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Cyber-physical Systems
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Cyber-physical Systems
by Pedro H. J. Nardelli
Cyber-physical Systems
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Introduction
Part I
Part II
Part III
Index
End User License Agreement
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Cyber-physical Systems
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Cyber‐Physical Systems in 2020
1.2 Need for a General Theory
1.3 Historical Highlights: Control Theory, Information Theory, and Cybernetics
1.4 Philosophical Background
1.5 Book Structure
1.6 Summary
Exercises
References
Part I
2 System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Systems Engineering
2.3 Demarcation of Specific Systems
2.4 Classification of Systems
2.5 Maxwell's Demon as a System
2.6 Summary
Exercises
References
3 Uncertainty
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Games and Uncertainty
3.3 Uncertainty and Probability Theory
3.4 Random Variables: Dependence and Stochastic Processes
3.5 Summary
Exercises
References
4 Information
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data and Information
4.3 Information and Its Different Forms
4.4 Physical and Symbolic Realities
4.5 Summary
Exercises
References
5 Network
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Network Types
5.3 Processes on Networks and Applications
5.4 Limitations
5.5 Summary
Exercises
References
6 Decisions and Actions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Forms of Decision‐Making
6.3 Optimization
6.4 Game Theory
6.5 Rule‐Based Decisions
6.6 Limitations
6.7 Summary
Exercises
References
Part II
7 The Three Layers of Cyber‐Physical Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physical Layer, Measuring, and Sensing Processes
7.3 Data Layer and Informing Processes
7.4 Decision Layer and Acting Processes
7.5 Self‐developing Reflexive–Active System and Cyber‐Physical Systems
7.6 Layer‐Based Protocols and Cyber‐Physical Systems Design
7.7 Summary
Exercises
References
8 Dynamics of Cyber‐Physical Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dynamics of Cyber‐Physical Systems
8.3 Failures and Layer‐Based Attacks
8.4 Summary
Exercises
References
Part III
9 Enabling Information and Communication Technologies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Data Networks and Wireless Communications
9.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
9.4 Decentralized Computing and Distributed Ledger Technology
9.5 Future Technologies: A Look at the Unknown Future
9.6 Summary
Exercises
References
10 Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cyber‐Physical Industrial System
10.3 Cyber‐Physical Energy System
10.4 Other Examples
10.5 Summary
Exercises
References
Note
11 Beyond Technology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Governance Models
11.3 Social Implications of the Cyber Reality
11.4 The Cybersyn Project
11.5 Summary
Exercises
References
12 Closing Words
12.1 Strong Theory Leads to Informed Practices
12.2 Open Challenges in CPSs
12.3 CPSs and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
12.4 Building the Future
Exercises
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Illustration of a CPS. Sensors measure physical processes, whose ...
Figure 1.2 Operation of smart meters that react to hourly electricity price....
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Illustration of the Maxwell's demon thought experiment.
Figure 2.2 Truth tables and logic gates of AND, OR and NOT operations.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 (a) Dominoes set; (b) example of a game.
Figure 3.2 Example of a frequency diagram related to the observations of the...
Figure 3.3 Domino tile in horizontal position: one number at the left side, ...
Figure 3.4 Example of a frequency diagram related to the observations of the...
Figure 3.5 Example of a frequency diagram related to the attribute
with
...
Figure 3.6 Example of a probability mass function diagram related to the ran...
Figure 3.7 Poisson random variable considering two different client arrival ...
Figure 3.8 Maxwell–Boltzmann probability density function of the random vari...
Figure 3.9 Example of a random process. The number of persons in a queue, me...
Figure 3.10 Markov chain representing a random variable
defined by the dif...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Relation between entropy functions and mutual information for two...
Figure 4.2 Tree representing yes‐or‐no questions to resolve the uncertainty ...
Figure 4.3 Diagram of a general communication system by Shannon.
Figure 4.4 Car in a highway and level of processes.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Euler's approach to prove that the problem has no solution.
Figure 5.2 Example of an undirected network with
nodes and
links.
Figure 5.3 Example of different network topologies.
Figure 5.4 Example of a WS network.
Figure 5.5 Map of the Berlin S‐Train.
Figure 5.6 Snapshot of the spatiotemporal propagation of flu using
Nextstrai
...
Figure 5.7 World airline routes.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Examples of centralized, decentralized, and distributed networks....
Figure 6.2 Rectangle with a fixed perimeter of length
.
Figure 6.3 Area of a rectangle considering a fixed perimeter of 20 m. The ma...
Figure 6.4 Random access in wireless networks.
Figure 6.5 Spatial throughput in wireless networks as a function of the prob...
Figure 6.6 Game in the extensive form.
Figure 6.7 Dove and hawk game in the extensive form.
Figure 6.8 Example of the implementation of the alarm system using logic cir...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Electric circuit with direct current: a constant voltage source
...
Figure 7.2 Dissipated power measured in watts as a function of the constant ...
Figure 7.3 Data layer with four cyber elements: three representing the dissi...
Figure 7.4 Numerical example of a realization of the stochastic processes
...
Figure 7.5 Self‐developing electric circuit: impact of decision rules and in...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Typical block diagram of (negative) feedback control.
Figure 8.2 Example of a continuous‐time signal
.
Figure 8.3 Schematic of a system
whose input signal is
and output signal...
Figure 8.4 RC circuit with an input signal
and an output
; both are measu...
Figure 8.5 Example of the input and output signals in the RC circuit present...
Figure 8.6 Example of a discrete‐time signal
.
Figure 8.7 Example of a two‐dimensional cellular automaton. Black cells are ...
Figure 8.8 Temporal development of an elementary CA with rule 30 for
and i...
Figure 8.9 Development of an elementary CA with different rules (from 65 to ...
Figure 8.10 Example of an electric circuit with
agents.
Figure 8.11 Numerical example of the CPS
for
m
and
. The input is
in...
Figure 8.12 Dynamics of CPS
for rules 54 and 73 considering
V,
m
, and...
Figure 8.13 Dynamics of CPS
for different rules and initial conditions con...
Figure 8.14 Dynamics of CPS
for different rules 110 and 54 considering
V...
Figure 8.15 Dynamics of CPS
for rule 254 considering
V,
m
, and
fo...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Illustration of a small‐scale data network.
Figure 9.2 Travel from Helsinki to São Paulo via Paris following a layered a...
Figure 9.3 Seven layers of the OSI model.
Figure 9.4 OSI reference model and the Internet protocol stack.
Figure 9.5 Encapsulation of a generic data transfer over the Internet.
Figure 9.6 Current five generations of cellular systems in 2021.
Figure 9.7 5G applications and their requirements in terms of rate, reliabil...
Figure 9.8 Cloud vs. edge computing.
Figure 9.9 Predicting the electricity demand from air temperature based on l...
Figure 9.10 ML methods classified as a combination of data, model, and loss ...
Figure 9.11 Federated learning.
Figure 9.12 Distributed ledger technology. Source: Adapted from [19].
Figure 9.13 Proposed stages of the Quantum Internet development.
Figure 9.14 Performance gains after Moore's law.
Figure 9.15 Throughput (from 0 to 1) as a function of traffic (expected pack...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Illustration of the three layers of CPSs and their physical depl...
Figure 10.2 Process flow diagram of the TEP.
Figure 10.3 Proposed communication and storage architecture for fault detect...
Figure 10.4 Fault detection in the TEP considering Fault 5 in Table 10.2. Th...
Figure 10.5 Illustration of a power grid.
Figure 10.6 Direct current circuit representing the physical layer of the sy...
Figure 10.7 Self‐developing system dynamics considering an external perturba...
Figure 10.8 Cyber‐physical public health surveillance system.
Figure 10.9 Illustrative example of undesirable consequences of navigation a...
Figure 10.10 Process monitoring loop.
Figure 10.11 Energy data acquisition in an industrial process.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Illustration of three different packetized electricity demand pr...
Figure 11.2 Number of publications in the Scopus database containing the ter...
Figure 11.3 Boyd's OODA loop.
Figure 11.4 Example of Beer's VSM.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 From the first to the fourth industrial revolution.
List of Tables
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Summary of possible characteristics of a network
as defined in D...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Update rule for the elementary CA.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Guiding questions to study and/or design CPSs.
Table 10.2 Faults in the TEP.
Table 10.3 Guiding questions for the TEP as a CPS as presented in [10].
Table 10.4 Smart fridge design in a cyber‐physical energy system.
Table 10.5 Guiding questions related to Figure 10.11.
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