Index
A
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP), 402
access
accounts, 108
CERT, 481
crontab, 286–291
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
groups
/etc/group, 73–76
security, 77–79
hackers, 307–311
inetd, 379–381
Red Hat Linux, 14
rlogin, 479
strings, 67
/etc/passwd, 70–73
files, 68–70
unnecessary network services, 480
updating, 480
Web sites, 481
access.log file, 316
accounts
Darwin password files, 91–94
deleting, 112–114
Linux management tools, 114–121
passwords, 126–129
re-enabling, 111
Red Hat Linux, 14
Solaris management tools, 121–126
suspending, 108–111
user, 89
actions, init, 250
adding
drives, 208–212
users, 94–103
addresses
IP, 333
ranges, 328
adduser script, 94–95
accounts
deleting, 112–114
suspending, 108–111
databases, 354–358
inetd, 379–381
files
sizing, 134–138
packages
Darwin, 168–172
Solaris, 172–176
log files, 301–302
building rotation tools, 320–323
httpd, 312–316
navigating, 302–307
tracking hackers, 307–311
trimming with logrotate, 317–320
passwords, 126–129
processes, 276–279
RPM, 162–165
scripts, 59–63
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
xinetd, 381–385
aging passwords, 126–129
aliases, creating, 404–411
alphabetization, sort tool, 53–55
analysis, sort tool, 52–55
anonymous FTP service, 386. See also FTP
Apache Web server
httpd log files, 312–316
httpd.conf file, 462–467
optimizing, 467–471
starting, 458–461
virtual hosting, 474–478
applications
ardsd, 273–275
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
management
Linux, 114–121
Solaris, 121–126
named, 359–362
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rndc, 362–364
rotation, 320–323
sort, 52–55
tar, 148–158
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
zip, 145–148
applying
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
fsck tool, 186–189
installation, 8–10
logrotate, 317–320
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
artsd program, 273–275
at command, 296–298
AUP (Acceptable Use Policy), 402
authoritative names, 354
authority fields, 356
awk language, 444–446
B
backups, incremental, 152–158
bad blocks, 185
bash (Bourne-Again Shell), 35, 417
BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), 354–358
blocks, DocumentRoot, 466
boot.log file, 304
booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
Bourne-Again Shell (bash), 35, 417
building
aliases for sendmail, 404–411
Apache Web servers, 464
crontab files, 287–291
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
/etc/fstab files, 212–215
filesystems, 204–208
home directories, 95–99
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
quotas, 239–242
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
virtual hosts, 474–478
C
C Shell (csh), 35
cable modems, 327
calculating disk space, 46
capabilities of Perl, 450–453
cat command, 136
CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team), 481
chage command, 128–129
clients, enabling FTP, 385–389
commands
adduser, 98–103
apropos, 24
at, 296–298
cat, 136
chage, 128–129
df, 44–45
du, 47
searching largest files, 55–59
viewing directory sizes, 47–52
dump, 152–158
expr, 422
fdisk, 198–203
find, 239–242
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
gpasswd, 78
grep, 444
gunzip, 141
hash, 34
hosts, 313
identifying, 37–38
logrotate, 319
lp, 77–79
man, 35
nice, 276–279
nidump, 92
nireport, 92
niutil, 100–103
passwd, 126–129
ps, 267–273
reload, 362
renice, 276–279
rndc, 363
rpm, 162
searching, 34–36
sort, 53–55
strings, 37–38
su, 102
tar
backups, 152–158
copying directory trees, 148–152
umount, 209
unmount, 184
unzip, 147
useradd, 115
userdel, 120
usermod, 129
wall, 234
whatis database, 24–31
who, 109
zcat, 136
compress tool, 134–138
Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), 481
conditionals
shell scripting, 424–435
testing, 425
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
virtual hosts, 474–478
connections
Internet
Linux, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
Red Hat Linux, 13
constants, 418
copying
configurations, 342
directory trees, 148–152
quotas, 235
corruption, applying fsck tool, 193
CPAN development group, 453
creating. See also configuration
aliases for sendmail, 404–411
/etc/fstab files, 212–215
filesystems, 204–208
home directories, 95–99
quotas, 239–242
cron
log files, 306
jobs, 292–296
crond daemon, 286
crontab, 286–291
csh (C Shell), 35
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
installation, 8–10
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
virtual hosts, 474–478
D
daemons
anacron, 435
crond, 286
inetd, 379–381
inetd, 374–379
init, 248
xinetd, 381–385
Darwin
accounts, 91–94
adduser command, 100–103
packages, 168–172
single-user mode, 190, 192–193
apropos command, 24–31
DNS, 354–358
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
NetInfo. See NetInfo
debugging PATH, 34–36
deleting
packages, 176
processes (kill command), 279–282
user accounts, 112–114
df command, 44–45
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Linux, 328–335
Solaris, 340
dig (Domain Information Groper), 364–370
digging
executable binaries, 37–38
philosophy of, 23–24
digital subscriber line (DSL), 327
directories
creating, 95–99
mqueue, 402
permissions, 67
/etc/group, 73–76
/etc/passwd, 70–73
files, 68–70
security, 77–79
sort tool, 52–55
trees, 148–152
/var/log, 302
viewing, 47–52
disk space, managing, 134. See also sizing files
diskhogs script, 59–63
disks
fdisks, 198–203
fsck tool, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
mounting, 208–212
partitioning, 219–220
physical, 41. See also physical disks
quotas
creating, 239–242
implementing policies, 232–236
Solaris 8, 237–238
usage, 47–52
DNS (domain name system), 328
servers
applying rndc, 362–364
BIND, 354–358
configuring named, 359–362
testing, 364–370
DocumentRoot block, 466
Domain Information Groper (dig), 364–370
domain name system. See DNs
domains, BIND, 354–358
downloading awk, 444
drives, adding, 208–212
DSL (digital subscriber line), 327
du command, 47
directories, 47–52
files, 55–59
sort tool, 53–55
dual-booting, 218–219. See also booting
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
dump command, 152–158
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. See DHCP
E
connectivity, 392–397
logs, 397–404
queues, 397–404
sendmail, 404–411
enabling. See also installation
ftp, 385–389
Mac OS X Web server, 460
service run levels, 254–259
virtual hosting, 474–478
error.log file, 315
errors, 344
Apache Web servers, 464
disks, 182–193
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
installation, 8–10
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux, 16–17
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
/etc/fstab file, 212–215
/etc/group file, 73–76
/etc/inittab file, 248
/etc/passwd file, 70–73, 86–90
executable binaries, searching, 37–38
expr command, 422
F
fdisk, formatting, 198–203
fields
Apache Web server configuration, 464
authority, 356
crontab, 288
access.log, 316
boot.log, 304
configuration, 362
cron, 292–296
cron log, 306
crontab, 287–291
error.log, 315
/etc/fstab, 212–215
/etc/inittab, 248
/etc/passwd, 86–90
fsck tool, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
ftp.log, 306
httpd.conf, 462–467
large
diskhogs script, 59–63
searching, 55–59
lilo.conf, 221
log
building rotation tools, 320–323
httpd, 312–316
managing, 301–302
navigating, 302–307
tracking hackers, 307–311
trimming with logrotate, 317–320
maillog, 307
password, 91–99
permissions, 67–70
/etc/group, 73–76
/etc/passwd, 70–73
security, 77–79
RPM, 162–167
shadow passwords, 77
sort tool, 52–55
xferlog, 306
zone, 354–358
filesystems, formatting, 204–208
find command, 239–242
findsuid script, 439
fink, 168–172
fixed IP allocation tables, 332
flags
du command, 47–52
dump command, 154
fsck tool, 185
mke2fs, 207
mount command, 209
RPM, 167
tar command, 149
flow control, 423–435
formatting. See also configuration
aliases for sendmail, 404–411
crontab files, 287–291
disks, 198–203
/etc/fstab files, 212–215
filesystems, 204–208
home directories, 95–99
quotas, 239–242
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
FQDN (fully qualified domain name), 358
fsck (file system check) tool, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, enabling, 385–389
ftp.log file, 306
fully qualified domain name (FQDN), 358
functions
adduser, 98–103
apropos, 24
at, 296–298
cat, 136
chage, 128–129
df, 44–45
du, 47
searching largest files, 55–59
viewing directory sizes, 47–52
dump, 152–158
expr, 422
fdisk, 198–203
find, 239–242
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
gpasswd, 78
grep, 444
gunzip, 141
hash, 34
hosts, 313
identifying, 37–38
logrotate, 319
lp, 77–79
man, 35
nice, 276–279
nidump, 92
nireport, 92
niutil, 100–103
passwd, 126–129
ps, 267–273
reload, 362
renice, 276–279
rndc, 363
rpm, 162
searching, 34–36
shell scripting, 424–435
sort, 53–55
strings, 37–38
su, 102
tar
backups, 152–158
copying directory trees, 148–152
umount, 209
unmount, 184
unzip, 147
useradd, 115
userdel, 120
usermod, 129
wall, 234
whatis database, 24–31
who, 109
zcat, 136
G
GID (group ID), 70. See also permissions
gpasswd command, 78
grep command, 444
groups
permissions, 68–70
/etc/group, 73–76
security, 77–79
users, 95–99
GRUB (GRand Unified Boot loader), 223–226
gunzip command, 141
gzip tool, 138–144
H
hackers, tracking log files, 307–311. See also security
hard limits, 235
hash tables, 34
Help, 16–17
Apache Web servers, 464
disks, 182–193
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
installation, 8–10
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux, 16–17
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
home directories, creating, 95–99
host tool, 364–370
hosting Apache Web servers, 474–478
hosts command, 313
httpd log files, navigating, 312–316
httpd.conf files, navigating, 462–467
I
identifying commands, 37–38
ifconfig tool, 343–349
implementation, 232–236
Apache Web servers, 464
creating, 239–242
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
incremental backups, 152–158
inetd daemon, 374–381
information, PIDs, 266–273
init process, configuring, 248–253, 259–261
installation, 218–219
booting
Apache Web server, 458–461
crontab, 286–287
fsck tool, 183–186
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
GRUB, 223–226
Help, 16–17
LILO, 220–223
options, 8–9
partitioning disks, 219–220
Red Hat Linux, 10–17
RPM, 165–167
virtual machines, 226–228
interfaces, enabling ftp, 385–389
Internet
connecting, 343–349
Linux, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
RPM, 165–167
enabling ftp, 385–389
inetd, 374–379
managing inetd, 379–381
xinetd, 381–385
Internet service provider (ISP), 333
Internet Software Consortium, 354
interpreters, 416. See also shells
invoking commands, 34–36
IP (Internet Protocol)
addresses, 333
fixed allocation tables, 332
ISP (Internet service provider), 333
J-K
jobs
at command, 296–298
cron, 292–296
keyboards, Red Hat Linux, 10
L
LAN (local access network), 327
languages
awk, 444–446
Perl, 447–453
large files
diskhogs script, 59–63
searching, 55–59
launching PIDs, 266–273
levels
init, 250
run, 254
LILO (last in, last out), 220–223
account management tools, 114–121
at command, 296–298
cron jobs, 292–296
Help, 16–17
installing, 10–15
Internet, 328–335
RPM, 162–167
xinetd daemon, 381–385
local access network. See LAN
log files, 301–302
building rotation tools, 320–323
httpd, 312–316
navigating, 302–307
tracking hackers, 307–311
trimming with logrotate, 317–320
logrotate, applying, 317–320
logs
e-mail, 397–404
xinetd daemon, 383
looping, shell scripting, 424–435
lp command, 77–79
M
Mac OS X
configuring, 336–343
fink, 168–172
sendmail aliases, 407–411
Web server, 460
mail transfer agent (MTA), 391
mail. See e-mail
maillog file, 307
man command, 35
management
accounts
deleting, 112–114
suspending, 108–111
databases, 354–358
inetd, 379–381
files
sizing, 134–138
packages
Darwin, 168–172
Solaris, 172–176
log files, 301–302
building rotation tools, 320–323
httpd, 312–316
navigating, 302–307
tracking hackers, 307–311
trimming with logrotate, 317–320
passwords, 126–129
processes, 276–279
RPM, 162–165
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
xinetd, 381–385
maximum transfer unit (MTU), 344
MBR (master-boot record), 222
messages, log, 303. See also e-mail
methods
adduser, 98–103
apropos, 24
at, 296–298
cat, 136
chage, 128–129
df, 44–45
du, 47
searching largest files, 55–59
viewing directory sizes, 47–52
dump, 152–158
expr, 422
fdisk, 198–203
find, 239–242
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
gpasswd, 78
grep, 444
gunzip, 141
hash, 34
hosts, 313
identifying, 37–38
logrotate, 319
lp, 77–79
man, 35
nice, 276–279
nidump, 92
nireport, 92
niutil, 100–103
passwd, 126–129
ps, 267–273
reload, 362
renice, 276–279
rndc, 363
rpm, 162
searching, 34–36
shell scripting, 424–435
sort, 53–55
strings, 37–38
su, 102
tar
backups, 152–158
copying directory trees, 148–152
umount, 209
unmount, 184
unzip, 147
useradd, 115
userdel, 120
usermod, 129
wall, 234
whatis database, 24–31
who, 109
zcat, 136
mke2fs, formatting filesystems, 204–208
modems, cable, 327
modification
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
files
sizing, 134–138
zipping, 138–148
lp command, 78
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
state, 248–253
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
user accounts, 89
virtual hosts, 474–478
mount command, 189
mounting disks, 208–212
moving directory trees, 148–152
mqueue directory, 402
MTA (mail transfer agent), 391
MTU (maximum transfer unit), 344
multiple boot configurations, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
N
names
authoritative, 354
FQDNs, 358
NetInfo, 92
rndc application, 362–364
servers, 359–362
navigation
Apache Web server, 462–467
BIND, 354–358
cron jobs, 292–296
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
log files, 302–307
building rotation tools, 320–323
httpd, 312–316
trimming with logrotate, 317–320
partitions, 42–47
Darwin password files, 91–94
users, 100–103
netstat tool, 343–349
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
configuring, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
files
sizing, 134–138
zipping, 138–148
lp command, 78
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
state, 248–253
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
user accounts, 89
virtual hosts, 474–478
nice command, 276–279
nidump command, 92
nireport command, 92
niutil command, 100–103
niutl command, 100
notations, shell variable references, 421
O
octal permission values, 69
one-line command summaries, 24–31
online Help, installing, 16–17
optimizing Apache Web servers, 467–471
options. See also customization
fink, 172
OS (operating system), 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
others, permissions, 68–70
output
adduser, 98–103
apropos, 24
at, 296–298
cat, 136
chage, 128–129
df, 44–45
du, 47
searching largest files, 55–59
viewing directory sizes, 47–52
dump, 152–158
expr, 422
fdisk, 198–203
find, 239–242
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
gpasswd, 78
grep, 444
gunzip, 141
hash, 34
hosts, 313
identifying, 37–38
logrotate, 319
lp, 77–79
man, 35
nice, 276–279
nidump, 92
nireport, 92
niutil, 100–103
passwd, 126–129
ps, 267–273
reload, 362
renice, 276–279
rndc, 363
rpm, 162
searching, 34–36
shell scripting, 424–435
sort, 53–55
strings, 37–38
su, 102
tar
backups, 152–158
copying directory trees, 148–152
umount, 209
unmount, 184
unzip, 147
useradd, 115
userdel, 120
usermod, 129
wall, 234
whatis database, 24–31
who, 109
zcat, 136
ownership, 67
/etc/group, 73–76
/etc/passwd, 70–73
files, 68–70
security, 77–79
P
packages
Darwin, 168–172
deleting, 176
fink, 168–172
Red Hat Linux, 15
RPM, 162–167
Solaris, 172–176
summaries, 163
parameters, shells, 420
partitioning, 41
disks, 219–220
navigating, 42–47
Red Hat Linux, 11
passwd command, aging, 126–129
passwords, 479. See also permissions; security
aging, 126–129
configuring, 95–99
Darwin, 91–94
/etc/passwd file, 70–73, 86–90
files, 95–99
gpasswd command, 78
Red Hat Linux, 14
security, 70
shadow files, 77
PATH, debugging, 34–36
Perl, 447–453
accounts, 108
CERT, 481
crontab, 286–291
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
groups
/etc/group, 73–76
security, 77–79
hackers, 307–311
inetd, 379–381
Red Hat Linux, 14
rlogin, 479
strings, 67
/etc/passwd, 70–73
files, 68–70
unnecessary network services, 480
updating, 480
Web sites, 481
philosophy of digging, 23–24
physical disks, 41–47
PIDs (process IDs), 266–273
ping tool, 343–349
piping output (sort tool), 53–55
policies
creating, 239–242
implementing, 232–236
Solaris 8, 237–238
popd tool, 463
ports, 374
positional parameters, 420
priorities, 276–279
process IDs. See PIDs
programming
kill command, 279–282
priorities, 276–279
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
Mac OS X, 336–343
named applications, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Perl, 447–453
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
protocols
DHCP
connecting Linux, 328–335
Solaris, 340
IP
addresses, 333
fixed allocation tables, 332
ps command, 267–273
pushd tool, 463
Q
queries, log files, 313
queues, e-mail, 397–404
quotas
creating, 239–242
implementing, 232–236
Solaris 8, 237–238
R
ranges
addresses, 328
crontab, 288
rebooting, 259–261. See also booting; installation
Red Hat Linux. See also Linux
at command, 296–298
Help, 16–17
installing, 10–15
Red Hat Package Manager. See RPM
re-enabling accounts, 111
references, shell variables, 421
reload command, 362
renice command, 276–279
repartitioning Red Hat Linux, 12. See also partitioning
requirements, 8
resources, security, 481
reverse lookups, 313
rlogin, 479
rndc application, applying, 362–364
rotation tools, building, 320–321, 323
RPM (Red Hat Package Manager), 162–167
run levels
services, 254–259
running Internet Services
enabling ftp, 385–389
inetd, 374–379
managing inetd, 379–381
xinetd, 381–385
RX errors, 344
S
safe shutdowns, 259–261
scripts
adduser, 94–95
diskhogs, 59–63
findsuid, 439
Perl, 447–453
setuid, 439
shells, 415–423
flow control, 423–435
searching
apropos command, 24–31
commands, 34–36
executable binaries, 37–38
large files (du command), 55–59
philosophy of digging, 23–24
security, 478–479
accounts, 108
CERT, 481
crontab, 286–291
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
groups, 77–79
hackers, 307–311
inetd, 379–381
Red Hat Linux, 14
rlogin, 479
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
unnecessary network services, 480
updating, 480
Web sites, 481
sendmail
aliases, 404–411
sequences
GRUB dual-boot configurations, 223–226
LILO dual-boot configurations, 220–223
servers
Apache Web
enabling virtual hosting, 474–478
navigating httpd.conf file, 462–467
optimizing, 467–471
starting, 458–461
dhcpd, 335
DNS
applying rndc, 362–364
BIND, 354–358
configuring named, 359–362
Mac OS X, 460
Web, 312–316
services
FTP, 386
Internet
enabling, 385–389
inetd, 374–379
managing inetd, 379–381
xinetd, 381–385
run levels, 254–259
unnecessary network services, 480
setuid script, 439
shadow password files, 77
fdisk, 198–203
parameters, 420
scripting, 415–423
applying, 436–440
flow control, 423–435
shutdowns, 259–261
single-user mode, 190–193
directories, 47–52
log files, 317–320
SOA (statement of authority), 355
sockets, 374
soft limits, 235
Solaris
accounts management tools, 121–126
Apache Web server, 461
configuring, 336–343
packages, 172–176
Solaris 8 quotas, 237–238
sort tool, 52–55
space
creating quotas, 239–242
implementing disk-quota policies, 232–236
Solaris 8, 237–238
starting, 218–219
Apache Web server, 458–461
crontab, 286–287
fsck tool, 183–186
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
state, configuring init processes, 248, 250–253
statement of authority (SOA), 355
statements
adduser, 98–103
apropos, 24
at, 296–298
cat, 136
chage, 128–129
df, 44–45
du, 47
searching largest files, 55–59
viewing directory sizes, 47–52
dump, 152–158
expr, 422
fdisk, 198–203
find, 239–242
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
ftp, 385–389
gpasswd, 78
grep, 444
gunzip, 141
hash, 34
hosts, 313
identifying, 37–38
logrotate, 319
lp, 77–79
man, 35
nice, 276–279
nidump, 92
nireport, 92
niutil, 100–103
passwd, 126–129
ps, 267–273
reload, 362
renice, 276–279
rndc, 363
rpm, 162
searching, 34–36
shell scripting, 424–435
sort, 53–55
strings, 37–38
su, 102
tar
backups, 152–158
copying directory trees, 148–152
umount, 209
unmount, 184
unzip, 147
useradd, 115
userdel, 120
usermod, 129
wall, 234
whatis database, 24–31
who, 109
zcat, 136
su, 102
strategies, 478–479
CERT, 481
passwords, 479
rlogin, 479
unnecessary network services, 480
updating, 480
Web sites, 481
strings, 67
/etc/passwd, 70–73
files, 68–70
strings command, 37–38
su command, 102
summaries, packages, 163
superblocks, 182
suspending user accounts, 108–111
systems, 248–253
adding drives, 208–212
administration. See administration
Apache Web servers, 464
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
installation, 8–10
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
virtual hosts, 474–478
T
tables, fixed IP allocation, 332
tar command
backups, 152–158
directories, 148–152
tarballs, 233
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Wrapper, 379–381
Apache Web servers, 467–471
conditionals, 425
connectivity, 343–349
DNS, 364–370
e-mail, 392–397
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
management
Linux, 114–121
Solaris, 121–126
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
sort, 52–55
tar, 148–158
zip, 145–148
tracking
hackers, 307–311
users, 59–63
trees, copying directories, 148–152
trimming log files, 317–320
troubleshooting
Apache Web servers, 464
disks, 182–193
DNS, 364–370
dual-booting, 218–219
GRUB, 223–226
LILO, 220–223
partitioning disks, 219–220
virtual machines, 226–228
fink, 172
installation, 8–10
Mac OS X, 336–343
named application, 359–362
networks, 327
connecting Linux to Internet, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
testing, 343–349
passwords, 95–99
Red Hat Linux, 16–17
keyboards, 10
network connections, 13
rndc application, 362–364
RPM, 162–167
reloading, 362
run levels, 254–259
Solaris, 336–343
tools
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182–193
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
virtual hosts, 474–478
TX errors, 344
U
UID (user ID), 70. See also permissions
umount command, 209
unmount command, 184
unnecessary network services, 480
unzip command, 147
updating security, 480
usage, du command, 47–52
user accounts
Darwin password files, 91–94
deleting, 112–114
/etc/passwd file, 86–90
Linux management tools, 114–121
passwords, 126–129
re-enabling, 111
Red Hat Linux, 14
Solaris management tools, 121–126
suspending, 108–111
useradd command, 115
userdel command, 120
usermod command, 129
users
access
building crontab files, 287–291
crontab, 286–287
adding, 94–99
groups
/etc/group file, 73–76
security, 77–79
permissions, 68–70
Red Hat Linux, 14
single-user mode, 190–193
tracking, 59–63
utilities
artsd, 273–275
at command, 296–298
compress, 134–138
crontab, 286–291
dig, 364–370
du command, 47–52
fsck, 182
applying, 186–189
single-user mode, 190–193
starting, 183–186
host, 364–370
ifconfig, 343–349
management
Linux, 114–121
Solaris, 121–126
netstat, 343–349
passwords, 126–129
ping, 343–349
popd, 463
pushd, 463
rotation, 320–323
sort, 52–55
tar, 148–158
zip, 145–148
V
values
crontab, 288
octal permissions, 69
variables, shells, 421
/var/log directory, 302
/var/log/httpd file, 312–316
verification of e-mail connectivity, 392–397
versions, commands, 34–36
viewing directories, 47–52
virtual hosting, Apache Web server, 474–478
virtual machines, dual-booting, 226–228
Virtual PC from Connectix Corporation, 227
VMware, 227
W
wall command, 234
Web
Apache Web server
enabling virtual hosting, 474–478
navigating httpd.conf file, 462–467
optimizing, 467–471
starting, 458–461
connecting, 343–349
Linux, 328–335
Mac OS X/Solaris, 336–343
RPM, 165–167
services
enabling ftp, 385–389
inetd, 374–379
managing inetd, 379–381
xinetd, 381–385
servers, 312–316
Web sites
Apache, 458
security, 481
whatis database
apropos command, 24–31
who command, 109
X
xferlog, 306
xinetd daemon, 381–385
Z
zcat command, 136
zip tool, 145–148
zipping files, 138–148
zone files, 354–358