1.2. C++

C++ evolved from C, which was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories. C is available for most computers and is hardware independent. With careful design, it’s possible to write C programs that are portable to most computers.

The widespread use of C with various kinds of computers (sometimes called hardware platforms) unfortunately led to many variations. A standard version of C was needed. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) cooperated with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to standardize C worldwide; the joint standard document was published in 1990 and is referred to as ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990.

C11 is the latest ANSI standard for the C programming language. It was developed to evolve the C language to keep pace with increasingly powerful hardware and ever more demanding user requirements. C11 also makes C more consistent with C++. For more information on C and C11, see our book C How to Program, 7/e and our C Resource Center (located at www.deitel.com/C).

C++, an extension of C, was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Laboratories. Originally called “C with Classes”, it was renamed to C++ in the early 1980s. C++ provides a number of features that “spruce up” the C language, but more importantly, it provides capabilities for object-oriented programming.

You’ll begin developing customized, reusable classes and objects in Chapter 3, Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings. The book is object oriented, where appropriate, from the start and throughout the text.

We also provide an optional automated teller machine (ATM) case study in Chapters 22–23, which contains a complete C++ implementation. The case study presents a carefully paced introduction to object-oriented design using the UML—an industry-standard graphical modeling language for developing object-oriented systems. We guide you through a friendly design experience intended for the novice.