Index

  • a
  • access network 186
  • acting 135
  • action protocols 150
  • adjacency matrix 89
  • agents 110
  • algebra of reflexive processes 142
  • ALOHANet 180
  • artificial intelligence (AI) 189–194. see also machine learning (ML)
  • automated alarm system 123–124
  • autonomous decision‐making processes 125
  • b
  • Barabási–Albert networks 95–96
  • behavior, definition 23
  • big data 189
  • bitcoin 196
  • blockchain technology 196–198
  • bridge 91
  • c
  • capitalism 234
  • centralized decision‐making 110
  • classical scientific rationality 11
  • classifiers 191
  • clients 185
  • clique 91
  • closed systems 31
  • cloud computing 181, 186, 195
  • cluster 91
  • cluster coefficient 91
  • communication components 135
  • communication protocols 150
  • competitive market governance models 222
  • complete/fully connected networks 94
  • complete network 91
  • component 91
  • computing components 135
  • conditional probability density functions 58
  • conditional probability mass functions 58
  • connected network 91
  • constraint functions 113
  • control theory 6–7
  • cosmolocalism 242
  • COVID‐19 pandemics 2, 11, 104, 180, 223
    • generative models 103
    • networks 99–102
  • CPS. see cyber‐physical system (CPS)
  • cybernetics 7–8, 260
  • cyber‐physical energy system
    • demand‐side management in 222–223
    • electricity power grid 216–217
    • frequency regulation by smart fridges 218–221
  • cyber‐physical public health surveillance system 223–224
  • cyber‐physical system (CPS)
    • in 2020, 1–3
    • acting 135
    • data layer 134
      • and informing processes 139–144
    • decision layer 135
      • and acting processes 144–145
    • definition 134
    • dynamics of (see dynamics of cyber‐physical systems (CPSs))
    • informing 134
    • layer‐based protocols 147–152
    • measuring or sensing 134
    • physical layer 134
      • measuring, and sensing processes 137–139
    • self‐developing reflexive–active system 145–148
    • wind turbine 135–137
  • cyber reality 80
    • data ownership 245–246
    • fake news 245, 247–248
    • global platforms 246–247
    • hybrid warfare 245, 248–251
  • cybersecurity 248
  • Cybersyn project 251–253
  • d
  • data acquisition 138
  • data and information 68–75
  • data chunks 186
  • data, defined 191
  • datagrams 187
  • data layer 134
    • and informing processes 139–144
  • data networks
    • edge and core 185–187
    • 5G 187–189
    • IoT 187–189
    • machine‐type communications 187–189
    • network layers and their protocols 181–185
    • as a system 180–181
    • and wireless communications 180–189
  • data ownership 245–246
  • data packets 187
  • datasets 209
  • decentralized computing
    • blockchain and distributed ledger technology 196–198
    • federated learning and decentralized machine learning 194–196
  • decentralized decision‐making 111
  • decision, defined 109
  • decision layer 135
    • and acting processes 144–145
  • decision‐makers 110
  • decision making
    • definition 110
    • forms of 110–113
    • game theory 117–123
    • limitations 124–125
    • optimization 113–117
    • rule‐based decisions 123–124
  • decision‐making protocols 150
  • degree of a node 90
  • demand‐side management 222–223
  • demarcation
    • car 27
    • conditions of existence 26
    • definition 24
    • problem 25
    • theoretical process 28
    • wind turbine 27–28
  • demarcation problem 25–26
  • derivative data 70
  • deterministic 45
  • diameter of the network 91
  • difference equations 155
  • directed graphs 88
  • disconnected network 91
  • discrete time indices 155
  • distance between two nodes 90
  • distributed decision‐making 110–111
  • distributed ledger technology (DLT) 196–198. see also decentralized computing
  • DLT. see distributed ledger technology (DLT)
  • dominoes 41–42, 44
  • dove and hawk game 121–123
  • dynamics of cyber‐physical systems (CPSs)
    • block diagram of (negative) feedback control 156
    • elementary cellular automaton 159–163
    • example of 163–164
    • failures and layer‐based attacks 170, 172–173
    • observable attributes and performance metrics 164–167
    • optimization 167–169, 171
  • e
  • edge computing 185–187
  • edge router 186
  • edges 88
  • edge server 195
  • electricity power grid, cyber‐physical energy system 216–217
  • elementary cellular automaton 159–163
  • encapsulation 185
  • end systems 185
  • energy clients 244
  • Energy Internet 244
  • environment 25
  • environmental information 77
  • Erdös–Rényi (ER) networks 94
  • f
  • factual 77
  • failures and layer‐based attacks 170, 172–173
  • fake news 245, 247–248
  • fault detection 214–215
  • features (inputs) 191
  • federated learning 194–196
  • fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks 179, 187–189
  • first generation (1G) of mobile networks 187
  • flexible job shop scheduling 244
  • flow components 23
  • flow regulator 6
  • fog computing 186
  • fourth generation (4G) of mobile networks 180
  • fourth industrial revolution 262–263
  • g
  • game theory
    • different views 117–118
    • dove and hawk game 119–123
    • extensive form, mixed strategy and sequential games 120–121
    • in normal form and basic lexicon 118–119
  • Gaussian noise 209
  • General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 246
  • general theory 3–6
  • governance models
    • central planning 238–240
    • commons 240–244
    • market‐based governance models 235–238
    • remarks about 245
  • graph theory 87–88
  • h
  • hosts 185
  • human‐modified systems 29
  • hybrid warfare 245, 248–251
  • hypothesis space 191
  • i
  • ICTs. see information and communication technologies (ICTs)
  • ideal smart controller 34
  • information
    • biological information 78
    • data and 68–75
    • definition 68
    • mathematical information and communication 76–77
    • physical and symbolic realities 79–82
    • physical information 79
    • semantic information 77
  • information and communication technologies (ICTs) 2
    • artificial intelligence and machine learning 189–194
    • data networks and wireless communications 180–189
    • decentralized computing and distributed ledger technology 194–198
    • Internet of Bio‐Nano Things (IoBNT) 199–200
    • Moore's law 200–201
    • quantum internet 198–199
  • information theory 7, 13, 67
  • informing 134
  • inputs 23
  • instructional 77
  • Internet connectivity 188
  • Internet of Bio‐Nano Things (IoBNT) 199–200
  • Internet of Things (IoT) 187–189
  • interventionist scientific rationality 11, 12
  • j
  • joint cumulative density function 58
  • joint probability density function 58
  • joint probability mass function 58
  • l
  • labels (outputs) 191
  • layer‐based attacks 170, 172–173
  • layer‐based protocols 147–152
  • linear regression method 193
  • line network 94–95
  • link 87, 88
  • logical relations 80
  • loss function 191
  • low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes 13
  • m
  • machine learning (ML)
    • data, model, and loss function 191
    • federated learning and decentralized 194–196
    • formalizing and solving 191–193
    • methods 193–194
  • machine‐type communication (MTC) 179, 180, 187–189
  • many‐to‐one networks 93
  • marginal probability density function 58
  • market‐based governance models 235–238
  • market relations, freedom of 238
  • Marx's theory 234
  • massive machine‐type communication (mMTC) 189
  • Maxwell's demon 21
  • Maxwell's Demon system
    • classification 33
    • definition 32
    • system demarcation 33–35
  • measuring components 135
  • measuring or sensing cross‐layer process 134
  • message encapsulation 185, 186
  • metadata 70
  • mixed strategy Nash equilibrium 121
  • ML. see machine learning (ML)
  • mobile networks
    • fifth generation (5G) of 179, 187–189
    • first generation (1G) of 187
    • fourth generation (4G) of 180
    • sixth generation (6G) of 180
  • models, defined 191
  • Moore's law 200–201
  • n
  • name multiagent system 158
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 2, 3
  • (negative) feedback control 156
  • network layers and protocols 181–185
  • networks
    • characteristics of 91–92
    • clique 91
    • communication systems 97–98
    • complete 91
    • connected 91
    • diameter of the 91
    • disconnected 91
    • graph and 88
    • limitations
      • from (big) data to mathematical abstractions 101
      • from mathematical abstractions to models 103
      • universality and cross‐domain issues 103–104
    • processes on 97
    • random access in wireless 114–117
    • size of the 89
    • transportation in cities 98–99
    • types 92–93
      • Barabási–Albert 95–96
      • complete/fully connected 94
      • Erdös–Rényi (ER) 94
      • line 94–95
      • many‐to‐one 93
      • one‐to‐many 93
      • peer‐to‐peer networks 93
      • regular 94–95
      • ring 94–95
      • star networks 93
      • Watts–Strogatz 95–96
    • virus propagation and epidemiology 99–102
  • Nexttrain 101
  • node 87, 88
  • nonclassical scientific rationality 11, 12
  • o
  • objective function 113
  • observable attributes 164–167
  • observation protocol 149
  • observe–orient–decide–act (OODA) loop 248–249
  • one‐to‐many networks 93
  • open system interconnection (OSI) model 183, 184
  • operating components 23
  • operational data 70
  • optimal 113
  • optimization 113–117, 167–169, 171
  • optimization variable 113
  • outputs 23
  • p
  • particular system (PS) 26, 180
  • path length 90
  • peculiar function (PF) 26, 180
  • peer‐to‐peer networks 93
  • performance metrics 164–167
  • philosophy 10
  • physical layer 134
    • measuring, and sensing processes 137–139
  • power law probability distribution 96
  • predictors 191
  • preferential attachment 96
  • primary data 70
  • principal component analysis (PCA) method 214
  • probability theory
    • arrivals in a restaurant 53–55
    • definition of 39–40
    • of drawing one specific tile 46
    • expected or mean value 52
    • experiment 47–48
    • Maxwell's demon 55–56
    • moments 51
    • notation 45–46
    • number on the left, number on the right 48–49
    • probability measure 46
    • random variable and probability functions 51
    • sum of the two numbers in the tile 50–51
    • variance 52
  • processes on networks 97
  • protocols 149, 150
  • protocol stack 184
  • pure strategy Nash equilibrium 118
  • q
  • quantum internet 198–199
  • qubits 198
  • r
  • random access in wireless networks 114–117
  • random process 60
  • random variables 56–63
  • real‐time traffic routes, mobile application for 224–226
  • reflexive–active system, self‐developing 145–148
  • regular network 94–95
  • reinforcement learning 193, 194
  • ring network 94–95
  • rule‐based approach 214
  • rule‐based decisions 123–124
  • s
  • scale‐free networks 96
  • science 9
  • scientific practice 9
  • secondary data 70
  • segments 186
  • self‐developing reflexive–active system 145–148
  • sequential game 121
  • Seven Bridges of Königsberg 87–88
  • Shannon or information entropy 73
  • shortest path length 90
  • signals and systems 156
  • sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks 180
  • size of the network 89
  • smart electricity grid 4
  • smart fridges 218–221
  • software‐defined networking (SDN) 187
  • spatial throughput 115, 117
  • squared error loss function 193
  • star networks 93
  • statistics 40
  • stochastic or random process 60
  • stochastic processes 61–63
  • structural components 23
  • structure of awareness 143
  • super‐spreaders 101
  • symbolic reality 79–82
  • system
    • attributes 23
    • classification of
      • closed and open systems 31
      • material and conceptual systems 29–30
      • natural and human‐made systems 29
      • static and dynamic systems 30
    • components 23
    • definition 22, 23
    • example of 24
    • function 23
    • Maxwell's Demon 31–35
    • relations 23
    • specific 24–28
  • Systems Engineering 21–23, 35
  • t
  • technology 12
  • teleological mechanisms 261
  • Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP) 209–214
    • cyber‐physical industrial system 209–214
    • example of fault detection 214–215
  • The Logic of Animal Conflict 120
  • thermodynamics 31
  • top‐down approach 6
  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 187
    • OSI network layer and 184
    • and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 187
  • traveling salesman problem 98
  • u
  • ultrareliable low latency communications (URLLC) 189
  • uncertainty
    • definition 39
    • games and 40–45
    • and information 71
    • information entropy 73–74
    • information in lottery 74–75
    • lottery and 71–72
    • probability theory
      • arrivals in a restaurant 53–55
      • of drawing one specific tile 46
      • expected or mean value 52
      • experiment 47–48
      • Maxwell's demon 55–56
      • moments 51
      • notation 45–46
      • number on the left, number on the right 48–49
      • probability measure 46
      • random variable and probability functions 51
      • sum of the two numbers in the tile 50–51
      • variance 52
    • properties of 72–73
    • random variables 56–63
  • undirected graphs 88
  • universal signal 4
  • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 187
  • v
  • vertices 88
  • viable system model (VSM) 251, 260
  • w
  • Watts–Strogatz (WS) networks 95–96
  • weighted links 90
  • WiFi 180
  • wireless communications and data networks 180–189
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