CHAPTER 12
DOMESTIC TERRORIST GROUPS AND RADICALIZATION: THE THREAT NEXT DOOR

This is the endgame for the animal killers and if you choose to stand with them you will be dealt with accordingly. There will be no quarter given, no half measures taken.

Ecoterrorist statement claiming responsibility for a 2003 bombing

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Political protest is both a right and a tradition of the American people. However, for certain groups protest has led to extremism, which has proceeded, in some cases, to terrorism. Homegrown terrorists have fought for a wide range of right-wing, left-wing, nationalist, and special interest causes. United by their disdain for the democratic system and their choice of political violence as a tactic, these groups have made domestic terrorism the most frequent form of terrorist activity in modern U.S. history by far.

Many Americans might agree with the general goals of some of these groups, such as opposing cruelty to animals or environmental degradation. But once protesters promote, support, or undertake acts of violence, they cross the line between free speech and terrorism.

These acts of violence represent more than just the “background noise” of extremism with which free societies must learn to live. Recent trends in domestic terrorism suggest a continuing level of violence employing sophisticated tactics that make detection and arrest difficult. With a proven interest in WMD, domestic terrorists may pose a significant threat to the U.S. homeland.

This chapter surveys contemporary threats, including how they have changed and evolved in recent years. Specific examples of groups and their ideologies are also discussed.

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, you should be able to

1. Define domestic terrorism.

2. Describe modern historical trends in domestic terrorism.

3. Identify major extremist movements linked to modern domestic terrorism.

4. Explain the threat raised by evolving characteristics of domestic terrorism.

THE ENEMY WITHIN

After 9/11 the FBI reserved its “Most Wanted Terrorists” list for some of the world’s most dangerous people, from al-Qaida senior leader Ayman al-Zawahiri to front-line terrorists such as Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali, indicted for participating in the 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Africa. But in 2009 the bureau added a man with no known connection to Islamist extremism—a bespectacled vegan tattooed with a warning against forest fires. Daniel Andreas San Diego became the first alleged domestic terrorist to join international terrorists on the list. The U.S. government accused San Diego of involvement in the 2003 bombings of two facilities in the San Francisco area, including one hit with a bomb wrapped in nails. His motive: animal rights. The FBI wanted to send a reminder: domestic terrorists still pose a significant danger to the United States.

DEFINING DOMESTIC TERRORISM AND RADICALIZATION

In contrast with Islamist extremist and international terrorism, which often occur abroad under the direction of foreign leaders, domestic terrorism is usually conducted by U.S. citizens operating in their own country. The FBI defines domestic terrorism as “acts of violence that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, committed by individuals or groups without any foreign direction, and appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.”¹

In 2011, the U.S. government published its first ever strategy for countering violent extremism. Titled “Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States,” the focus of the strategy is outlining how federal agencies will assist and empower local officials, groups, and private organizations to prevent violent extremism. The focus of the effort includes strengthening law enforcement cooperation and helping communities understand how protect themselves against and counter extremist propaganda.

INCIDENCE OF DOMESTIC TERRORISM

For many decades, domestic terrorism was by far the most common form of terrorism in the United States and until 9/11 the most deadly. The FBI recorded 353 incidents or suspected incidents of terrorism in this country between 1980 and 2001; 264 of these incidents were attributed to domestic terrorists. Domestic terrorism cases nearly doubled from 1999 to 2003, according to the bureau. Between 1999 and 2001 alone the FBI prevented 10 possible domestic terrorist incidents, including 2 potentially large-scale, high-casualty attacks by right-wing groups.² In 2011 the FBI warned of the continuing threat posed by domestic terrorism, citing incidents such as the following:

• In March 2010 nine members of the Michigan-based Hutaree Christian militia were indicted for their alleged involvement in a plot to kill law enforcement officers.

• In January 2011 a pipe bomb was discovered at a Martin Luther King Jr. Day parade in Spokane, Washington, and a subject was arrested by the FBI’s Joint Terrorism Task Force.

• In February 2011 three subjects were arrested on weapons and firearms charges in relation to alleged domestic terrorist activity in Fairbanks, Alaska.

RECENT HISTORY OF DOMESTIC TERRORISM

Social and political changes after World War II fermented domestic terrorism across the ideological spectrum. The notorious Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was reinvigorated by adherents determined to halt the progress of civil rights. The racist Klan terrorized civil rights activists throughout the South, spreading fear by the glow of their flaming crosses. In 1963 Klansmen bombed a Birmingham, Alabama, church, murdering four teenagers. Klan beatings and floggings continued throughout much of the 1960s. At the same time, more seeds of domestic ideological terrorism were being sown in the movement against the Vietnam War. The left-wing Weather Underground Organization (WUO) emerged in 1970 from the fringes of the peaceful antiwar movement. In the next few years the group set off blasts, often at empty locations, from Harvard University to the U.S. Capitol. A murderous WUO plan to bomb a dance at Fort Dix, New Jersey, derailed when several terrorists blew themselves up by accident (years later, Fort Dix would also be the target of a domestic Islamist extremist plot). In the aftermath of that blast, many members dropped political violence, while others went on to support terrorist activity by new Communist and black “liberation” extremist groups.

Nationalist groups also terrorized the United States. Puerto Rican extremists, acting in the tradition of their radical forebears who had attacked Congress and tried to kill President Harry Truman in separate incidents during the 1950s, took up arms. The FALN, a Spanish acronym for the Armed Forces of National Liberation, and Los Macheteros demanded independence for the U.S. commonwealth. They blasted and robbed their way through the 1970s and ′80s, claiming responsibility for such attacks as the January 1975 bombing of the historic Fraunces Tavern in downtown New York, which cost four lives. (Many of their members were eventually arrested and later given clemency by President Bill Clinton in 1999; a number of the 1950s Puerto Rican terrorists had been freed by President Jimmy Carter some 20 years before.)

The FBI, CIA, and other government agencies employed aggressive intelligence gathering and covert tactics to crack down on domestic terrorist groups. By the 1980s, with the collapse of the leftist United Freedom Front (UFF), most nationalist and left-wing ideological terrorist groups in the United States were finished. Their place was taken by right-wing extremism. The Order, a faction of the Aryan Nations, seized national attention during the 1980s. The tightly organized racist and anti-Semitic group opposed the federal government, calling it the “ZOG,” or Zionist Occupation Government. Taking a page from The Turner Diaries, which inspired the group, Order terrorists engaged in bombings, counterfeiting, robberies, and murder. Their attempt to inspire a race war failed, and the group’s leader was killed in a 1984 shoot-out with authorities.

Crimes of the Order brought attention to a loose network of right-wing extremists across the United States. United by hatred of the U.S. government and minority groups, these groups continued to grow into the 1990s. Bloody government standoffs at the Ruby Ridge, Idaho, home of a suspected right-wing extremist in 1992 and the Waco, Texas, compound of a religious cult in 1993 became defining events and rallying cries for extremists and anti-government “militia movements.” A series of attacks followed. In 1995 Timothy McVeigh, a decorated Army veteran of the Gulf War with extremist views, used a truck bomb to kill 168 victims at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The next year a bomb exploded during the Atlanta Olympics; federal authorities accused extremist Eric Rudolph with that and other crimes, including a deadly attack on an abortion clinic. Rudolph managed to escape arrest for years and served as an inspiration for many extremists (he was later captured, convicted of several crimes, and imprisoned.) Followers of a paramilitary militia planned to attack Fort Hood, Texas, on July 4, 1997, before they were arrested. (This base was later targeted by an Islamist extremist, Major Nidal Hasan, who killed 13 people in a 2009 attack.) In 1999 law enforcement officials arrested right-wing extremists who planned to use an ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) bomb to detonate a facility in California that held millions of gallons of liquid propane. Provoking a government crackdown, civil war, and the end of the federal government was their alleged motive.

The fringes of the pro-life movement produced terrorists who were willing to kill in order to stop what they believed to be the murder of unborn children. One abortionist, Dr. George Tiller, was shot and wounded in 1993, only to be killed in 2009 by another assailant linked to extremist antiabortion and militia/sovereign citizen movement beliefs. That same year, a longtime white supremacist shot and killed a guard at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In January 2011 a pipe bomb was defused at a Martin Luther King Jr. memorial march in Spokane, Washington. Meantime, ecoterrorists, fighting for environmental preservation and animal rights, caused huge amounts of property damage. As described below, other domestic terrorist groups have also been active in recent years, notably joined by a disturbing number of U.S. Islamist extremists.

PROFILES OF SIGNIFICANT GROUPS AND MOVEMENTS

Many terrorist groups have drawn psychological sustenance, recruits, funds, and operational support from the fringes of legitimate protest groups. The following profiles include references to certain hate groups or other organizations that, while they may have been linked to terrorists, are themselves legal enterprises.

Left-Wing Extremists

As a significant force, Communist terrorist groups have disappeared in the United States. Some of their anti-capitalist principles have been picked up by anarchists, who reject government, laws, police, and other official structures. In some cases, these beliefs are overlaid with a radical “green” agenda. Anarchists are often said to be “event-driven” because of their rampages during large gatherings, such as political conventions and World Trade Organization (WTO) meetings. In contrast with peaceful protesters often present at such gatherings, “black bloc” anarchists, named for their black garb, engage in rioting, property destruction, and fighting with police. The FBI asserts these groups “represent a potential threat in the United States.”³

Separatist: Black

The New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, linked to former members of the Nation of Islam, advocates a radical black nationalist agenda with racist and anti-Semitic elements. While the group has threatened violence, it cannot be considered a terrorist group. The earlier “black liberation” movement, allied with leftist terrorist groups during the 1970s, ceased major operations not long after. In recent years former Black Liberation Army member Joanne Chesimard, aka Assata Shakur, remained a fugitive in Cuba after escaping from prison, where she was serving a sentence for her part in the 1973 murder of a New Jersey police officer. Also reported in Cuba were Michael Robert Finney and Charles Hill, members of the black militant group Republic of New Africa, who allegedly hijacked a plane after murdering a New Mexico state police officer.

Separatist: Puerto Rican

Los Macheteros and the FALN also reduced their activities in recent years, especially against targets in the United States. However, law enforcement officials have linked separatist terrorists to several bombings in Puerto Rico.

Right-Wing Terrorists and Hate Groups

A widespread and overlapping set of beliefs, groups, and individuals, the extreme right wing in the United States was at one time estimated at up to 25,000 extremists and 250,000 sympathizers, although the exact number is impossible to determine. Their precise ideological perspectives vary, although many agree with al-Qaida that the U.S. government is corrupt, its people morally weak, and its agenda set by Jewish Americans and Israel. Several major movements make up this population, which is divided into hundreds of groups and splinter organizations.

Christian Identity

The Christian Identity movement is a significant ideological force among the extreme right wing. Based on a decades-old idea imported from Britain, the faith asserts that Aryans (non-Jewish people of European descent) are a lost tribe of Israel and God’s chosen people. Believers are united in hatred of Jews, blacks, and other minorities—often described as soulless “mud people.” Many Christian Identity adherents, estimated to number 25,000 or slightly more, anticipate the imminent arrival of Armageddon and a major race war. A more recent splinter ideology called the Phineas Priesthood assumed a mission against abortionists, homosexuals, and “race mixers.”

The Christian Identity philosophy unites a number of groups and also informs the belief system of groups such as the Neo-Nazi National Alliance, started by the late William Pierce, author of The Turner Diaries. The National Alliance, with international ties and sophisticated recruitment techniques, was long regarded as America’s most powerful hate organization, its members and sympathizers linked to numerous violent acts.

Sovereign Citizen Movement

Members of this group believe that although they live in the United States, they are somehow separate or “sovereign.” According to the FBI, this leads them to reject basic government authorities such as courts, tax departments, motor vehicle departments, and law enforcement agencies. The Bureau claims to have linked followers of this movement to murder; assault; threats against judges, law enforcement personnel, and government officials; impersonation of police officers and diplomats; use of counterfeit currency and documents; and white-collar scams.

Militia Movement

Known for their focus on paramilitary training and belief in “black helicopters” and other conspiracy theories, militia members gained widespread publicity in the 1990s after the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents. The militia movement believes the federal government is attempting to repeal constitutional rights, especially those involving the right to own guns. Organized into paramilitary groups, many militia followers are convinced that UN and foreign troops are being introduced into the United States as part of the “New World Order.” These beliefs have led to a number of terrorist plots.

Ku Klux Klan

Once a powerful force in post–Civil War America, and again a feared movement during the civil rights era, the KKK became a fragmented set of competing organizations united by their hatred of blacks, Jews, and assorted other enemies. They still maintained the capability for violence. For example, in 2005 David Wayne Hull, an Imperial Wizard of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was convicted of a terrorism-related crime.

“Right-Wing Anarchists”

Groups such as the Montana Freemen and Republic of Texas adopted what one observer called a “right-wing anarchist” philosophy. They rejected the legitimacy of federal, state, and local government institutions based on convoluted interpretations of the Constitution, legal system, and American history. These extremists were known for harassing local government officials and sometimes resorted to violence.

Other Right-Wing Extremist Groups

Groups that have followed one or more right-wing extremist movements include the Nazi Low Riders, originally linked to the racist Aryan Brotherhood prison gang; the Creativity Movement, active under a different name in the 1990s; the Aryan Nations; and racist skinheads such as the Hammerskin Nation. The far right has also included Neo-Confederates, who seek a return to the social norms of the Confederacy, and “Orthodox Christians” (not to be confused with members of the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church), who promoted biblical standards and punishments as the law.

Religious Extremists

Along with U.S. Christian extremist groups discussed above, and Islamist terrorists (discussed earlier in this text), the Jewish Defense League (JDL) has a long history of attacking those it believes opposed to the group’s faith and its adherents. In this case, the faith is Judaism and the adherents are the state of Israel and Jewish people. In 2003 Earl Krugel, a member of the JDL, pleaded guilty in a conspiracy to bomb a California mosque and the field office of a U.S. congressional representative. The JDL’s leader, Irv Rubin, committed suicide while in jail awaiting trial for his alleged role in the plots. Krugel was later killed in prison, allegedly by a follower of the Aryan Brotherhood. Ironically, Rabbi Meir Kahane, the JDL’s founder, was himself the victim of a terrorist killing, shot by a El-Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-American al-Qaida supporter later also convicted in connection with a terrorism plot against New York City.

Issue-Oriented Groups

Issue-oriented groups occupy the extreme fringes of legitimate political movements pursuing pro-life, environmental, animal rights, and other causes.

Pro-Life

In their desire to stop abortion, some extremists have moved beyond protest, past civil disobedience, and into murder and terrorism. A number of them have operated in the name of the Army of God. The organization maintained a website; its overt supporters praised violence but stopped short of illegal threats. In addition, supporters created an Army of God manual with instructions for sabotaging and blowing up abortion clinics.

One pro-life terrorist was Clayton Waagner, a convicted felon with a fondness for casinos, cigarettes, and Crown Royal bourbon. Waagner escaped from jail in 2001 and set out to terrorize abortion providers. In June 2001 he began threatening specific abortion clinic staffers and posted a message on the Army of God website announcing, “I am going to kill as many of them as I can.” He also sent hundreds of letters to abortion clinics. On many of the envelopes was typed the phrase “Time Sensitive Security Information, Open Immediately”; inside was white powder purported to be anthrax. Sent soon after the real anthrax attacks of fall 2001, these hoax letters spread fear across the nation. Waagner was later captured and sent to prison. As discussed earlier, antiabortion extremists have also assassinated and intimidated abortion providers.

Ecoterrorism

While many Americans support environmental protection and oppose cruelty to animals, a significant number of extremists believe society has not gone nearly far enough in these areas. In 2008 the FBI announced that in recent years (judged in part on statistics since 1979) ecoterrorists had become one of the most serious domestic terrorism threats for the following reasons:

• The sheer volume of their crimes (over 2,000)

• The economic impact (losses of more than $110 million)

• The wide range of targets (including international corporations, lumber companies, animal-testing facilities, and genetic research firms)

• Their increasingly violent rhetoric and tactics (one communiqué sent to a California product-testing company read: “You might be able to protect your buildings, but can you protect the homes of every employee?”)⁴

One well-known ecoterrorist group is the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), which demands an end to environmental damage. The group became known for “monkeywrenching,” or sabotaging organizations seen to be damaging nature. Monkeywrenching started with tree spiking and destruction of logging equipment, but arson soon became an important tactic for ELF-related terrorists. Targets have included auto dealerships selling sport utility vehicles, construction sites, and even fast-food restaurants. The August 1, 2003, arson of a La Jolla, California, condominium complex cost an estimated $50 million in property damage, according to the FBI. A Colorado arson attack in 1998, which caused $12 million in damage at the Vail ski resort, was in retaliation for an expansion that destroyed habitat for the lynx.

Founded in Great Britain, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) aimed to stop what it considers the exploitation of animals, which includes medical testing involving animals and the fur trade. While it claimed to repudiate acts that could harm “any animal, human and nonhuman,” the group encouraged its members to take “direct action,” which might involve attacks on targets such as fur companies, mink farms, restaurants, and animal research laboratories. However, there are significant concerns the ecoterrorist movement is slipping toward greater violence.

A group linked to ALF was Great Britain’s Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) organization, dedicated to stopping animal testing by a company called Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS). According to the FBI, “Investigation of SHAC-related criminal activity has revealed a pattern of vandalism, arsons, animal releases, harassing telephone calls, threats and attempts to disrupt business activities of not only HLS, but of all companies doing business with HLS.” In 2003 terrorists exploded bombs at two California companies linked to HLS. The second blast was followed by a claim of responsibility from the Revolutionary Cells of the Animal Liberation Brigade. The claim stated, “Now you will all reap what you have sown. All customers and their families are considered legitimate targets… You never know when your house, your car even, might go boom… Or maybe it will be a shot in the dark… We will now be doubling the size of every device we make. Today it is 10 pounds, tomorrow 20 … until your buildings are nothing more than rubble. It is time for this war to truly have two sides. No more will all the killing be done by the oppressors, now the oppressed will strike back.”⁵

As discussed earlier, in 2009 the FBI added animal rights extremist Daniel Andreas San Diego to its “Most Wanted Terrorists” list for his alleged involvement in the 2003 bombings.

In response to these types of threats, the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act was revised in 2006 to make its penalties tougher, cover more potentially targeted companies, and expand the law from protecting property to people as well.

In recent years an intellectual leader of the ecoterrorist movement has called for a gradual shift to violent tactics in order to achieve their goals. Were these extremists to adopt violence, they would be especially difficult to stop. Ecoterrorists share a highly decentralized operating system that includes focus on operational security and knowledge of law enforcement techniques. Their attacks are well planned, and they share their tactics via the Internet.

EVOLVING THREAT

In contrast with earlier days, when dogmatic Marxist groups proselytized via pamphlets and Klansmen recruited under flaming crosses, the modern domestic terrorist threat has adopted advanced and increasingly insidious communication and operational techniques.

Loose Affiliations, “Leaderless Resistance,” and Lone Wolves

Domestic terrorism is often associated with the “lone offender,” a single individual who acts without the apparent support of a larger group. In some cases, especially given the propaganda and communication capabilities made possible by the Internet, it can be difficult to categorize the real motivation or affiliation of a lone offender. These cases include “self-radicalization,” or what the FBI calls homegrown violent extremism (HVE). (Islamist HVE offenders are discussed in Chapters 10 and 11.)

Worth noting is that domestic terrorists from various groups have demonstrated an ability to work by themselves or in small cells, tactics sometimes inspired by the doctrine of these movements. In right-wing extremist vernacular, believers can take action as part of a “leaderless resistance,” operating from general instructions or directives, perhaps spread via websites. Such dedicated individuals or small cells are difficult to detect and stop.

In some cases, hateful ideologies may inspire action from disturbed people, with or without sanction of the organization. For example, a 35-year-old member of the National Alliance was arrested in 2002 as he sat outside a Jewish preschool in Nashville holding an AR–15 rifle. In his car officials found a semiautomatic handgun with 27 rounds of armor-piercing ammunition, binoculars, laser range finder, retractable steel baton, and latex gloves. A search of his residence, a storage facility, and a buried supply cache turned up explosive devices, time fuses, ammo, smoke grenades, blasting caps, military training manuals, and a copy of The Turner Diaries. The man, who had cheered when 9/11 occurred, had written an e-mail stating, “I no longer feel like I belong to the cesspool of multi-cultural filth known as the ‘United States,’” investigators reported. Authorities found evidence the extremist had searched the Internet for information on Buford Furrow and feared he planned to gun down Jewish children in an attack similar to Furrow’s 1999 rampage. The extremist, who defenders claimed was mentally ill, had allegedly been in contact with a National Alliance official and was able to provide information that led to the arrest of another white supremacist.⁶

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Because of their religious views, some right-wing extremists—like certain Islamist terrorists—appear to lack constraints against the use of WMD. They may view WMD attacks as a way to kill unbelievers and minorities and provoke a theologically sanctioned civil war. Domestic terrorists have a record of obtaining WMD elements. During the 1990s, law enforcement officials arrested extremists with the poison ricin on at least two occasions. In 2004, William Krar was convicted in a federal court after a search of his Texas storage unit revealed materials for a cyanide bomb, along with half a million rounds of ammunition, pipe bombs, machine guns, silencers, and extremist literature (planning for cyanide bombs has also been associated with al-Qaida.) Although Krar was known for his antigovernment views and one accomplice in a fake ID scheme was a militia member, he denied being part of a terrorist plot, saying, “For the record, I’m neither a terrorist nor a separatist. I’ve never desired to hurt anyone or the country that I love.”⁷ However, some observers recalled the 1985 raid on a right-wing extremist group called the Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA). Inside the group’s Arkansas compound, officials discovered a 30-gallon drum of cyanide, which the members planned to place in the water supplies of major cities as part of a Christian Identity–inspired plot.⁸

CHAPTER SUMMARY

American extremist movements provide the recruiting pools for terrorist groups representing a broad range of motives. These terrorists, especially those representing right-wing extremist and ecoterrorist causes, will continue to pose a substantial threat to the homeland. Because of the decentralized organizational structure of these groups and the desire of some of them to obtain WMD, law enforcement officials must maintain a high level of vigilance.

CHAPTER QUIZ

1. What is domestic terrorism?

2. How did domestic terrorism evolve from the 1970s to the present?

3. What are three major extremist movements linked to modern domestic terrorism?

4. List the evolving threats posed by modern domestic terrorism.

5. Which is the most dangerous domestic threat?

NOTES

1. Statement of John E. Lewis, deputy assistant director, Counterterrorism Division, FBI, before the Senate Judiciary Committee (May 18, 2004), www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/lewis051804.htm.

2. Ibid.; FBI, “Preventing Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Soil: The Case of the Wrong Package Falling into the Right Hands” (March 9, 2003), www.fbi.gov/page2/april04/040904krar.htm; testimony of Robert S. Mueller III, director, FBI, before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (February 11, 2003), http://www2.fbi.gov/congress/congress03/mueller021103.htm

3. Testimony of Dale L. Watson, executive assistant director, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI, before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (February 6, 2002), www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/watson020602.htm.

4. FBI, “Putting Intel to Work against ELF and ALF Terrorists” (June 30, 2008), http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2008/june/ecoterror_063008.

5. Statement of John E. Lewis, deputy assistant director, Counterterrorism Division, FBI, before the Senate Judiciary Committee (May 18, 2004), www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/lewis051804.htm.

6. Department of Justice, “National Alliance Member Michael Edward Smith Sentenced to 121 Months for Hate Crime” (March 17, 2004), www.usdoj.gov/usao/tnm/press_release/3_17_04.htm.

7. CNN.com, “Man with Huge Weapons Cache Sentenced to 11 Years” (May 4, 2004), www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/04/cyanide.sentencing.ap.

8. Jessica Stern, “The Prospect of Domestic Bioterrorism,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 5/4 (July-August 1999): 517–522, www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/stern.htm.