Index
A
Accuracy in robotics, 239, 240
definition of, 406–8
in machining:
benefits of, 222–24
operation of, 220–22
two types of, 219–20
Analog-to-digital converters, 381, 382, 384–86
Animation in computer graphics, 89
advanced NC language, 226–27
definition of, 163
description of:
auxiliary statements, 165, 175
geometry statements, 165–68
motion statements, 165, 168–74
postprocessor statements, 165, 174–75
word definitions, 191–201
historical development, 134
MACRO feature, 175–78
MCL language for robotics, 245–7
NC part programming languages, 162–64
relation to CAD development, 55
Arc welding in robotics, 264–66
Assembly robot applications, 269–70
Automated process planning (see Computer-aided process planning)
Automation:
achievements in, 7
definition of, 6
relation to CAD/CAM, 6–9
B
B-rep (see Boundary representation in solids modeling)
Behind-the-tape-reader (BTR) system in NC, 212
Benchmark test in CAD/CAM, 463, 472
Bill of materials, 65, 128, 346–47
Boolean operations in computer graphics, 120–22, 127
Boundary representation in solids modeling, 126–27
C
C-rep (see Constructive solid geometry)
CAD (see Computer-aided design)
CAD/CAM:
achievements in, 10
definition of, 1
future of, 474–77
implementation of, 461–72
relation to automation, 6–9
relation to product cycle, 4–5, 8–9
turnkey CAD/CAM (see Turnkey CAD/CAM systems)
CAI (see Computer-aided inspection)
CAM (see Computer-aided manufacturing)
Capacity control, 359
Capacity planning, 332–33
CAPP (see Computer-aided process planning)
CAQC (see Computer-aided quality control)
Cartesian coordinate robot, 232, 235
CAT (see Computer-aided testing)
operation of, 82–83
types used in CAD, 84–86
Cell, graphics, 109–10
Cell, group technology, 289–93
Central processing unit:
in CAD systems, 99–101
components of, 15–18
definition of, 15
CODE systems, 289
Color graphics, 86–89
Computer:
applications in design, 58–64
binary coding schemes for, 24–25
central processing unit (CPU), 15–18, 99–101
definition of, 13
distributed processing, 32
hardware components, 13–14
languages, 26–29
assembly language, 26–27
high-level language, 27–29
machine language, 26
memory, 18–20
auxiliary memory (secondary storage), 19–20
main memory (primary storage), 18–19
virtual storage, 31
microcomputers (see Microcomputers)
minicomputers (see Minicomputers)
operating system, 30
peripheral devices, 22–24
software definition, 14–15
time-sharing, 31–32
application examples, 72–77
automated drafting, 63–64
components of, 54
data base, 64–66, 106, 119–22, 227
design evaluation and review, 63
design process, 56–64
dimensioning, 128
engineering analysis, 61–63
hardware, 79–102
design workstation, 81
graphics terminal, 82–89
operator input devices, 89–95
output devices, 95–99
historical perspective, 55–56
implementation (see Turnkey CAD/CAM systems)
interactive computer graphics (ICG), 53–54
manufacturing data base, 64–66
reasons for implementing, 55
software for computer graphics:
configuration of, 105–7
definition of, 104
display control, 108
functions of, 107–9
graphics elements, 107, 109–12
rules for design of, 105
segmenting functions, 108
transformations, 107–8, 113–19
user input functions, 108–9
windowing functions, 108
turnkey system (see Turnkey CAD/CAM systems)
Computer-aided inspection (CAI):
contact methods of, 425–27
noncontact methods of:
nonoptical, 433–34
optical, 427–33
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM):
computer-aided process planning (see Computer-aided process planning)
computer-aided quality control (see Computer-aided quality control)
computer-integrated production management systems (see Computer-integrated production management systems)
definition of, 2
flexible manufacturing systems (see Computer-integrated manufacturing system)
manufacturing support applications, 2, 3
numerical control (see Numerical control)
process control (see Computer process control)
process monitoring (see Computer process monitoring)
robotics (see Robotics)
shop floor control (see Shop floor control)
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP):
benefits of, 306
coventional process planning (see Process planning)
description of, 299–305
machinability data systems, 306–13
retrieval CAPP, 300–302
Computer-aided quality control (CAQC):
definition and objectives, 419
effects of, 423–24
integration with CAD/CAM, 438–39
terminology in QC, 420–22
Computer-aided testing (CAT), 419, 423, 434–38
Computer-generated time standards, 313–19
Computer graphics (see Interactive computer graphics)
Computer-integrated manufacturing system:
application features, 442–47, 448
benefits of, 458–59
computer control system, 453–56
definition of, 441–42
flexible manufacturing system (FMS):
application features, 443–44
relation to NC, 227–28
human labor, 456–58
machine tools, 447
material handling system, 449–52
types of, 443–47
Computer-integrated production management systems:
MRP (see Material requirements planning)
MRP II (see Manufacturing resource planning)
production control (see Production planning and control)
shop floor control (see Shop floor control)
Computer network structures, 395–96
Computer numerical control (CNC):
advantages of, 209–10
combined CNC/DNC, 216–17
differences with conventional NC, 206
functions of, 207–9
Computer-output-to-microfilm units, 99
adaptive control (see Adaptive control)
central control, 408–9
control strategies, 402–7
definition of, 2–3
direct digital control, 412–14
distributed control, 408–9, 410–12
in the process industries, 399
process variables, 400–401
programming for, 390–93
supervisory process control, 414–17
Computer-process interfacing:
hardware, 383–89
hierarchical computer structures, 393–95
input/output processing, 389–93
network structures, 395–96
process data, 380–83
factory data collection, 368–74
types of systems, 374–76
Concatenation in computer graphics, 118–19
Constructive solid geometry, 126–27
Contact inspection methods, 425–27
Contouring control:
in numerical control, 142, 144–45, 170–74
in robotics, 238
Coordinate measuring machine, 425–26
Cost planning and control, 334–35
CSG (see Constructive solid geometry)
CRT (see Cathode ray tube)
Cursor control:
definition and purposes of, 90, 92, 110
Cylindrical coordinate robot, 232, 234
Data acquisition system, 375–76
Data base in CAD/CAM, 64–66, 106, 119–22, 243–44, 331–32
Data collection systems, factory, 368–74
Data logging system, 375
Design:
benefits in group technology, 294
computers in design, 58–64
design process, 56–58
Design workstation in CAD:
as component in CAD system, 80
components of, 81
functions of, 81
graphics terminals (see Graphics terminals)
Digital-to-analog converters, 381, 386–89
Digitizers, 93–94
Direct digital control, 412–14
Directed beam refresh terminal, 84
Direct numerical control (DNC):
advantages of, 215
components of, 210–11
definition of, 210
functions of, 213–15
two types of, 212–13
Direct-view storage tube (DVST), 84–85, 108
Distributed numerical control, 216
Distributed process control, 408–9, 410–12
Distributed processing with computers, 32, 101
Drafting, automated, 63–64
Electrostatic plotters for CAD, 98–99
End effectors for robots, 248–49
Engineering analysis in CAD, 61–63
finite element analysis, 62–63
kinematic analysis, 64
mass properties analysis, 62
Estimating, 325
Expediting in production control, 326–27
Factory data collection systems, 368–74
Feedback control, 402–3
Feedforward control, 403–4
Finite element analysis, 62
Flexible manufacturing system (see Computer-integrated manufacturing system)
Forecasting, 324
Generative CAPP systems, 302–5
GENPLAN, 304–5
Geometric modeling, 58
color and animation, 86–89
as component of CAD system, 80
directed beam refresh, 84
direct-view storage tube (DVST), 84–85
operation of CRT, 82–83
stroke writing CRT, 82–83
Grippers for robots, 248
Group technology:
benefits of, 293–95
definition of, 275
machine cells:
composite part concept, 291–92
definition of, 289–91
types of, 292–93
parts classification and coding (see Parts classification and coding)
H
Hard copy unit for CAD, 98
Hidden line removal, 60–61, 108
Hierarchical computer structure, 393–95
I
ICG (see Interactive computer graphics)
Implementation of CAD/CAM (see Turnkey CAD/CAM systems)
Inspection:
common uses of, 422
computer-aided inspection (see Computer-aided inspection)
contact inspection methods, 425–27
noncontact inspection methods:
nonoptical, 433–34
optical, 427–33
robotic applications, 271–72
Inspection probes, 224–26, 426–27
Interactive computer graphics:
definition of, 53–54
editing features, 112
graphics elements, 109–10, 111
NC part programming, 179–85
transformations, 107–8, 113–19
Interference checking, 63
Interlocks for robotics, 251–52
Interrupt system in computer control, 390
Inventory control:
benefits in group technology, 294
in computerized production control, 333
inventory managment, 338–42
order point systems, 339–40
in production control, 327
Jointed arm robot, 232, 234–35
K
Keyboard terminals:
alphanumeric keyboards in CAD, 94
as a computer peripheral, 23
function keyboards in CAD, 94–95
Lasers in inspection, 427, 431–32
Layering in design review, 63
Leadthrough programming for robots, 243
M
Machinability data systems, 306–13
Machine cells in group technology, 289–93
applications in robotics, 260–61
in production scheduling, 326, 364
Machine vision (see Vision systems)
Machining process:
adaptive control (see Adaptive control)
machinability data systems, 306–13
numerical control, 138, 145–46
NC part programming, 157–85
robot applications, 268–69
Manual data input in NC, 186–87
Manufacturing resource planning:
definition of, 353–54
relation to material requirements planning, 352–53
Master schedule:
in MRP, 345–46
in production control procedure, 325
Material requirements planning (MRP):
basic concepts, 343–44
benefits of, 351–52
classes of MRP users, 352–53
in computerized production control, 332
inputs to, 344–47
MRP II (see Manufacturing resource planning)
operation of, 347–50
reports, 351
Materials handling:
in group technology, 278, 292, 294
MCL language in robotics, 245–47
Memory, computer:
auxiliary memory (secondary storage), 19–20
main memory (primary storage), 18–19
types of storage technology, 19, 21–22
MICLASS system, 285–89
application characteristics, 36
instructions for, 41–45
programming, 41–45
Microprogramming, 40
application characteristics, 36
features, 37–38
instructions for, 38–40
microprogramming, 40
relation to mainframe computers, 35
MRP (see Material requirements planning)
MRP II (see Manufacturing resource planning)
MTM Association, 315–19
N
NC part programming (see Part programming for NC)
Network structures, 395–96
Noncontact inspection methods, 427–34
nonoptical methods, 433–34
optical methods, 427–33
advanced NC systems, 226–27
advantages and disadvantages of, 148–50
applications of, 145–48
APT programming (see APT language in NC)
Numerical control (NC) (cont.) characteristics of NC jobs, 146
components of, 135–38
computer numerical control (see Computer numerical control)
control for NC:
adaptive control (see Adaptive control)
computer numerical control (see Computer numerical control)
controller unit, 136–37
direct numerical control (see Direct numerical control)
technology development, 204–6
coordinate systems, 140–42
definition of, 133–34
direct numerical control (see Direct numerical control)
historical background, 134
inspection probes, 224–26
machine tools, 137–38, 147, 149
motion control systems, 142–45
part programming (see Part programming for NC)
problems with conventional NC, 203–4
punched tape, 139
tape reader, 136
trends and new developments, 224–28
O
Opitz system, 282–85
Optimal control, 405–6
Output devices for CAD:
computer-output-to-microfilm (COM) units, 99
electrostatic plotters, 98–99
hard-copy units, 98
pen plotters, 95–98
P
Part families:
advantages in use of, 277–78
composite part concept, 291–92
definition of, 276
methods of determining, 278–79
relation to group technology, 275
types of, 276–77
APT (see APT language in NC)
as component of NC, 135–36
computer-assisted part programming:
definition of, 139
procedure, 160–62
programming languages, 162–64
time-sharing, 164
definition of, 153
interactive graphics for programming, 179–85
manual data input, 186–87
manual part programming, 139, 157–59
in the NC procedure, 139
punched tape:
coding and format, 155–57
definitions, 154
voice programming, 185–86
Parts classification and coding:
examples of systems:
CODE system, 289
MICLASS, 285–89
Opitz system, 282–85
factors for selecting a system, 281–82
relation to CAD, 64
relation to process planning, 295, 300–302
structures, 280–81
Pattern recognition, 429–31
Plotters for CAD:
automated drafting, 63–64
as component in CAD system, 80
types of, 95–98
Point-to-point control:
in numerical control, 142, 143, 168–70
in robotics, 238
Polar coordinate robot, 232, 234
Postprocessor in NC, 161, 174–75
Preplanned control, 404–5
Primitives in computer graphics, 61, 107, 126
Priority control, 358
Priority planning, 353
automated process planning (see Computer-aided process planning)
as part of NC procedure, 139
in production control procedure, 325
Production:
four types of, 6–7
Production flow analysis, 279
Production planning and control:
benefits in group technology, 294
computer integrated systems for, 329–34
cost planning and control, 334–35
problems in, 327–29
scheduling (see Scheduling)
traditional methods, 324–27
Productivity:
in adaptive control, 222–24
in CAD/CAM, 8–9
in NC part programming, 175, 183–84, 186
in numerical control, 148–50
in robotics, 258, 265, 267, 272
Programmable controller:
advantages of, 49–50
components of, 46–47
functions of, 49
programming for, 47–48
relation to computers, 50
Programming:
computer, 26–29
NC (see Part programming for NC)
process control, 390–93
robot, 242–47
Pulse counters and generators, 381, 383
Purchasing, 326
Q
Quality assurance, 420
Quality control:
computer-aided quality control (see Computer-aided quality control)
definition of, 420
methods of, 420–22
in production control, 327
R
Radiation techniques in inspection, 434
Raster scan CRT, 82, 83, 85–86, 108
Repeatability in robotics, 239, 240–41
Retrieval CAPP systems, 300–302
applications:
assembly, 269–70
flexible manufacturing systems, 451–52
general considerations, 257–59
inspection, 271–72
machine loading, 260–61
material transfer, 259–60
processing operations, 268–69
spray coating, 266–67
welding, 262–66
definition of, 231, 232
drive systems, 242
end effectors, 248–49
interlocks, 251–52
motion systems, 235–38
relation to NC, 228
physical configurations, 232–35
programming, 242–44
programming languages for robotics, 244–47
sensors, 252–54
spatial resolution, 239–40
speed of movement, 241–42
technical features, 238–42
weight carrying capacity, 242
work cell control, 249–51
work volume, 239
Rotation in computer graphics, 114, 117–19
S
Safety in robotics, 257, 265–66, 267
Scaling in computer graphics, 114, 117–19
Scanning laser beam device, 427, 431–32
operation scheduling, 363–68
order scheduling, 362
production scheduling, 326
Sensors:
in adaptive control, 220–22
in computer-process interfacing, 381,
definition of, 383
in inspection for quality control:
classification of, 424–25
contact inspection, 425–27
noncontact inspection, 427–34
in robotics, 252–54
Sequencing control, 405
computer process monitoring, 374–76
factory data collection system, 368–74, 375–76
functions of, 358–59
in production control, 334
operation of, 360–63
operation scheduling, 363–68
Sketchpad, 56
Spatial resolution in robotics, 239–40
Spot welding in robotics, 262–64
Storage, computer:
auxiliary memory (secondary storage), 19–20
main memory (primary storage), 18–19
secondary storage for CAD, 101–2
types of storage technology, 19, 21–22
Storage tubes (see Direct-view storage tube)
Straight cut in numerical control, 142, 143
Stroke writing CRT, 82, 83, 84–85, 86
Supervisory computer control, 414–17
Sutherland, Ivan, 56
T
Time-sharing:
in computer applications, 31–32
in numerical control, 164–65
Transducers, 381, 383
Transformations in computer graphics, 107–8, 113–19
Translation in computer graphics, 113–14, 116–17
definition of, 463
engineering analysis, 61–63
evaluation of alternatives, 470–72
extending an existing system, 464–65
prices of, 465–66
selection of:
criteria, 466–70
U
Ultrasonics in inspection, 434
V
VAL language in robotics, 244–45, 246
in inspection, 427–31
operation of, 427–31
in robotics, 252–53
Voice data input, 373
Voice programming:
for NC, 185–86
for robotics, 253–54
W
Walkthrough programming for robots, 243
Welding applications in robotics, 262–66
Wire-frame models, 59–61, 125–27
Work measurement, 313–15
Work volume in robotics, 239