Index

* (asterisk), unsaved change indicator, 171

2D cursor, UV/Image Editor, 149, 150

3D cursor

depth option, 25

description, 2425

posing characters without skeletons, 123

3D models, unwrapping into 2D. See Unwrapping.

3D objects, compositing with real footage. See Camera tracking.

3D scenes, converting to 2D. See Rendering.

3D View

description, 12

illustration, 13

selecting, 23, 151

3D View, navigating

camera movement, 17, 19

flying though a scene, 1819

hiding/showing selections, 18

perspective/orthographic views, switching, 18

point of view, 17, 18

recommended prerequisites, 17

walking around a scene, 18

3D View, navigation controls

Camera View, 18

Fly Mode, 1819

Global View/Local View, 18

Orbit, 17

Pan, 17

Perspective/Orthographic Switch, 18

Predefined Views, 17

View Selected, 17

Walk Mode, 18

Zoom, 17

3D View, screen elements

Camera, 14

Collapse Menu button, 14, 16

Default cube, 1415

Drawing Method selector, 14, 16

Editor Selector, 14, 16

Editor’s Menu, 14, 16

Global/Local Layers Constraint button, 14, 17

Grid, 1415

Header, 14, 16

Interaction Mode, 14, 16

Lamp, 1415

Operator panel, 14

Panels, 1416

Pivot Selector, 14, 16

Preview Renders, 14, 17

Properties Region, 1415

Scene Layers, 14, 16

Snapping selector, 14, 17

Tabs, 14

Tools Region, 1214

Transform Manipulators, 14, 16

View name, 1314

A

Action Editor, 248

Add menu, Node Editor, 280

Add Shader, 200

Add-ons, managing, 20

Addons tab, 25

Aligning

3D Cursor, 25

active quads, 153

the camera, 269270

objects to the surface, 25

reference images, 102

Animated films, project stages, 5455

Animating a walk cycle

computer requirements, 251

creating an action, 251252

creating poses, 252253

repeating the animation, 254255

timing the animation, 253254

walking along a path, 255256

Animating characters. See also Character creation; Modeling; Rigging characters.

character creation, 56

inserting keyframes, 245246

Animation curves

displaying, 22

editing, 248249

Animation editors

Action Editor, 248

common controls and tips, 250251

Dope Sheet, 247248

Graph Editor, 248249

NLA (Non-Linear Animation) Editor, 250

Timeline, 246247

Animations

editing, 22

exporting an image sequence, 290

saving as video, 290

timing, 22

Anisotropic BSDF shader, 199

Anisotropic shine, 199

Appearance, character creation, 5960

Areas, 19

Armature modifier, 230

Armatures, rigging

creating, 211

definition, 209

Edit Mode, 213

manipulating bones, 211213

Object Mode, 213

Pose Mode, 213

Arms

modeling. See Modeling torso and arms.

rigging, 221222

Asterisk (*), unsaved change indicator, 171

Auto Save Temporary Files, 27

Average Islands, 165

B

Backdrop, 281

Backing up data

automatically, 27

saving different versions of a file, 47

Backpack, modeling, 121123

Badges, modeling, 142

Baseball cap, modeling, 133136

Belt, modeling, 124125

Bevel tool, 79

Bevels, 79

Big Buck Bunny, 6

Bisect tool, 7980

.blend files, 47

Blender

commercial use of, 5

description, 34

official Web site, 11

Blender community, 89

Blender Foundation

creator of, 6

description, 79

head of, 7

Blender Institute

creator of, 6

description, 79

Blender Render, compositing

node compositing, 284287

Render Layers, 282284

scene setup, 282

separating objects from their shadows, 282284

Blender Render, description, 4142

Blender Render, materials

base color, setting, 185

comparing two materials, 184

description, 4243, 182

Diffuse panel, 185

gradients, 185

listing currently applied materials, 184

Material tab, 184186

Mirror panel, 186

Options panel, 186

Preview panel, 185

previewing materials, 185

renaming materials, 185

rendering particles, 186

rubber effects, 186

saving, 186

Shading panel, 185

Shadow panel, 186

shadows, 186

shine: color, intensity, and hardness, 185

skin effects, 186

Specular panel, 185

Strand panel, 186

Subsurface Scattering panel, 186

surface reflectivity, 185186

transparency, 185

Transparency panel, 185

Blender Render, shading

adding basic materials, 190191

adding multiple materials, 191193

eyes, 193194

hair, 193194

materials, 183186

refining materials, 193194

rendering, 196197

setup, 189190

textures, controlling material properties, 194195

Blender Render, textures

colors, changing, 188

Colors panel, 188

creating textures, 188

cropping images, 188

Current Texture panel, 188

Image Mapping panel, 188

Image panel, 188

Image Sampling panel, 188

Influence panel, 189

influencing channels, 189

layers, 188

listing the current selection, 187

loading textures, 188

mapping images onto objects, 188

Mapping panel, 188

offsetting images, 188

Preview panel, 188

previewing, 188

repeating images, 188

resizing images, 188

sampling images, 188

Texture tab, 187

Textures list panel, 188

Blender Units, 15

Blender User Preferences. See also User Preferences window.

3D cursor depth option, 25

accessing, 26

Addons tab, 25

aligning objects to the surface, 25

editing, options for, 25

Editing tab, 26

extensions, managing, 26

file paths, defining, 26

File tab, 27

Input tab, 26

Interface tab, 26

keyboard shortcuts, editing, 27

linking to external software, 27

performance options, 27

saving files, 27

System tab, 27

Themes tab, 27

user interface color schemes, creating, 27

user interface settings, 26

Blur brush, 232

Bone Constraints, 214

Bones, rigging

adding constraints, 213, 214215

adjusting, 224225

assigning weights to, 230233

chaining, 212

color coding, 225226

control bones, 209

controlling orientation of, 212213

creating, 212, 213

defining a hierarchy of, 212

definition, 209

deform bones, 209

deformer bones, selecting, 229230

deleting, 213

dividing, 213

duplicating, 212

editing, 213

grouping, 225226

helper bones, 209210

hiding/unhiding, 213

layering, 226228

manipulating, 211213

merging, 213

mirroring, 224, 232, 233234

mirroring changes, 212

moving, 232

naming, 212

naming conventions, 223224

posing, 213

rotating, 232

scaling, 232

selecting, 212

switching direction, 213

Boots, modeling, 127129

Box modeling, 99

Box selection, 23

Branches of Blender, 8

Bridge Edge Loops tool, 8081

Bridge tool, 94

Bridging, 9495

Brushes, 168169. See also Editors; Tools.

Bump channel, 181

C

Camera

moving in scenes, 45

moving parallel to the view. See Panning.

orbiting, 17, 19

panning, 17, 19

rotating around the scene. See Orbiting.

zooming and centering, 17

zooming in and out, 17

Camera, in 3D View, 14

Camera motion, solving, 268269

Camera tracking

aligning the camera, 269270

camera settings, 268

character creation, 56

description, 261262

fast movement, 263

loading your footage, 264265

memory requirements, 265

Movie Clip Editor, 263

parallax, 262

pattern area, 265

pattern orientation, 266

perspective detection, 262

perspective shift, 262

preparation for, 262263

search area, 265266

solving camera motion, 268269

static features, 263

testing, 270271

tracked frames, 266

trackers. See Camera tracking, markers.

zooming, 263

Camera tracking, markers

creating, 266267

description, 265266

modifying settings, 266268

tracking, 266268

Camera View, 18

Cap, modeling, 133136

Chaining bones, 212

Chamfers, 79

Channels, 181, 189

Character creation. See also Animating characters; Modeling; Rigging characters.

animating, 56

appearance, 5960

camera tracking, 56

character reference images, 6869

color, 66

compositing, 56

context, 5859

details, 6465

lighting, 56

modeling, 55

personality, 58

postproduction, 56

preproduction, 55

production, 5556

rendering, 56

rigging, 56

shading, 55

silhouettes, 6061

style, 59

texturing, 55

unwrapping, 55

video recording, 56

Character creation, design

base design, 6162

final design, 66

head design, 63

other design methods, 6970

in preproduction, 55

refining the design, 65

Character reference images, 6869

Circle tool, 94

Clear Seam option, 152, 153

Cloth, simulating, 294

Collapse Menu button, 14, 16

Color

base, setting, 185

character creation, 66

filling images with, 169

main, setting, 43

surface, 181

textures, changing, 188

Color coding bones, grouping, 225226

Colored surfaces, shading, 199

Colors panel, 188

Combining shaders, 200

Commercial software, 45

Communicator, modeling, 141

Comparing two materials, 184

Compositing

character creation, 56

previewing, 22

Compositing in Blender Render

node compositing, 284287

Render Layers, 282284

scene setup, 282

separating objects from their shadows, 282284

Compositing in Cycles

node compositing, 288290

Render Layers, 287288

scene setup, 287

Compositing methods, Node Editor, 275276

Compositing nodes

in Blender Render, 284287

in Cycles, 288290

Computer graphics. See Procedural textures.

Computer requirements for animation, 251

Configuring. See User preferences.

Connect tool, 81

Connected option, 76

Connecting

nodes, 280281

UVs, 160161

Connections, nodes, 278

Constraints, adding to bones, 213, 214215

Constraints, rigging

adding, 213, 214215

Bone Constraints, 214

definition, 210

Object Constraints, 214

Contact shadows, 181

Context, character creation, 5859

Control bones, 209

Copying. See Duplicating.

Create New Image option, 149150

Creating

animated characters. See Animating characters; Character creation; Modeling; Rigging characters.

animation actions, 251252

animation poses, 252253

armatures, 211

bones, 212, 213

camera tracking markers, 266267

custom shapes, 241242

eyeballs, 103104

node trees, 21

nodes, 279280

objects, 2930

shape keys, 236237

skeletons, 211. See also Rigging, skeletons.

textures, 188

UVs automatically, 153

workspaces, 20

Cropping images, 188

Cube Projection, 153

Cube projections, unwrapping, 153

Current Texture panel, 188

Current UV Map, 149, 151

Cursor Depth operation, 25

Curve tool, 94

Custom shapes, rigging, 210, 241242

Customizing. See User preferences.

Cycles

description, 4142

Diffuse option, 43

Emission option, 43

Glass option, 43

glass surface, 43

Glossy option, 43

light emission, 43

lights, 44

main color, 43

materials, 43, 182, 197199

Mix option, 43

mixing shaders, 43

reflectivity, 43

rendering, 4647

shadowing, 44

shine, 43

transparency, 43

Transparent option, 43

Cycles, compositing

node compositing, 288290

Render Layers, 287288

scene setup, 287

Cycles, shading

advanced shading, 202203

basic shading, 199, 201

current selection, displaying, 197

Displacement panel, 199

increasing mesh detail, 199

loading textures, 200

Material tab, 197199

materials, 197199

Preview panel, 198

previewing, 198

rendering, 203204

Settings panel, 199

shaders, selecting, 198

Surface panel, 198

Volume panel, 198199

volumetric effects, 198199

Cylinder Projection, 153

Cylinder projections, unwrapping, 153

D

Datablocks, 3436

Default cube

deleting, 1415

description, 1415

illustration, 14

Default cube, 1415

Deform bones, 209

Deformer bones, selecting, 229230

Deforming eyeballs with lattices, 104105

Delete tool, 8182

Deleting

bones, 213

default cube, 1415

edges, 8182

faces, 8182

objects, 29

vertices, 8182

Depth of field, 3D View, 14

Designing characters. See Animating characters; Character creation; Modeling; Rigging characters.

Diffuse BSDF shader, 199

Diffuse Color channel, 181

Diffuse option, 43

Diffuse panel, 185

Disable option, 76

Displacement panel, 199

Display panel, 149150

Dissolve tool, 8182

Dissolving edges, faces, and vertices, 8182

Dividing, bones, 213

Dope Sheet, 22, 247248

Downloading, Blender, 11

Dragging elements. See Proportional Editing.

Drawing Method selector, 14, 16

Drivers for shape keys, 239241

Duplicate tool, 82

Duplicating

areas, 19

bones, 212

meshes, 82

modifiers, 41

E

Ears, modeling, 113115

Edge loops, joining, 8081

Edges

bridging, 94

converting straight to curved, 94

creating faces from, 87

definition, 73

deleting, 8182

dissolving, 8182

extruding, 8283, 9192

flattening, 94

scaling, 90

selecting, 74

sliding selections, 9091

subdividing geometry, 93

Edit Mode, 36, 213

Editing. See also Proportional Editing.

animation curves, 248249

animations, 22

bones, 213

F-curves, 248249

keyboard shortcuts, 27

keyframes. See Animation editors.

movie clips, 263

options for, 26

video footage, 22

Editing tab, 26

Editor Selector, 14, 16

Editor Type, selecting, 2023. See also specific editors.

Editor’s Menu, 14, 16

Elephants Dream, 6

Emission channel, 181

Emission option, Cycles, 43

Emission shader, 199

Empty spaces, filling, 127

Enable option, 76

Error messages, displaying, 20

Extensions, managing, 27

Extrude tool, 8283

Extruding edges, faces, and vertices, 8283, 9192

Eyeballs, 103105

Eyebrows, 140141

Eyes

rigging, 217218

shading, 193194

Eyes, modeling

adjusting, 105106

creating an eyeball, 103104

deforming eyeballs with lattices, 104105

mirroring, 105106

F

Faces (of characters), modeling

blocking the basic shape, 107109

defining the shape, 110111

ears, 113115

face topology, 107

inside of the mouth, 115116

mouth, 112113

nose, 112113

Faces (geometry), modeling, tools

bridging, 94

converting straight to curved, 94

creating from edges, 87

creating from vertices, 87

definition, 73

deleting, 8182

dissolving, 8182

extruding, 8283, 9192

flattening, 94

four-sided rule, 73

insetting/outsetting, 8485

n-gons, 73

normals, 127

orientation, determining, 127

quads, 73

scaling, 90

selecting, 74

sliding selections, 9091

subdividing geometry, 93

triangles, 73

types of, 73

Faces (of models), modeling

blocking the basic shape, 107109

defining the shape, 110111

ears, 113115

face topology, 107

inside of the mouth, 115116

mouth, 112113

nose, 112113

Facial expressions (of characters), rigging, 235241

Falloff Selection. See Proportional Editing.

Falloff types, 76

F-curves

displaying, 22

editing, 248249

Field of view, 3D View, 14

File Browser, 20

File format for Blender, 27

File paths, defining, 27

File tab, 27

Fill tool, 8384

Filling images with color, 169

Films, project stages

with visual effects, 54

without visual effects, 5354

Fingers

modeling, 131133

rigging, 222223

Fire effects, 295

FK (Forward Kinematics), 218220

Flatten tool, 94

Flattening, 3738, 94

Fluids, simulating, 293, 294

Fly Mode, 1819

Follow Active Quads, 153

Format of images, specifying, 46

Four-sided rule for faces, 73

Frames, interface. See Areas.

Frames, animation, 245

G

Game engine, 295

Glass option, Cycles, 43

Glass shader, 199

Glass surface, with Cycles, 43

Global View/Local View, 18

Global/Local Layers Constraint button, 14, 17

Glossiness, 199

Glossy BSDF shader, 199

Glossy option, Cycles, 43

Gradients, 185

Graph Editor, 22, 248249

Grass in a field, 294

Gravity, simulating, 294

Grid, 1415

Grid Fill tool, 8384

Growing/shrinking selections, 78

Gstretch tool, 9495

H

Hair. See Modeling hair.

Hair BSDF shader, 199

Hands, rigging, 222223

Header, 3D View, 14, 16

Header menu option, 149150

Heads

designing, 63

rigging, 220221

Helper bones, 209210

Hiding/unhiding, bones, 213

History of Blender, 57

I

IK (Inverse Kinematics), 218220

Image Mapping panel, 188

Image panel, 188

Image Sampling panel, 188

Influence panel, 189

Influencing channels, 189

Info menu, 20

Input nodes, 278

Input tab, 26

Inset tool, 8485

Insetting/outsetting faces, 8485

Inside of the mouth, modeling, 115116

Installing, Blender, 11

Interaction Mode, 3D View, 14, 16

Interaction Modes

Edit Mode, 36

moving objects, 36

Object Mode, 36

placing objects in scenes, 36

rotating objects, 36

scaling objects, 36

selecting, 37

Interface tab, 26

Inverse Kinematics (IK), 218220

J

Jacket, modeling, 121125

Join tool, 85

Joining

areas, 19

edge loops, 8081

vertices, 81

K

Keyboard shortcuts

customizing, 20

editing, 27

for modeling tools, 7475

moving objects, 32

Orbit, 19

Pan, 19

rotating objects, 32

scaling objects, 32

selecting loops or rings, 7778

switching armature modes, 214

transforming objects, 3233

Keyframes

adding manually, 245

animating properties in menus, 246

automatic keyframing, 245246

displaying, 22

editing. See Animation editors.

keying sets, 246

selected, displaying, 250251

Keying sets, 246

Knife tool, 8586

Krita, 61

L

Lamp, 1415

Lasso selection, 23

Last action, operator, displaying, 14

Lattices, deforming eyeballs, 104105

Layering, bones, 226228

Layers. See also Render Layers.

3D View, 1617

materials, 180

painting textures, 170

Scene Layers, 14, 16

Texture Paint, 170

textures, 188

Leaves falling, 293

Legs

modeling, 125127

rigging, 218220

Licensing

Blender, 4

open-source, 5

Light emission, 43, 181

Lighting

3D View, 15

adding to scenes, 4445, 273275

baking into a texture, 296

Blender Render, 44

character creation, 56

Cycles, 44

matching footage, 274275

Lightmap Pack, 153

Linked selections, 77

Linking to external software, 27

Live Unwrap, 160

Loaded Images List option, 149150

Loading

.blend files, 47

images, 149150

textures, 188, 200

UVs and base elements, 174

video footage, 264265

Loft tool, 95

Logic Editor, 21

Logs, displaying, 20

Loop Cut and Slide tool, 8687, 111

Loops

bridging, 95

cutting, 8687

selecting, 7778

sliding, 8687

smoothing, 111

LoopTools, 9495. See also Mesh modeling tools; Modeling tools.

M

Make Edge/Face tool, 87

Manipulators, 3032

Mapping images onto objects, 188

Mapping panel, 188

Mark Seam option, 152, 153

Markers

creating, 266267

description, 265266

modifying settings, 266268

tracking, 266268

Mask Mode, 150

Masking, video recordings, 295

Material tab, 184186, 197199

Materials

adding to scenes, 4344

applying, 179180

channels, 180182

controlling with textures, 194195

in Cycles, description, 43, 182

definition, 42

layers, 180

masks, 180

properties of, 180

shading, 183186

Materials, in Blender Render

base color, setting, 185

comparing two materials, 184

description, 4243, 182

Diffuse panel, 185

gradients, 185

listing currently applied materials, 184

Material tab, 184186

Mirror panel, 186

Options panel, 186

Preview panel, 185

previewing materials, 185

renaming materials, 185

rendering particles, 186

rubber effects, 186

saving, 186

Shading panel, 185

Shadow panel, 186

shadows, 186

shine: color, intensity, and hardness, 185

skin effects, 186

Specular panel, 185

Strand panel, 186

Subsurface Scattering panel, 186

surface reflectivity, 185186

transparency, 185

Transparency panel, 185

Materials tab, 42

Menus, zooming in and out, 23

Merge tool, 87

Merging

bones, 213

elements, 87

vertices, 95

Mesh deformation, defining, 230

Mesh menu, accessing modeling tools, 74

Mesh modeling tools. See also LoopTools; Modeling tools.

Bevel, 79

Bisect, 7980

Bridge Edge Loops, 8081

Connect, 81

Delete, 8182

Dissolve, 8182

Duplicate, 82

Extrude, 8283

Fill, 8384

Grid Fill, 8384

Inset, 8485

Join, 85

Knife, 8586

Loop Cut and Slide, 8687, 111

Make Edge/Face, 87

Merge, 87

overview, 78

Remove Doubles, 88

Rip, 8889

Rip Fill, 8889

Screw, 8990

Separate, 90

Shrink/Flatten, 90

Slide, 9091

Solidify, 91

Spin, 9192

Split, 9293

Subdivide, 9293

Mesh topology, 9799. See also Retopology.

Meshes

bisecting, 7980

converting to light, 199

cutting, 8587

disconnecting parts of, 9293

duplicating, 82

hiding/revealing parts of, 95

holes, creating, 8889

holes, filling, 8384, 8889

increasing detail, 199

separating into objects, 90

Metallic effects, 199

Mirror option, Blender Render, 43

Mirror panel, 186

Mirroring

bones, 212, 224, 232, 233234

eyes, 105106

rigs, 223225

shape keys, 237

Mix option, Cycles, 43

Mix Shader, 200

Modeling. See also Animating characters; Character creation; Rigging characters.

character creation, 55

eyebrows, 140141

legs, 125127

shape keys, 235236

teeth, 142143

tongue, 142143

Modeling accessories

backpack, 121123

badges, 142

baseball cap, 133136

belt, 124125

boots, 127129

clothing details, 143

communicator, 141

jacket, 121123

jacket neck, 124125

Modeling eyes

adjusting, 105106

creating an eyeball, 103104

defining the shape, 112113

deforming eyeballs with lattices, 104105

mirroring, 105106

Modeling faces (character)

blocking the basic shape, 107109

defining the shape, 110111

ears, 113115

face topology, 107

inside of the mouth, 115116

mouth, 112113

nose, 112113

Modeling hair

adding details, 138140

overview, 136137

shading, 193194

shaping locks, 137138

simulating, 199, 293294

Modeling hands

basic shape, 129131

common mistakes, 129

fingers, 131133

wrists, 131133

Modeling methods

the best method, 100

box modeling, 99

modifiers, 100

poly to poly, 99, 127

retopologize, 100

sculpting, 100

Modeling tools. See also LoopTools; Mesh modeling tools.

accessing, 7475

AutoMerge, 95

Hide and Reveal, 95

searching for, 75

snapping, 96

Modeling torso and arms

basic shapes, 118120

defining torso and arms, 120121

overview, 116117

Modifier nodes, 278

Modifiers

adding, 3940

definition, 38

duplicating, 41

modeling, 100

Subdivision Surface modifiers, 4041, 113

Monkey head, 30

Mouth, modeling, 112113

Move manipulator, 3031

Movie Clip Editor, 22, 263, 295

Movies. See Video.

Moving

bones, 232

objects, 3032, 36

N

Naming, bones, 212

Naming conventions, bones, 223224

NaN (Not a Number), founding of, 6

Navigating system folders, 20

NeoGeo, founding of, 6

n-gon faces, 73

NLA (Non-Linear Animation) Editor, 22, 250

Node Editor. See also Nodes.

Add menu, 280

Backdrop option, 281

compositing methods, 275276

connecting nodes, 280281

controls for manipulating nodes, 280281

creating nodes, 279280

getting started, 279

previewing results, 281

selecting, 21

Tools Region, 279

Node trees

creating, 21

description, 276277

Nodes. See also Node Editor.

components, 277278

compositing in Blender Render, 284287

compositing in Cycles, 288290

connecting, 280281

connections, 278

creating, 279280

description, 276277

input, 278

manipulating, 280281

modifier, 278

noodles, 277278

output, 278

properties, 278

Non-Linear Animation (NLA) Editor, 22, 250

Noodles, 277278

Normal channel, 181

Normal maps, 181

Nose, modeling, 112113

Not a Number (NaN), founding of, 6

O

Object Constraints, 214

Object data (ObData)

definition, 34

vs. objects, 35

Object Mode, 36, 213

Object tracking, video recordings, 295

Objects

arranging in scenes, 33

creating, 2930

duplicates vs. instances, 35

joining, 85

modifying. See Interaction Modes; Modifiers; specific modifications.

monkey head, 30

moving, 3032, 36

names, displaying, 34

naming conventions, 36

vs. object data (ObData), 35

placing in scenes, 36

renaming, 34

resizing. See Scaling.

rotating, 3032, 36

scaling, 3032, 36

test sample, 30

transforming, 3033

Objects in scenes, defining behaviors and functions for, 21

Occlusion channel, 181

Offsetting images, 188

Opaqueness, 181

Open Existing Image option, 149150

Open Movie projects

Big Buck Bunny, 6

Elephants Dream, 6

first project, 6

goals, 89

Sintel, 6

Tears of Steel, 67

Yo, Frankie!, 6

Open-source software

vs. commercial software, 45

description, 5

licensing, 5

Operator panel, 14

Options panel, 186

Orbit, 17

Orbiting the camera, 17, 19

Outliner, 21

Output nodes, 278

P

Pack Islands, 165

Packing UVs, 163165

Paint Mode, 150

Paint selection, 23

Painting software, 61

Painting textures. See also Texturing in image editing software.

brushes, 168169

creating the base texture, 170172

drawing lines with a mouse, 171

filling images with color, 169

including external files, 171172

layers, 170

limitations of, 170

packing images, 171172

placing texture elements, 170171

preparation for, 169170

saving images, 171

Smooth Stroke option, 171

Texture Paint Mode, 168170

texture resolution, 169170

viewing your painted character, 176

Pan, 17

Panels, 1416

Panels, 3D View

collapsing/expanding, 15

description, 1516

illustrations, 14

reordering, 15

Panning the camera, 17, 19

Parallax, 262

Particle System, 293

Pattern area, 265

Pattern orientation, 266

Performance options, 27

Performance settings, 20

Personality, character creation, 58

Perspective detection, 262

Perspective shift, 262

Perspective/Orthographic Switch, 18

Photographs, project stages, 55

Pin content option, 149150

Pivot Point selection option, 149150

Pivot Selector, 14, 16

Point of view

3D View, 14

of the active camera, 18

changing, 17

Poly to poly modeling, 99

Pose Mode, armatures, 213

Posing, bones, 213

Postproduction

character creation, 56

project stages, 5253

Predefined Views, 17

Preproduction

character creation, 55

project stages, 5152

Preview panel, 185, 188, 198

Preview Renders, 14, 17

Previewing

compositing, 22

materials, 185

renders, 14, 17

results of Node Editor, 281

shading, 198

textures, 188

Procedural textures, 183

Production

character creation, 5556

project stages, 52

Project from View, 153

Project stages

for animated films, 5455

for a film with visual effects, 54

for a film without visual effects, 5354

for photographs, 55

postproduction, 5253

preproduction, 5152

production, 52

storyboarding, 53

Projected (2D) option, 76

Properties

3D View, viewing and setting, 15

nodes, 278

setting, 21

Properties editor, 21

Properties Region, 1415

Proportional Editing

description, 76

unwrapping, 149, 151

UV/Image Editor, 149, 151

.psd files, 174

Python API, 20

Python Console, 20

Python scripting, 297

Q

Quad faces

definition, 73

filling empty spaces, 127

Quad View, toggling, 15

R

Rain effects, 293

Real-time rendering, 46

Reference images, aligning, 102

Reference planes, setting up, 101102

Reflection, shader, 199

Reflection channel, 181

Reflectivity

with Blender Render, 43

channels, 181

with Cycles, 43

Refraction, shader, 199

Refraction shader, 199

Relax tool, 95

Release Confirms option, 32

Relief effects, 181

Remove Doubles tool, 88

Renaming

materials, 185

objects, 34

Render engines. See Blender Render; Cycles.

Render Layers. See also Layers.

Blender Render, 282284

Cycles, 287288

Rendering

Blender Render, 46

character creation, 56

Cycles, 4647

description, 46

final results, 291

image format, specifying, 46

image resolution, setting, 46

launching, 4748

loading a .blend file, 47

opening a .blend file, 47

output, 290291

particles, 186

previews in 3D View, 17

in real time, 46

saving a .blend file, 47

saving results, 4748

saving versions of a file, 47

settings, 290

shading, 203204

Renders, displaying, 22

Repeating animations, 254255

Repeating images, 188

Reset option, 153

Resizing. See Scaling.

Resolution of images, setting, 46

Retopologize process, 100

Retopology, 296. See also Topology.

Rig organization

Bone Groups, 225226

Bone Layers, 226228

Rigging

in character creation, 56

components, 209210

custom shapes, 210, 241242

process overview, 210

skeletons, 211, 215217

typing object names, 215

Rigging, armatures

creating, 211

definition, 209

Edit Mode, 213

manipulating bones, 211213

Object Mode, 213

Pose Mode, 213

Rigging, bones

adding constraints, 213, 214215

adjusting, 224225

assigning weights to, 230233

chaining, 212

color coding, 225226

control bones, 209

controlling orientation of, 212213

creating, 212, 213

defining a hierarchy of, 212

definition, 209

deform bones, 209

deformer bones, selecting, 229230

deleting, 213

dividing, 213

duplicating, 212

editing, 213

helper bones, 209210

hiding/unhiding, 213

layering, 226228

manipulating, 211213

merging, 213

mirroring, 224, 232, 233234

mirroring changes, 212

moving, 232

naming, 212

naming conventions, 223224

posing, 213

rotating, 232

scaling, 232

selecting, 212

switching direction, 213

Rigging, constraints

adding, 213, 214215

Bone Constraints, 214

definition, 210

Object Constraints, 214

Rigging, skinning

Armature modifier, 230

mesh deformation, defining, 230

overview, 228

selecting deformer bones, 229230

setting up models, 228229

Weight Paint Mode, 230232

weight painting, 230234

Rigging characters. See also Animating characters; Character creation; Modeling.

arm, 221222

basic skeleton, 215217

eyes, 217218

facial expressions, 235241

final touches, 242243

fingers, 222223

FK (Forward Kinematics), 218220

hand, 222223

head, 220221

IK (Inverse Kinematics), 218220

legs, 218220

mirroring the rig, 223225

posing the character, 235

torso, 220221

Rigging characters, shape keys

creating, 236237

definition, 235

drivers for, 239241

mirroring, 237

modeling, 235236

Rigid objects, 294

Rings, selecting, 7778

Rip Fill tool, 8889

Rip tool, 8889

Ripping vertices apart, 8889

Roosendaal, Ton

creation of Blender Foundation, 6

creation of Blender Institute, 6

founding of NeoGeo, 6

founding of Not a Number (NaN), 6

head of Blender Foundation, 7

history of Blender, 57

vision for Blender, 4

Rotate manipulator, 3031

Rotating

bones, 232

objects, 3032, 36

Rough surfaces, 181

Roughness channel, 181

Rubber effects, 186

S

Sampling images, 188

Saving files

.blend files, 47

preferences for, 27

rendering results, 4748

versions of a file, 47

Saving materials, 186

Scale manipulator, 3031

Scaling

areas, 19

bones, 232

edges, 90

faces, 90

images, 188

objects, 3032, 36

vertices, 90

Scene floor, 3D View, 15

Scene Layers, 14, 16

Screw tool, 8990

Screwing effects, 8990

Scripting

editor for, 21

Python, 297

Sculpting, 100, 295296

Search area, 265266

Selecting

bones, 212

box selection, 23

faces, 74

in groups, 2324

lasso selection, 23

loops, 7778

with a mouse, 2324

paint selection, 23

rings, 7778

shared vertices, 151

undoing/redoing actions, 24

vertices, 74

Selection mode, switching, 149, 151

Selection Mode option, 149, 151

Selections

arranging in a circle, 94

distributing along a curve, 9495

growing/shrinking, 78

limiting to visible elements, 78

linked, 77

Proportional Editing, 76

shortest path, 75

sliding, 9091

smoothing, 95

spacing equally, 95

thickening, 91

Separate tool, 90

Separating UVs, 160161

Settings panel, 199

Shaders

Add Shader, 200

Anisotropic BSDF, 199

anisotropic shine, 199

basics, 199

colored surfaces, 199

combining, 200

converting mesh to light, 199

Diffuse BSDF, 199

Emission, 199

Glass, 199

glossiness, 199

Glossy BSDF, 199

Hair BSDF, 199

hair effects, 199

metallic effects, 199

Mix Shader, 200

mixing with Cycles, 43

reflection, 199

refraction, 199

Refraction, 199

selecting, 198

transparency, 199

Transparent BSDF, 199

Shading, character creation, 55

Shading, in Blender Render

adding basic materials, 190191

adding multiple materials, 191193

eyes, 193194

hair, 193194

materials, 183186

refining materials, 193194

rendering, 196197

setup, 189190

textures, controlling material properties, 194195

Shading, in Cycles

advanced shading, 202203

basic shading, 199, 201

current selection, displaying, 197

Displacement panel, 199

increasing mesh detail, 199

loading textures, 200

Material tab, 197199

materials, 197199

Preview panel, 198

previewing, 198

rendering, 203204

Settings panel, 199

shaders, selecting, 198

Surface panel, 198

Volume panel, 198199

volumetric effects, 198199

Shading option, Blender Render, 43

Shading panel, 185

Shadow panel, 186

Shadows

3D View, 15

in Blender Render, 43

contact shadows, 181

in Cycles, 44

with materials, 186

separating from their objects. See Render Layers.

Shape keys

creating, 236237

definition, 235

drivers for, 239241

mirroring, 237

modeling, 235236

Shared Vertex selection options, 149, 151

Shine

in Blender Render, 43

color, intensity, and hardness, 181, 185

in Cycles, 43

Shortest path, selecting, 75

Shortest Path option, 157

Shrink/Flatten tool, 90

Silhouettes, 6061

Sintel, 6

Skeletons, rigging, 211, 215217

Skin effects, 186

Skinning, rigging

Armature modifier, 230

mesh deformation, defining, 230

overview, 228

selecting deformer bones, 229230

setting up models, 228229

Weight Paint Mode, 230232

weight painting, 230234

Slide tool, 9091

Sliding selections, 9091

Smart UV Project, 153

Smoke effects, 295

Smooth option, 111

Smooth Selection. See Proportional Editing.

Smoothing, selections, 95

Smoothing surfaces, 3738

Snapping

3D View, 17

options, unwrapping, 149, 151

Snap menu, 25

vertices, 95

when modeling, 96

Snapping options, UV/Image Editor, 149, 151

Snapping selector, 14, 17

Snow effects, 293

Soft objects, 294

Soft Selection. See Proportional Editing.

Solidify modifier, 140

Solidify tool, 91

Solving camera motion, 268269

Spacing selections, 95

Specular channel, 181

Specular option, Blender Render, 43

Specular panel, 185

Sphere Projection, 153

Sphere projections, unwrapping, 153

Spin tool, 92

Spiral effects, 8990

Split tool, 9293

Splitting, areas, 19

Stitch tool, 161

Storyboarding, 53

Strand panel, 186

Style, character creation, 59

Subdivide Surface modifier, 140141, 230

Subdivide tool, 9293

Subdividing geometry, 93, 113

Subdivision Surface modifiers, 4041, 113

Subsurface Scattering panel, 186

Surface color, 181

Surface panel, 198

Surface reflectivity, 185186

Surfaces

flattening, 3738

increasing details, 4041

smoothing, 3738, 4041

Swapping, areas, 19

Sync UVs option, 149, 151

Synchronizing UVs with 3D models, 149, 151

System tab, 27

T

Tabs, 14

Tears of Steel, 67

Teeth, modeling, 142143

Testing

camera tracking, 270271

development versions of Blender, 8

UVs, 157159

Text Editor, 22

Texture Face, 158

Texture Paint Mode, 168170

Texture tab, 187

Textures

controlling material properties, 194195

creating the base, 170172

definition, 167

elements, placing, 170171

influence on channels, 189

painting. See Painting textures.

procedural, 183

resolution, 169170

shading, in Cycles, 200

Textures, in Blender Render

colors, changing, 188

Colors panel, 188

creating textures, 188

cropping images, 188

Current Texture panel, 188

Image Mapping panel, 188

Image panel, 188

Image Sampling panel, 188

Influence panel, 189

influencing channels, 189

layers, 188

listing the current selection, 187

loading textures, 188

mapping images onto objects, 188

Mapping panel, 188

offsetting images, 188

Preview panel, 188

previewing, 188

repeating images, 188

resizing images, 188

sampling images, 188

Texture tab, 187

Textures list panel, 188

Textures list panel, 188

Texturing, character creation, 55

Texturing in image editing software. See also Painting textures.

adding base colors, 174

exporting UVs as images, 172173

final touches, 175176

loading UVs and base elements, 174

painting the details, 175

viewing your painted character, 176

Themes tab, 27

Thickening, selections, 91

3D cursor

depth option, 27

description, 2425

posing characters without skeletons, 123

3D models, unwrapping into 2D. See Unwrapping.

3D objects, mixing with video recordings. See Camera tracking.

3D scenes, converting to 2D. See Rendering.

3D View

description, 12

illustration, 13

selecting, 23, 151

3D View, navigating

camera movement, 17, 19

flying though a scene, 1819

hiding/showing selections, 18

perspective/orthographic views, switching, 18

point of view, 17, 18

recommended prerequisites, 17

walking around a scene, 18

3D View, navigation controls

Camera View, 18

Fly Mode, 1819

Global View/Local View, 18

Orbit, 17

Pan, 17

Perspective/Orthographic Switch, 18

Predefined Views, 17

View Selected, 17

Walk Mode, 18

Zoom, 17

3D View, screen elements

Camera, 14

Collapse Menu button, 14, 16

Default cube, 1415

Drawing Method selector, 14, 16

Editor Selector, 14, 16

Editor’s Menu, 14, 16

Global/Local Layers Constraint button, 14, 17

Grid, 1415

Header, 14, 16

Interaction Mode, 14, 16

Lamp, 1415

Operator panel, 14

Panels, 1416

Pivot Selector, 14, 16

Preview Renders, 14, 17

Properties Region, 1415

Scene Layers, 14, 16

Snapping selector, 14, 17

Tabs, 14

Tools Region, 1214

Transform Manipulators, 14, 16

View name, 1314

Timeline Editor, 246247

Timeline window, 2223

Timelines

displaying and marking, 22

editing, 246247

Timing animations, 253254

Tongue, modeling, 142143

Tools. See Brushes; Editors; LoopTools; Mesh modeling tools; Modeling tools.

Tools Region

accessing modeling tools, 74

description, 1214

Node Editor, 279

Topology, 9799. See also Retopology.

Torso and arms, modeling

basic shapes, 118120

defining torso and arms, 120121

overview, 116117

Torsos, rigging, 220221

Tracked frames, 266

Trackers. See Camera tracking, markers.

Tracking

cameras. See Camera tracking.

markers, 266268

objects in video recordings, 295

Transform manipulators, 3032

Transform Manipulators, 3D View, 14, 16

Transforming objects. See also specific transformations.

in 3D View, 16

manipulators, 3032

numerically precise transformations, 3233

overview, 3033

speeding up, 32

Transparency

Blender Render, 43

in Blender Render, 185

with Cycles, 43

materials, 181

shader, 199

Transparency channel, 181

Transparency option, Blender Render, 43

Transparency panel, 185

Transparent BSDF shader, 199

Transparent option, Cycles, 43

Tree graphs of scene elements, 21

Trees in a forest, 294

Triangle faces, 73

Trunk versions of Blender, 8

2D cursor, UV/Image Editor, 149, 150

U

Undoing/redoing actions, 24

Units of measure, 15

Unwrap option, 153

Unwrapping. See also UVs.

in 3D View, 153

aligning active quads, 153

Blender tools for. See UV/Image Editor.

character creation, 55

considerations, 155

creating new images, 149150

cube projections, 153

current UV map name, 149, 151

cylinder projections, 153

description, 147149

Jim’s body, 162163

Jim’s face, 159

Live Unwrap, 160

loading images, 149150

opening images, 149150

pinning images, 149150

pivot point, selecting, 149150

by predefined parameters, 153

Proportional Editing, 149, 151

in real time, 160

realtime updates, 149, 151

resetting selected faces, 153

selecting shared vertices, 149, 151

selection mode, switching, 149, 151

snapping options, 149, 151

sphere projections, 153

texturing workflow, 167

unwrapping menus, 152

UV display, customizing, 149150

UVs, creating automatically, 153

UVs, synchronizing with 3D models, 149, 151

Work Mode, selecting, 149150

Unwrapping, seams

clearing, 152, 153

description, 154155

marking, 152, 153, 156157

Unwrapping menus, 152

Update other views automatically, 149, 151

User interface. See also 3D View.

areas, 12

editors, 12

Info Bar, 1213

Outliner, 13

Properties Editor, 13

Splash Screen, 1213

Timeline, 1213

Tools Region, 1214

User interface, customizing

color, 20, 27

saving custom settings, 27

settings, 27

themes, 20

User Preferences window, 20. See also Blender User Preferences.

Users of Blender, 89

UV display, customizing, 149150

UV mapping. See Unwrapping.

UV Mapping tools, 152153

UV Test Grid, 157159

UV/Image Editor

2D cursor, 149, 150

3D View selection option, 151

Clear Seam option, 152, 153

Create New Image option, 149150

Cube Projection, 153

Current UV Map, 149, 151

Cylinder Projection, 153

definition, 22

description, 149

Display panel, 149150

Follow Active Quads, 153

Header menu option, 149150

illustration, 149

Lightmap Pack, 153

Loaded Images List option, 149150

Mark Seam option, 152, 153

navigating, 152

Open Existing Image option, 149150

Pin content option, 149150

Pivot Point selection option, 149150

previewing Node Editor results, 281

Project from View, 153

Proportional Editing, 149, 151

Reset, 153

Selection Mode option, 149, 151

Shared Vertex selection options, 149, 151

Smart UV Project, 153

Snapping options, 149, 151

Sphere Projection, 153

Sync UVs option, 149, 151

Unwrap option, 153

unwrapping menus, 152

Update other views automatically, 149, 151

user interface, 149153

UV Mapping tools, 152153

Work Mode option, 149150

UVs. See also Unwrapping.

adjusting, 160

Average Islands, 165

connecting, 160161

creating automatically, 153

current UV map name, 149, 151

description, 147148

Pack Islands, 165

packing, 163165

separating, 160161

synchronizing with 3D models, 149, 151

testing, 157159

Texture Face, 158

V

Vertices

automatic merging, 95

creating faces from, 87

definition, 73

deleting, 8182

dissolving, 8182

extruding, 8283, 9192

flattening, 94

joining, 81

removing doubles, 88

ripping apart, 8889

scaling, 90

selecting, 74

selecting shortest path, 75

sliding selections, 9091

Video footage, editing, 22

Video recording

character creation, 56

masking, 295

mixing 3D objects with. See Camera tracking.

object tracking, 295

Video Sequence Editor, 22

Video stabilization, 295

View Mode, 150

View name, 1314

View Selected, 17

Volume panel, 198199

Volumetric effects, 198199

W

Walk Mode, 18

Walking animations along a path, 255256

Weight, simulating, 294

Weight Paint Mode, 230232

Weight painting, 230234

Weights, assigning to bones, 230233

Work Mode option, 149150

Workspaces, creating, 20

Wrists, modeling, 131133

X

X-Mirror option, 232

Y

Yo, Frankie!, 6

Z

Zoom, 17

Zooming

3D View, 14

during camera tracking, 263

cameras, 17

Image
Image
Image
..................Content has been hidden....................

You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.
Reset
3.15.25.34