INDEX
AAPA (American Association of Port Authorities), 409–410
Aatique, Muhammed, 539
Abd al-Rahman, Umar, 564
Abdi, Nuradin M., 539
Abdo, Naser Jason, 549
Abdul Rahim, Jamal Saeed, 582
Abdul-Latif, Abu Khalid, 549
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk, xiv, 183, 546
Abdur-Raheem, Hammad, 539
Abouhalima, Mahmud, 205
Abousamra, Ahmad, 545–546
Abraham, Patrick, 542
Abu Hul, 582
Abu Muhjin, 562
Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), 581
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 38, 552–554
Abu Tholut, 568
Abu Zubaydah, 580
Abujihadd, Hassan, 542
Accountability, 473–474
Achille Lauro, 282–283
Advanced persistent threats (APT), 521
Advani, Lalchand Kishen, 578
Adware, 521
Afghanistan, 16, 37–38, 40–43, 48, 52, 56, 58, 60, 62, 126, 263, 271, 275, 283, 298–299, 302, 336–339, 365, 537
Agriculture, 384, 392, 415. See also Food
Ahmad, Babar, 544
Ahmed, Farooque, 547–548
Ahmed, Syed Haris, 541
Ahmedzay, Zarein, 545
Ahsan, Syed Talha, 544
AI (Ansar Al-Islam), 562–563
AIMA (Argentine-Jewish Mutual Association), 576
Air cargo bomb plot, 2010, 548
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), 514
Airports
“Airport Watch” program, 513–514
JFK Airport plot 2007, 543
La Guardia Airport bombing (1975), 281–282, 336
screening, 63
Akbar, Hasan, 549
Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, 582–583
Alaska earthquake, 1964, 26
Al-Dawa, 296–297
Aldawsari, Khalid Ali-M, 548–549
ALF (Animal Liberation Front), 317
Algeria Armed Islamic Group, 38
Alien Registration Act, 20
All-hazards approach, 237–238
al-Mihdhar, Khalid, 44
al-Qaida, xiii, 25, 274, 276–277, 313, 537. See also bin Ladin, Usama; 9/11/2001 attacks
attacks abroad, 29
bin Ladin establishing, 37–38
bin Ladin molding, 298
blanket control on, 302
campaign against America, 143
camps, 538
cyanide weapons and, 347
emergence of, 37–44
funding, 40
international and transnational terrorism and, 290–291
leadership, 328
links to, 28
members, 38
Muslim theocracy, 38
nonstate actors, 119
operatives, 31
planning, 41
profile, 554–556
sanctuaries, 61
security, 43
sheltering, 287
strategy, 43
structure, 39
surveillance by, 203
technology, 39–40
video producers, 525
war against, 58
WMD and, 50
al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI), 557–558
al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 525, 544, 548, 556–557
al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 558–560
“Al-Qaida Manual,” 63, 295, 315, 323, 325, 328, 331, 336–337
Alwan, Sahim, 538
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 302, 557–558
Amawi, Mohammad Zaki, 541
Amazon, 478
AMBER alerts, 453
Ambushes, 332
American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA), 409–410
American Chemistry Council, 412
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 433
American Type Culture Collection, 353
AmeriCorps, 485–486
Analytical tools, 139–144
The Anarchists Cookbook, 325
Animal disease outbreaks, 391–393
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 318
Animal Liberation Brigade, 318
Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 317
ANO (Abu Nidal Organization), 581
Ansar Al-Islam (AI), 562–563
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 433
Anthrax attacks, 51, 63, 159, 344, 537
Antiaircraft missiles, 333–335
Anti-Pinkerton Act, 9
Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (ATIX), 200
Antiterrorism measures, 456–458
Antivirus software, 533
AOI (Army of Islam), 583
AOPA (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association), 514
APT (Advanced persistent threats), 521
AQAP (al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula), 525, 544, 548, 556–557
AQI (al-Qaida in Iraq), 557–558
AQIM (al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb), 558–560
Argentine-Jewish Mutual Association (AMIA), 576
Armstrong, Jack, 558
Army Corps of Engineers, 382, 395
Army of God manual, 315–316
Army of Islam (AOI), 583
ASA Diamond, 40
Asahara Shoko, 36–37
Asbat al-Ansar, 561–562
ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group), 38, 552–554
Assassination, 6, 8, 9, 261, 337, 341, 413, 547, 553, 555, 560, 563, 579, 589, 590, 597, 600
needs, 467–468
net, 143–144
strategy, 122–126
target value, 413
threat, 413
vulnerability, 413–414
Assets
assessment, 413
counterintelligence, 148
in critical infrastructure, 426
cyber assets, 527–528
Asymmetric warfare, 264
ATIX (Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange), 200
Atlantic, 121
Atomic Energy Act, 363
Atta, Mohamed, 44
Attack planning and execution
hierarchy of, 324–326
overview, 323–324
phases of, 329–331
support operations, 329
target selection, 329–330
terrorist operations, 332–341
terrorist organization, 326–329
AUC (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia), 602–603
Augustin, Burson, 542
Augustine, Rotschild, 542
Aum Shinrikyo cult, 28, 36–37, 276–277, 344, 355, 361, 593–594
Australia Group, 345, 351, 353
Aviation and Transportation Security Act, 63, 508
Aviation security, 63, 508–514
al-Awlaki, Anwar, 274, 303, 546
Baader-Meinhof gang, 39
Baby formula diversion, 204
Background checks, 514
Backpack attacks, 364
Baiting, 522
al-Bakri, Mukhtar, 538
Bangladesh, 38–39, 132, 290, 566, 579
Banking and finance, 423
Barot, Dhiren, 539–540
Bashir, Abu Bakar, 568
Basque Fatherland and Liberty, 588–589
Batiste, Narseal, 542
Beheshti, Mohammad, 596
Beirut barracks bombings (1983), 275, 297
Benkhala, Sabri, 539
BEST (Border Enforcement Security Task Forces), 497
Best practices, 431
Bhopal chemical disaster, 348–349
Bhutto, Benazir, 573
Big picture, 440
bin Ladin, Usama, 26, 47, 192, 537, 571, 578
al-Qaida established, 37–38
campaign against America, 29
CIA tracking, 41
invoking warriors, 295
links to, 28
molding al-Qaida, 298
WMD and, 50
bin Nayif, Muhammad, 557
Binalshibhand, Ramzi, 44
Biological weapons, 350–356
Biosecurity, 392
Bioterrorism, 63, 68, 352, 415
Black bloc, 312
Black swan, 372
Black Tigers, 592
Blackouts, 116, 398, 405, 422, 519, 523
Blood diamonds, 40
Bombings, 332. See also High-yield explosives; Weapons of Mass Destruction
air cargo bomb plot, 2010, 548
aircraft, 338
Beirut barracks bombings (1983), 275, 297
bomb threats, 456–458
booby traps, 337
car bombs, 338–339
Christmas Day bombing, 2009, xiv, 508, 546
fire bombings, 341
grenade attacks, 337–338
Kenya embassy bombing (1998), 38
Khobar Towers bombing (1996), 300
La Guardia Airport bombing (1975), 281–282, 336
LAX bomber, 41–42
leave-behind bombs, 336
letter bombs, 337
Madrid train bombings (2004), 136–137
Office of Bombing Prevention, 150
Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing (1995), 28, 31, 70, 273, 311, 325, 330, 338, 364, 365, 417
suicide bombers, 266
Teddy bear bombs, 338
terrorist operations, 336–339
Times Square bomb (2012), 366
Tokyo subway bombing (1995), 28, 344
truck bombs, 358
Unabomber, 337
World Trade Center attack, New York (1993), 28, 35, 205, 330, 338, 364, 366
Booby traps, 337
Border Enforcement Security Task Forces (BEST), 497
Border fencing, 496
Border Patrol, 10, 20–22, 76, 496, 498
Border security. See Immigration and border security
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 393
Boyd, John, 119
Boyd cycle, 119
@BPGlbalPR, 371–372
Broken windows theory, 121, 163–164
Buckley, William, 333
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 174–175
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 47
Bureau of Land Management, 384
Burr, Aaron, 213
Bush, George W., 55, 77, 87, 109, 482, 541, 548
disasters under, 30
Hurricane Katrina and, 218
national security strategy, 126, 129
Bush administration, 29, 58–60, 267
Bush doctrine, 56–60
cyberdefense, 529
war of ideas, 171–173
Business Roundtable, 477
Business support, 484
“Buy America,” 253
California earthquake (1994), 374
CAN (Coordinated Assistance Network), 483
Canada Border Services Agency, 501
Canada Command, 500
Canadian border, 492–495
Canadian Coast Guard, 500–501
Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 500
Capitano, Phil, 471
Capone, Al, 186
Car bombs, 338–339
Car rammings, 341
Carter, Jimmy, 310
Caucasus Emirate (CE), 563
CBIRF (Chemical and Biological Incident Response Forces), 226, 235–236
CBP (Customs and Border Protection), 93–94, 410, 497, 499, 505, 508
CBRNE (Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-explosives), 226, 344, 366
CCMRFs (Consequence Management Response Forces), 230
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 27
CE (Caucasus Emirate), 56
Cells, 327
Center for the Advancement of Collaborative Strategies in Health, 472
Center on Disaster Resilience, 484
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 27, 103
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 21–22, 90, 158
covert operations, 60–61
Directorate of Intelligence, 172
foreign intelligence, 171
HUMINT and, 155
intelligence gathering, 24
National Clandestine Service, 172
tracking bin Ladin, 41
Central Security Service (CSS), 157
CERFP (Enhanced Response Force Packagers), 230
CERT (Community Emergency Response Team), 479, 485
CFIUS (Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States), 408–409, 411
Chandia, Ali Asad, 539
Chapman, Seifullah, 539
Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-explosives (CBRNE), 226, 344, 366
Chemical and Biological Incident Response Forces (CBIRF), 226, 235–236
Chemical weapons, 18, 226, 344–350, 366
Chernobyl reactor disaster, 1986, 425
Chertoff, Michael, 76
China, 15, 285, 290, 364, 523, 529, 608
Christian Identity movement, 313
Christmas Day bombing, 2009, xiv, 508, 546
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
Cigarette smuggling, 205
CIRA (Continuity Irish Republican Army), 590
Citizen Corps, 485
Civil liberties, 529
habeas corpus, 6–7
safeguards, 30–31
World War II impact, 19–20
Civil support teams (CSTs), 230–231
Clapper, James, 285
Classified Information Procedures Act, 192
Clean Air Act, 434
Clinton, William J., 29, 30, 300, 310
Clinton administration, 29
Clothing and bedding, 462
CNCI (Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative), 527
Coase, Ronald Harry, 121
Coast Guard, U.S., 10, 15, 22, 72, 395–396, 508
auxiliary, 486
captain of the port, 504–505
commandant, 92–93
Deployable Operations Group, 397
establishment, 91
Hurricane Katrina and, 111
hurricanes and, 377
Maritime Operational Threat Response Plan, 91
oil spills response, 29
port programs, 410
regulatory authorities, 92
reserve, 93
search and rescue, 380
support organizations, 171
Cohen, Jon, 387–389
Cold War, 21–23, 26–27, 109, 112, 326, 345
Colombia, 268, 284, 287, 333, 601–603
Colonial legacy, 4–5
Commercial facilities, 417–418
Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States (CFIUS), 408–409, 411
“Committee Sharply Critiques WHO’s Pandemic Response,” 387–389
Common operating picture (COP), 502
Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA), 594
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT), 479, 485
Community involvement, 139
Community response, 466–468
Community-based planning, 467
Competitive intelligence, 161–162
Complex systems analysis, 140–141
Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI), 527
Congress, U.S., 103–104, 175–176
Consequence Management Response Forces (CCMRFs), 230
Constitution, U.S., 3, 150, 156
control of military, 213
federalism dictates, 237
First Amendment, 186
Third Amendment, 213
use of force in, 5
Constructivism, 118
Container Security Initiative (CSI), 507
Continental defense, 17
Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA), 590
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, 365
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, 345
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling, of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 351
Convergence, 141, 142, 236, 474
Cooperative counterterrorism investigation, 189–191
Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, 240
Coordinated Assistance Network (CAN), 483
COP (Common operating picture), 502
Counterespionage, 19
Counterintelligence, 19, 65, 148, 167, 169, 171–172, 175, 179, 325, 546
Countersurveillance, 203–204, 325, 328, 330
Counterterrorism, 57–58, 68, 168. See also Domestic counterterrorism
cooperative counterterrorism investigation, 189–191
costs, 69–70
operations abroad, 85
Countries. See specific countries
Coupon fraud, 205
Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA), 320
Covert and open sources, 149–150
CPP/NPA (Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army), 594
Crisis-action decision making, 135–137
Critical infrastructure
agriculture and food, 415
banking and finance, 423
chemical, 424
commercial facilities, 417–418
coordination and organization, 407–409
critical manufacturing, 418–419
dams, 418
defense industrial base, 420–421
DHS and, 408
emergency services, 419–420
energy, 422
government facilities, 417
health care and public health, 417–418
information technology and communications, 421
key assets, 426
lifeblood of U.S. economy, 404–407
nuclear reactors, 425–426
overview, 403
postal system and shipping, 424
private sector, xviii
protecting, 411–414
transportation, 422–423
types of, 414–426
water, 417
during World War II, 18
Critical manufacturing, 418–419
Croatian nationalists, 24, 281
Cromitie, James, 544
Crusades, 295
Cruz León, René, 604
CSA (Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord), 320
CSI (Container Security Initiative), 507
CSS (Central Security Service), 157
CSTs (Civil support teams), 230–231
C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism), 94, 410, 507
Cuba, 24, 39, 60, 283–284, 312, 551, 601–604
Culture clash, 113–115
Culture of unpreparedness, 115–117
Customs Air Security Officers Program, 24
Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 93–94, 169–170, 410, 497, 505
Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT), 94, 410, 507
Cyber assets, 527–528
Cyber Command, 527
Cyber defense, 525–531
antivirus software, 533
authentication and password protection, 531, 533
backup, 534
cyber defense, 525–531
defined, 518–519
destruction, 519
disruption, 519
DOD missions, 527
human engineering, 521–524
insider attacks, 519
malicious software, 520–521
outsider attacks, 520
overview, 517–518
practices, 533–534
principles, 531
private sector in, 531–534
resilience and future prospects, 534–535
terrorist use of cyberspace, 524–525
threat of, 518–519
Dams, 418
Daqduq, Ali Mussa, 574–575
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 161
Daschle, Tom, 51
Data, 178. See also Information; Intelligence; Supervisory control and data acquisition
mining, 160–161
National Capabilities Analysis Database, 150
repositories, 197–198
at rest, 526
in transit, 526
DCE (Defense Coordinating Element), 231
DCO (Defense Coordinating Officer), 231
DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service), 518–519, 521
de Mello, Sergio Vieira, 558
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), 174, 286
Dean, Diana, 42
Debs, Eugene V., 12
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 161
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, 26
Defense Coordinating Element (DCE), 231
Defense Coordinating Officer (DCO), 231
Defense industrial base, 420–421
Defense Intelligence Agency, 90, 172
Defense Intelligence Operations Coordination Center, 172
Defense Production Act of 1950, 240
Defense support to civil authorities (DSCA), 215–217, 223, 225, 230
Defreitas, Russell, 543
Deliberate decision making, 134–135
Delphi technique, 142
Democracy, 303. See also Freedom
Department of Commerce, 501
Department of Defense (DOD), 158, 214–215, 260
authority, 220
cybersecurity missions, 527
directives, 217
mission, technologies, activities, 102
netcentric warfare, 528
NORTHCOM, 67
policy execution, 220
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Report, 85, 88–89, 110, 227–229, 403
support agencies, 172–173, 220–221
traditional missions, 68
transportation and, 111
Department of Energy, 103, 174, 236, 501
Department of Health and Human Services, 68, 102–103, 241, 392, 415
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
agricultural support, 392
committees, 135
critical infrastructure and, 408
culture clash, 114–115
cyber assets and, 527–528
disaster planning scenarios, 372
domestic counterterrorism and, 187–188
establishment, 166
FBI and, 68
immigration and border security and, 75–76
information network, 199
lead protection agency, 183
maritime threats and, 502–503
mission, xiv
Office of Bombing Prevention, 150
operations center, 198
Ready Campaign, 71
reorganization, xvi
responsibilities, 90–91
terrorist alerts, 396
transportation security lists, 68
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2007, 239
Department of Interior, 426
Department of Justice, 173–174, 501
background checks, 514
maritime threats and, 502
RISS, 199–200
Department of the Interior, 384
Department of Transportation, 395, 508
Department of Treasury, 175
Destruction, 261, 276–277, 345, 351, 519. See also Weapons of Mass Destruction
DHS. See Department of Homeland Security
“Difficult Decisions: FBI Priorities,” 193–196
Digital Pearl Harbor, 518, 529
Director of National Intelligence (DNI), 76, 90, 168, 522
Directorate of Intelligence, 172
Disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs), 484
Disaster mortuary operational response teams (DMORTs), 485
Disaster preparedness, 10–11, 49–50, 372
Disaster Relief Act of 1974, 27
Disaster supply kits, 459
clothing and bedding, 462
first-aid supplies, 461–462
food, 459–461
lights and batteries, 461
pet supplies, 463
special items, 462–463
tools and supplies, 462
Disaster warnings, 148, 202, 374–376, 450–453
Disasters and mass emergencies
defined, 370–372
drought and extreme heat conditions, 394–395
earthquakes, 373–374
floods and levee breaks, 381–382
food contamination and animal disease outbreaks, 356, 391–393
forest fires, 383–384
hazardous material spills and releases, 389–391
hostage taking, riots, targeted violence, 396–397
hurricanes, 374–378
landslides and debris flows, 381–383
overview, 369
pandemics, 385–389
severe storms and cold weather, 393–394
space weather, 397–399
structural collapse, 395–396
tornadoes, 378–379
tsunamis, 379–380
volcanic eruptions, 382–383
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS), 518–519, 521
Distributed terrorism, 273
DMATs (Disaster medical assistance teams), 484
DMORTs (Disaster mortuary operational response teams), 485
DNDO (Domestic Nuclear Detection Office), 491
DNI (Director of National Intelligence), 76, 90, 522
Document fraud, 205–206
DOD. See Department of Defense
Domain security
aviation security, 508–514
border security, 491–499
challenges, 514
layered security principle, 490–491
maritime security, 499–507
overview, 489–490
Domestic counterterrorism
baby formula diversion and, 204
case management, 200
cigarette smuggling and, 205
countersurveillance, 203–204
coupon fraud and, 205
data repositories, 197–198
DHS and, 187–188
disrupting and interdicting terrorism, 203
dissemination and warnings, 202
document fraud and, 205–206
drugs and, 204
FBI and, 185–187
fund-raising and, 204
information sharing and collaboration, 198–199
intelligence collection and analysis, 201–202
intelligence gathering and exploitation, 201
issues in, 191–196
jurisdictions, responsibilities, organizations, 183–191
legal preparation, 197
operations components, 196–200
organized crime and, 204
organizing efforts, 197–198
overview, 181–182
recovery, 208
resources and deployment, 196–197
response, 206–208
state and local, 188–189
terrorism front lines, 182–183
training and equipment, 200
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO), 491
Domestic security, 85–86
defined, 306–307
disaster preparedness and response, 10–11
enemy within, 306
evolving threat, 318–320
FBI and, 307
federal roles emerging, 8–9
groups and movements, 312–318
incidence of, 307
overview, 305–306
prevalence of, 310–311
prevention and investigation, 9–10
U.S. Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan, 242
WMD and, 319–320
during World War I, 14–15
Donations management, 475–477
Douglas, James H., 218
Drive-by-shootings, 341
Drought and extreme heat conditions, 394–395
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 174, 286
Drugs, 174, 204, 286, 513. See also Food and Drug Administration
DSCA (Defense support to civil authorities), 215–217, 223, 225, 230
Dual hatting, 218–220
Duck and Cover, 26
E coli, 393
Early warning, 148
Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 317
Alaska earthquake, 1964, 26
California earthquake (1994), 374
disasters and mass emergencies, 373–374
Japan earthquake and tsunami, 2011, xv, 115–116, 137, 419
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 10–11, 113
EAS (Emergency Alert System), 452–453
East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIM), 608
Eastwood, Clint, 268
eBay, 451
E-commerce system, 521
Economy Act of 1932, 111, 217, 240
Ecoterrorism, 305, 311, 316–318, 320
EDEN (Extension Disaster Education Network), 433
Egypt, 38–39, 290, 295–296, 298, 558, 564, 583
Einstein series, 528
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 16, 27, 139
El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC), 198
Electronic surveillance, 17, 186. See also Signals intelligence
Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA), 499
Elevated threat alert, 450
ELF (Earth Liberation Front), 317
ELN (National Liberation Army), 601–602
Elshafay, James, 540
EMACs (Emergency management assistance compacts), 253
Emergency Alert System (EAS), 452–453
Emergency management, 239
all-hazards approach, 237–238
authorities, 239–241
concept of operations, 248
critical infrastructure, 252
domestic incidents, 237
experiencing the unthinkable, 234–235
issues, 248–254
mitigation, 238–239
overview, 233
preparedness, 239
principles and components, 238–239
recovery, 239
response, 239
response challenge, 235–236
specific hazards approach, 237
state territorial, local, tribal response, 247
systems and operation, 241–247
Emergency management assistance compacts (EMACs), 253
Emergency Management Reform Act of 2007, 239, 244, 476
Emergency operations center (EOC), 246, 440, 442
Emergency preparedness liaison officers (EPLOs), 231
Emergency responders, xx, 106–107
Emergency services, 419–420
Emergency Support Functions (ESFs), 244–245, 475–477
Encryption, 526
Enemy combatants, 20
Energy, 358, 363, 422, 425. See also Department of Energy
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act, 63
Enhanced Response Force Packagers (CERFP), 230
Environmental Protection Agency, 236, 347
EOC (Emergency operations center), 246, 440, 442
EPIC (El Paso Intelligence Center), 198
EPLOs (Emergency preparedness liaison officers), 231
ESFs (Emergency Support Functions), 244–245, 475–477
Essabar, Zakariya, 44
ESTA (Electronic System for Travel Authorization), 499
ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), 282, 525, 604. See also Basque Fatherland and Liberty
ETIM (East Turkistan Islamic Party), 608
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 282, 525, 604. See also Basque Fatherland and Liberty
Ex parte Milligan, 6–8
Exon-Florio Provision, 408
Exploitation, 519
Extension Disaster Education Network (EDEN), 433
Extremism, 295–298, 300, 302. See also Homegrown violent extremism; Shiites; Sunni Muslims; Terrorism
Islamic, 28
left-wing, 312
noise of, 305
religious, 315
right-wing, 314–315
terrorism compared to, 308–309
Exxon Valdez, 136
Ezaegwula, Quinton, 544
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 96, 514
Faith-based and community organizations (FBCOs), 480–484
FALN (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional), 281, 312
False negatives, 506
La Familia Michoacana, 288
FAR (Federal Acquisition Regulation), 134
Far enemies, 298
FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia), 268, 284, 287, 333, 601–603
Fatwas (opinions on matter of Islamic law), 37, 292, 578
Fault lines, 373
FBCOs (Faith-based and community organizations), 480–484
FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 453–454
FCO (Federal coordinating official), 248
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 188, 350, 392, 415
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 134
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 96, 514
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 193–196, 353
authority, 173
components, 100–101
counterespionage, 19
crisis management, 241
DHS and, 68
domestic counterterrorism and, 185–187
domestic intelligence and, 156
domestic terrorism and, 307
historical overview, 9–10
hostage rescue teams, 397
intelligence gathering, 24
investigation stages, 186
maritime liaison, 505
public safety warnings, 396
refocusing, 55
response, 29
restructuring, 68
specialized units, 174
surveying industry, 18
terrorism definition, 261
Violent Gang and Terrorist Offender’s File, 68
Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, 214
Federal Code of Regulations, 261
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 453–454
Federal coordinating official (FCO), 248
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 27–28, 97–98, 372
all-hazards approach, 238
emergency supplies, 459
on extreme heat, 394
flood mitigation, 382
Private Sector Preparedness Coordinating Council, 432–433
regions, 230
revised role, 239–240
routine disasters and, 254
support functions, 99–100, 390
urban searches, 379
Federal Information Security Management Act (FISM), 528
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLTC), 179
Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan, 242
Federal Response Plan (FRP), 241–243
FedEx, 484
Feedback, 138
FEMA. See Federal Emergency Management Agency
Finney, Michael Robert, 312, 604
Finton, Michael, 545
Fire bombings, 341
Firewalls, 526
First Amendment, 186
First responders, 28
First-aid supplies, 461–462
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 384
FISM (Federal Information Security Management Act), 528
Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies Act, 240
Floods and levee breaks, 240, 381–382
FLTC (Federal Law Enforcement Training Center), 179
FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), 160, 162
Followers, 327
in critical infrastructure, 415
in disaster supply kits, 459–461
storage, 459–460
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 188, 350, 392, 415
Food Safety Modernization Act, 415
Force Act of 1871, 213
Foreign Fugitive File, 198
Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007, 408
Foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs), 286, 551, 556, 569, 571, 574, 582, 590–591, 598–601, 604
Foreign threats, 11–12
Forest fires, 383–384
Forest Service, U.S., 384
Fort Dix plot, 2007, 543
Fort Hood shooting, 2009, xiv, 274, 546
Fox, Armando, 445
Operation Enduring Freedom, 567
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 61
USA Freedom Corps, 71
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 160, 162
Front-loaded response, 377
FRP (Federal Response Plan), 241–243
FTOs (Foreign terrorist organizations), 286, 551, 556, 569, 571, 574, 582, 590–591, 598–601, 604
Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN), 281, 312
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), 268, 284, 287, 333, 601–603
Fund-raising, 204
Furrow, Buford O., Jr., 308, 319
Galab, Faysal, 538
Gandhi, Rajiv, 592
GAO (General Accounting Office), 127–128, 483, 509–510
Garber, Robert, 430
General Accounting Office (GAO), 127–128, 483, 509–510
Gerena, Victor Manuel, 604
German Red Army Faction, 282
Germaneau, Michel, 559
GhostNet, 521
GICM (Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group), 572
Giuliani, Rudy, 233
Globalization, 280
G-men, 14
Goba, Yahya, 538
Goldstein, Baruch, 585
Gonsalves, Marc, 602
Gore, Al, 31
Gore Commission, 31
Government facilities, 417
Government-sponsored volunteer response, 484–486
Grassroots response, 472–473
Gregoire, Christine, 218
Grenade attacks, 337–338
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 60
Guerilla groups, 264, 269, 325
Gulf oil spill (2010), 136, 233, 254, 371
Guzmanin, Abimael, 600
Habeas corpus, 6–7
Hacktivists, 520
Haji (pilgrimage), 292
al-Hamdi, Ibrahim, 539
Hammerskin Nation, 314
Hammoud, Assem, 542
Hammoud, Chawki, 190
Hammoud, Mohamad, 189–191
Hanjour, Hani, 44
Haqqani Network (HQN), 551, 564–565
Harakat ul-Mujahideen (HUM), 38, 577–579
Harakat-ul Jihad Islami (HUJI), 565
Harakat-ul Jihad-i-Islami Bangladesh (HUJI-B), 566
Hardin, Garrett, 120–121
Hart, Gary, 41
Hart-Rudman Commission, 35
Hasan, Khwaja Mahmood, 539
Hate groups, 312–313
Hayat, Hamid, 540
Hayat, Umer, 540
Hazardous material spills and releases, 389–391
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, 434
al-Hazmi, Nawaf, 44
Headley, David Coleman, xiii–187, 340, 539
Health care and public health, 417–418
Hensley, Jack, 558
Herrera, Naudimar, 542
Hewitt, Steve, 369
Higgins, William (“Rich”), 333
High-yield explosives, 364–366
Hijackings, 336. See also 9/11/2001 attacks; Skyjackings
Hill, Charles, 312
HIV/AIDS, 465
Hizballah, 38, 190, 204, 283, 289, 297–298, 300–301, 333, 573–577, 604
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 14–15
Holocaust Memorial Museum, 417
Home Depot, 484
Home front defense, 18
Homegrown violent extremism (HVE), 273–274, 318, 327, 525
Homeland defense, 84–85
authority to act, 212–220
convergence, 236
defined, 214–215
forces available, 226–230
home front history, 212–214
military commands, 221
military operations, 230–232
multinational commands, 222–223
organization, 220–226
overview, 211
status of forces, 217
statutory conditions and restrictions, 217–218
U.S.-only commands, 223–226
Homeland Response Forces (HRF), 230
Homeland Secure Data Network, 178
Homeland security. See also Department of Homeland Security; Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2007; National security strategy; Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Report; specific topics
analytical tools, 139–144
birth of contemporary, 55–78
broken system, 30–31
business support, 484
challenges, 111–117
Civil War and, 6–8
during Cold War, 21–23
colonial legacy, 3–5
Congress’s role, 103–104
defined, xiii–85
emerging threats, 28–31
evolving enterprise, 76–77
federal government role in, 86–103
foreign threats, 11
hard choices, 144–145
immigration and border security, 10, 15, 20–21
influenza pandemic, 15–17
internal threats, 5–6
national responsibility, xvii–xviii
national strategies, 126
planning, 137–139
roles, responsibilities, jurisdictions, 83–107
shadow war and, 24–28
state and local government role in, 104–107
strategy assessment, 122–126
theories, 117–122
U.S. conception formed, 14
during World War I, 12–17
during World War II, 17–21
in young republic, 5–11
Homeland Security Act of 2002, 67, 86, 87, 90, 106, 407, 449, 476, 491
Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), 449
“Homeland Security Alerts Get Much Needed New Look,” 450–452
Homeland Security Council, 64, 77, 87
Homeland Security Information Network, 177
Homeland Security Operations Center, 244
Homeland security presidential directives (HSPDs), 87
Hoover, J. Edgar, 9
Horizon scanning, 142
Hostage taking
as disasters and mass emergencies, 396–397
rescue teams, 397
terrorist operations, 333
Hovey, Alvin P., 7
Howe, Thomas, 602
HQN (Haqqani Network), 551, 564–565
HRF (Homeland Response Forces), 230
HSAS (Homeland Security Advisory System), 449
HSPDs (Homeland security presidential directives), 87
Hudgins, A. J., 363
HUJI (Harakat-ul Jihad Islami), 565
HUJI-B (Harakat-ul Jihad-i-Islami Bangladesh), 566
Hull, David Wayne, 314
HUM (Harakat ul-Mujahideen), 38, 577–579
Human engineering, 521–524
HUMINT (Human intelligence), 155–156
assistance offered, 254
Bush, George W., and, 218
catastrophe case study, 71–73
Coast Guard and, 111
grassroots response, 472
rescues, 73
response, 102–103, 112, 211, 225, 235
rumors, 468
Hurricanes
Andrew, 30, 55, 73–74, 377–378
Camille, 371
Coast Guard and, 377
as disasters and mass emergencies, 374–378
Ivan, 382
warnings, 374–376
Hutaree Christian militia, 307
HVE (Home-grown violent extremism), 273–274, 318, 327, 525
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 358, 425
IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System), 195
IAIP (Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection), 449
IBET (Integrated Border Enforcement Team), 493, 497
Ibn Abdur-Raheem, Basha, 539
Ibrahim, Kareem, 543
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), 96, 510
ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement), 49, 95, 497, 505
ICS (Incident Command Systems), 135, 245–246, 248
ICS (Industrial Control System), 524
Idealism, 118
Identity theft, 520
IDSs (Intrusion detection systems), 526
IEDs (Improvised explosive devices), 326, 337, 563, 570, 574
IJU (Islamic Jihad Union), 266, 566–567
Illegals, 327
Imagery intelligence (IMINT), 157–158
Immigration and border security, 22–23, 49, 95–96, 169–170, 491–499, 497, 505
border patrolling, 10, 15, 20–21
DHS and, 75–76
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 49, 95, 169–170, 497, 505
Immigration and Nationality Act, 22, 491
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 20, 95–96
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 23, 75
Imminent threat alert, 450
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 326, 337, 563, 570, 574
IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), 38, 567–568
Incident Command Systems (ICSs), 135, 245–246, 248
Incident management. See Emergency management
Incident response annexes, 245
Industrial Control System (ICS), 524
Infectious diseases, 356. See also Pandemics
Influenza pandemic, 15–17
Information, 71, 160–162, 165, 177, 195, 198–200, 449, 528. See also Data
Classified Information Procedures Act, 192
management, 247
sharing and collaboration, 198–199, 404, 412
Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP), 449
Information technology, 421, 445
Information-sharing and analysis centers (ISACs), 404, 412
Infrared imagery, 158
Insider attacks, 519
Insider threat, 413
Insurrection Act of 1807, 213, 217, 218
Insurrections, 5, 213, 217, 218, 237
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), 195
Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET), 493, 497
Integrated Public Alert and Warning Systems (IPAWS), 453
Intelink-U, 177
Intelligence, 76, 198, 199, 522, 540. See also Central Intelligence Agency; Counterintelligence; National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
barriers, 152
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, 174–175
collection, 150, 154–165, 201–202
competitive, 161–162
covert and open sources, 149–150
cycle, 151–154
Defense Intelligence Agency, 90, 172
Defense Intelligence Operations Coordination Center, 172
domestic, 156
early warning, 148
exploitation, 201
foreign, 171
function and role, 148–150
human, 155–156
HUMINT, 155–156
imagery, 157–158
IMINT, 157–158
issues, 160–165
management issues, 152
National Intelligence Coordination Center, 168
National Intelligence Council, 169
National Intelligence Estimates, 149
National Intelligence Program, 168
Office of Intelligence and Analysis, 169
Office of Naval Intelligence, 17, 19
OPSEC, 167
organizations and missions, 167–176
security classification and clearances, 165–166
SIGINT, 156–157
Signals intelligence, 156–157
state and local law enforcement, 176–179
technical, 158–159
technical intelligence, 158–159
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, 76, 200
Intelligence-led policing, 163–164
Interagency conflict, 19
Interagency operations, 111–112
Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group (ITACG), 153–154, 168
International Air Transport Association, 510
International and transnational terrorism, xiv, 260–261
al-Qaida and, 290–291
complacency toward, 29
current threat, 289–290
defined, 281–288
democracy and, 303
globalization and, 280
ideological groups, 282
international cooperation, 61–62
International Islamic Front for Jihad, 299–303
Iraq and Afghanistan, 302
Islamist terrorism, 294–299
Muslim world and, 291–294
narco-terrorism and, 286–288
nationalist groups, 282–283
overview, 279–280
preparing for, 29–30
rise of, 25–29
state sponsorship, 283–285
transnational crime and, 285–286
trends, 36–37
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 358, 425
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 96, 510
International Islamic Front for Jihad, 299–303
International relations theory, 118–119
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS), 501
Internet, 160, 451, 518, 524. See also Cyberspace; Web sites; WikiLeaks
Interpol, 170
Interstate Identification Index, 198
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs), 526
Invasion of privacy, 158
IPAWS (Integrated Public Alert and Warning Systems), 453
Iqbal, Mohammad, 566
IRA (Irish Republican Army), 39, 281, 289
Iranian-backed terrorism, 266, 283–284
state sponsor of terrorism, 576–577
Tehran embassy siege, 296
Iraq
AQI, 557–558
international and transnational terrorism, 302
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 61
U.S invasion, 61
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 39, 281, 289
ISACs (Information-sharing and analysis centers), 404, 412
Islam, 38, 266, 540, 558–560, 565–569, 571–572, 583, 587, 608. See also al-Qaida; Muslims; Palestinian Islamic Jihad; Shiites; Sunni extremists; Sunni Muslims
Algeria Armed Islamic Group, 38
Ansar Al-Islam, 562–563
basic faith, 291–292
extremism, 28
fatwas (opinions on matter of Islamic law), 37, 292, 578
international and transnational terrorism, 294–303
International Islamic Front for Jihad, 299–303
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 38
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 289
sects and schisms, 292–294
Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), 266, 566–567
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), 38, 567–568
ISPS (International Ship and Port Facility Security), 501
Israel, 581–588
Issue-oriented groups, 315–316
Istishad, 275
ITACG (Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group), 153–154, 168
Italian Red Brigades, 39
Ivins, Bruce, 537
Jaish-e-Mohammaed (JEM), 579–580
Jama at al-Tawhid, 302
Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JUD), 580
James, Kevin, 540
Jamiat ul-Ansar (JUA), 578
Jamiyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh (JIS), 540
Janjalani, Abdurajak Abubakar, 544
Janjalani, Khadaffy, 544–545
Japan earthquake and tsunami, 2011, xv, 115–116, 137, 419
Japanese Red Army (JRA), 282, 284
JDL (Jewish Defense League), 24, 315
JEM (Jaish-e-Mohammaed), 579–580
Jemaah Islamiya (JI), 555, 556, 568–569
Jewish Defense League (JDL), 24, 315
JFK Airport plot 2007, 543
JI (Jemaah Islamiya), 555, 556, 568–569
JIATFs (Joint Interagency Task Forces), 112
Jihobbyists, 525
JIS (Jamiyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh), 540
JITF-CT (Joint Intelligence Task Force-Combating Terrorism), 199
JITTFs (Joint Terrorism Task Forces), 186–188, 191, 546
Johnson, Paul, 333
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 21, 220
Joint Field Office (JFO), 231, 248
Joint Intelligence Task Force-Combating Terrorism (JITF-CT), 199
Joint Interagency Task Forces (JIATFs), 112
Joint Regional Information Exchange System (JRIES), 199