage-controlled amplifier Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) Voltages, combining Volume indicator (VI) instrument calibrating VU level on Volume unit (VU) apparent VU levels impedance correction on VI instrument vs. ISA bus VU impedance correction VU level on VU level on VI instrument VU meter VU Meter

W

WAV files, 2^nd, 3^rd Wave Studio utility Waveforms, types of wavelength Wavelength lambda wavelengths Wavelengths White noise Wien bridge oscillator wireless microphones Wireless microphones wiring for Word(s) Wordlength WORM (write once ready mostly) discs

X

XLR-3 connectors

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