A
Accelerometers, see On-chip accelerometers using bondwire inertial sensing
ACS, see American Cancer Society
ADC, see Analog-to-digital converter
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 118
Aerial vehicle (AV), 162
AFE, see Analog front end
AFFDNR circuit, see Asymmetric floating frequency dependent negative resistance circuit
Airstrip, 253
AliveCor, 253
Ambulatory sleep monitoring devices, 255
American Cancer Society (ACS), 67
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 62
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 91, 217, 276
Analog front end (AFE), 152
Analog-to-time conversion (ATC), 276
Angle of arrival (AOA), 132
ANNs, see Artificial neural networks
ANS, see Autonomic nervous system
ANSI, see American National Standards Institute
AOA, see Angle of arrival
A posteriori probability (APP), 193
APP probability, see A posteriori probability (APP), 193
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 37
Asymmetric floating frequency dependent negative resistance (AFFDNR) circuit, 231
ATC, see Analog-to-time conversion
ATR, see Automatic target recognition
Automatic target recognition (ATR), 152
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 256
AV, see Aerial vehicle
AWGN, see Additive white Gaussian noise
Azimuth compression, 157
B
Backscatter modulation, 124
Balanced antipodal Vivaldi (BAV) antenna, 139
BAN radio, see Body area network radio
BAV antenna, see Balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna
Bayes’s theorem, 206
BBC, see British Broadcasting Corporation
Bell Lab layered space-time (BLAST), 192
BEP, see Bit error probability
BER, see Bit error rate
Bernoulli random variable, 47
BICM, see Bit-interleaved coded modulation
Binary phase shift keying (BPSK), 193
Bit error probability (BEP), 118
Bit error rate (BER), 73
Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), 193, 203
BLAST, see Bell Lab layered space-time (BLAST), 192
Blixelter (single-stage balun–LNA–mixer–filter combo topology), 245–248
carrier frequency, 247
flicker-noise dominent frequencies, 248
folded filtering section, CMOS process, 246, 247
front end, simulated conversion gain, 247
LNA device currents, 245
BNA, see Balanced LNA
BNEA, see Brownian noise equivalent acceleration
Bode plot, 235
Body area network (BAN) radio, 259–269
cyclic redundancy check, 265
digital baseband, 264
direct-sequence spread spectrum technology, 265
ECG necklace, 259
envelope detector, 262
field-programmable gate array, 265
line of sight distance, 266
loop filter, 262
misdetection error, 268
Nordic radio, 267
on/off keying modulation, 260
phase-frequency detector, 262
PN code symbol, 265
power amplifier, 260
quench waveform generator, 262
radio measurements, 266
receiver front end, 262
receiver timing, 263
serial peripheral interface, 260
system architecture, 260
transmitter front end, 260
variable gain amplifier, 262
Boltzmann constant, 4
Bondwire inertial sensing, see On-chip accelerometers using bondwire inertial sensing
BPSK, see Binary phase shift keying, 193
Brain–computer interfacing technology, 274
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 58
Brownian noise equivalent acceleration (BNEA), 320
C
Cadence design tools, 282
Cancer, RF radiation and, 62
Cardionet, 253
CDC, see US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDD, see Cyclic delay diversity
Cellular infrastructure, large signal and small signal building blocks for, 169–187
electrostatic discharge, 170
flexible, high efficiency radio frequency power amplifier designs, 173–180
chip-to-chip bonding, 179
coupled transmission line transformer element, 177
drain efficiency, 179
EDMOS device, 174
GaN Doherty power amplifier, 180
measurement results, 178
operational bandwidth of combiner, 176
switched mode wideband class-E out-phasing power amplifier, power added efficiency, 173
turn-on voltage slope, 177
variable gate bias technique, 175
fully integrated, high performance, low noise amplifier, 170–173
details of design, 171
electrostatic discharge, 170
low noise amplifiers, 170
wideband code division multiple access, 170
highly integrated RF power amplifiers in CMOS technology, 180–185
alternative transformer topology, 182
broadband class-E RF power amplifier, 183–185
coupling coefficient of transformer, 182
details of design, 181
drain efficiency, 185
extended drain MOS transistors, 180
leakage inductance, 182
output transistor, 183
peak voltage, 184
RF power amplifier with wideband transformer combiner, 181–183
Rogers substrate, 185
transformer magnetizing inductance, 182
multiple input multiple output schemes, 169
radio frequency power amplifiers, 170
summary, 186
Chireix combiner, 173, 175, 181
CMFB, see Common-mode feedback circuit
CMOS, see Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
CMOS magnetic sensor array, see Frequency-shift-based CMOS magnetic sensor array, design of for point-of-care (POC) biomolecular diagnosis applications
CMOS technology, highly integrated RF power amplifiers in, 180–185
alternative transformer topology, 182
broadband class-E RF power amplifier, 183–185
coupling coefficient of transformer, 182
details of design, 181
drain efficiency, 185
extended drain MOS transistors, 180
leakage inductance, 182
output transistor, 183
peak voltage, 184
RF power amplifier with wideband transformer combiner, 181–183
Rogers substrate, 185
transformer magnetizing inductance, 182
Colpitts oscillator, 28
Common-mode feedback (CMFB) circuit, 285
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 173, 297
Contribution factor, 109
Convolutional turbo code (CTC), 203
Coplanar waveguide (CPW), 17
Correlated double counting frequency, 356
Corventis, 253
CPW, see Coplanar waveguide
Cramér-Rao bound, 120
CRC, see Cyclic redundancy check
Crossbow TelosB mote, 41
CTC, see Convolutional turbo code
Cyclic delay diversity (CDD), 191
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 265
D
DAA UWB devices, see Detection and avoidance UWB devices
DAB, see Digital audio broadcasting
DAC, see Digital-to-analog converter
DAMI, see Dual alternate mark inversion
DCR block diagram, see Direct conversion receiver block diagram
Decision feedback equalizer (DFE), 196
Delay-locked loop (DLL), 298
Delft University, T-node platform, 290
Deoxyribonucleaic acid (DNA), 62
Detection and avoidance (DAA) UWB devices, 116
DFE, see Decision feedback equalizer
DFMS antenna, see Dual feed stripline antenna
block diagram, 5
Boltzmann constant, 6
chopping frequency, 5
direct detection imaging, 6
NETD calculation, 6
noise-equivalent power, 5
single-pole double throw switches, 5
useful imaging, 5
Dicke switch, chopping operation of, 12
Digital-to-analog converter (DAC), 153
Digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 214
Digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), 214
Digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H), 229
Dimension reduction soft detector (DRSD), 190, 198
Diode detectors, zero-biased, 9
Direct conversion receiver (DCR) block diagram, 216
Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), 265
DLL, see Delay-locked loop
DMB, see Digital multimedia broadcasting
DNA, see Deoxyribonucleaic acid
Doppler centroid estimation, 157
DRSD, see Dimension reduction soft detector
DSSS, see Direct-sequence spread spectrum
Dual alternate mark inversion (DAMI), 76
Dual feed stripline (DFMS) antenna, 127
DVB-H, see Digital video broadcasting-handheld
E
ECG, see Electrocardiography
EDMOS transistors, see Extended drain MOS transistors
Effective bandwidth, 121
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), 77, 115
EIRP, see Effective isotropic radiated power
EKF, see Extended Kalman filter
Electrocardiography (ECG), 254
Electromagnetic field propagation, 59
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity, 64
Electromyography (EMG), 256
Electronic noses, 37
Electro-oculography (EOG), 256
Electrostatic discharge (ESD), 170
ELISA, see Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMG, see Electromyography
Energy capture efficiency, 119
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 334
EOG, see Electro-oculography
ESD, see Electrostatic discharge
Extended drain MOS (EDMOS) transistors, 180
Extended Kalman filter (EKF), 163
F
FCC, see Federal Communications Commission
FDA, see US Food and Drug Administration
FDNR, see Frequency dependent negative resistance
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2, 67, 115
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA), 265
Focal plane array (FPA), 4, 22
Focal plane array imaging receivers, 22–31
antenna efficiency, 26
architecture, 23
Colpitts oscillator, 28
CPW feed line, 24
direct detection architecture, 23
electromagnetic field, 25
folded dipole antenna, 25
gate voltage, 27
HBT transistor, 26
injection-locked frequency tripler, 23, 28
LNA, 28
LO generation/distribution and tripler, 28
mixer and IF/BB circuitry, 30
NMOS transistor, 27
off-chip antenna director, 24
off-state impedance, 27
on-chip folded slot dipole antenna, 23
phase noise, 31
radiation efficiency, 24
receiver building blocks, 23–30
silicon substrate with embedded deep trench mesh, 26
zero-IF amplifier, 23
Folded dipole antenna, 25
FPA, see Focal plane array
FPGA, see Field-programmable gate array
Frequency dependent negative resistance (FDNR), 218
Frequency-shift-based CMOS magnetic sensor array, design of for point-of-care (POC) biomolecular diagnosis applications, 333–359
CMOS implementation example (circuit blocks), 345–348
divide-by-2 and divide-by-3 frequency dividers, 348
multiplexers and buffers, 347–348
temperature regulator, 346–347
CMOS implementation example (system architecture), 344–345
correlated double counting frequency, 356
transducer gain uniformity, 357
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 334
giant magnetoresistance, 335
electrical performance, 351–354
magnetic sensing measurements, 354–356
noise power reduction ratio, 353
nuclear magnetic resonance, 335
sensor design scaling law, 341–343
averaged transducer gain, 338
CMOS process, 336
double side band, 339
excitation magnetic field factor, 338
on-chip LC tank, 337
power spectrum density, 341
sensor operation principle and oscillator-based frequency-shift detection, 336–337
sensor signal-to-noise ratio characterization, 337–341
sensor transducer gain, 337
single side band, 339
virtual damping phenomenon, 337
white frequency noise, 340
sensor signal-to-noise ratio, 335
Frequency-switched transmit diversity (FSTD), 191
Friis equation, 15
FSTD, see Frequency-switched transmit diversity
G
Gamma rays, 60
GaN Doherty power amplifier, 180
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR), 335
Glioma, 65
Global nearest neighbor (GNN) tracking algorithm, 162
Global system of mobile (GSM) communications, 58, 214
GMR, see Giant magnetoresistance
GNN tracking algorithm, see Global nearest neighbor tracking algorithm
Gold codes, 141
Graphical user interfaces (GUIs), 42
GSM communications, see Global system of mobile communications
GUIs, see Graphical user interfaces
H
Hadamard codes, 141
Hazardous gas, 35
HBT transistor, 26
Healthcare applications, see Ultralow power radio design for emerging healthcare applications
High speed packet access plus, 190
Hydrogen-powered car refilling stations, 35
I
IARC, see International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICI, see Intercarrier interference
ICNIRP, see International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
IDD, see Iterative detection and decoding
Idiopathic environmental intolerance, 64
IEEE 802.15.4a channel model, 127, 142
IEEE 802.15.4f standard, 132–133
IEEE 802.16-based systems, 203
IEEE 802.16e standard, 190
IFFT, see Inverse fast Fourier transform
ILFT, see Injection-locked frequency tripler
Implants, autonomous, see Ultralow power techniques in small autonomous implants and sensor nodes
Inertial navigation system (INS), 163
Injection-locked frequency tripler (ILFT), 23, 28
In-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) demodulator, 162
INS, see Inertial navigation system
Integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial (ISDB-T), 228–229
Intercarrier interference (ICI), 161
Interferents, 37
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 66
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 63
International System of Units, 61
Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), 154
Ionizing radiation, 62
I/Q demodulator, see In-phase and quadrature-phase demodulator
IQ mismatch, 75
ISDB-T, see Integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial
Iterative detection and decoding (IDD), 190, 193, 205
K
Ku-band NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter subsystem, 152
L
LDC UWB devices, see Low duty cycle UWB devices
LDPC codes, see Low density parity check codes
LFM signals, see Linear frequency modulated signals
LFPs, see Local field potentials
LFSD, see List fixed-complexity sphere decoder
Linear frequency modulated (LFM) signals, 153
List fixed-complexity sphere decoder (LFSD), 198
Livestock farm odors, 40
LLR, see Log likelihood ratio (LLR), 193
LNAs, see Low noise amplifiers
LO, see Local oscillator
Local field potentials, 281
Local oscillator (LO), 73, 297
Local-oscillator generation technique, see Open-loop multiphase local-oscillator generation technique
Log likelihood ratio (LLR), 193
Long term evolution (LTE), 190
Low density parity check (LDPC) codes, 193
Low duty cycle (LDC) UWB devices, 116
Low noise amplifiers (LNAs), 170, see also Low noise, low distortion radio design
balanced, 9
breakout circuit, 28
focal plane array imaging receivers, 28
microsystems for biopotential recording, 278
Low noise, low distortion radio design, 213–251
asymmetric floating frequency dependent negative resistance circuit, 231
bandwidth calibration circuit, 227
blocker frequencies, 223
blocker signals, 233
Bode plot, 235
cascode bias points, 227
CMOS proof-of-concept test chip, 219
current-mode filter, 244
current-mode noise-shaped filtering, 243–244
die micrograph of PMA, 242
digital video broadcasting-handheld, 229
expected noise shaping, 229
FDNR-based third-order elliptic response circuit, 219
feedback networks, 225
feedback paths, 219
filter gain response across channel, 244
frequency dependent negative resistance, 218
impedance, 234
in-band distortion levels, 241
in-band noise budget, 240
integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial, 228–229
linearity analysis, 223
loop transfer function, 226, 227
low noise gain stage with noise-shaping blocker suppression, 231–242
measurements, 228
noise budget allocation, 240
noise-shaping, blocker-filtering technique for low noise integrated receivers, 218–231
noise transfer function, 221, 236
op-amp and bandwidth calibration circuit, 227
peaking in signal transfer function, 223
programmable gain amplifier, 231
Sallen-Key feedback, 222
signal transfer function, 237
stability analysis, 225
two-tone tests, 241
zero feedback impedance, 235
Blixelter (single-stage balun–LNA–mixer–filter combo topology), 245–248
carrier frequency, 247
flicker-noise dominent frequencies, 248
folded filtering section, CMOS process, 246, 247
front end, simulated conversion gain, 247
LNA device currents, 245
analog-to-digital converters, 217
direct conversion receiver block diagram, 216
first stage low noise amplifier, 216
LNA noise consideration, 216–217
variable-gain amplifiers, 217
noise–linearity trade-off in radio design, 213–216
classical noise–linearity–power area trade-off, 213
device size, 213
digital audio broadcasting, 214
digital multimedia broadcasting, 214
emerging wireless standards, 213
GSM interferers, 214
intermodulation products, 214
mobile TV, 214
National Television System Committee, 215
signal harmonics, 215
LTE, see Long term evolution
M
MAC, see Medium access control
MAE, see Mean absolute error
MAG, see Maximum available gain
MAP probability, see Maximum a posteriori probability
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability, 193
Maximum available gain (MAG), 15
MDS, see Minimum detectable signal
Mean absolute error (MAE), 46
Mean relative error (MRE), 38
Medium access control (MAC), 132
Meningioma, 65
Metal oxide (MOX) chemical sensors, 40
Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), 280
Microelectro-mechanical inertial sensor, 314
Millimeter-wave (MMW) system, 1
MIMO receiver design for next generation wireless systems, 189–211
basic MIMO SM technologies, 191–196
a posteriori probability, 193
Bell Lab layered space-time, 192
binary phase shift keying, 193
bit interleaved coded modulation scheme, 193
encoder block, 193
hard-detection and soft-detection receivers, 194–196
iterative detection and decoding scheme, 193
log likelihood ratio, 193
low density parity check codes, 193
maximum a posteriori probability, 193
max-log approximation, 196
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme, 192
single-user and multiuser SM, 192
SM detection and decoding, 192–193
successive interference cancelation, 192
vertical BLAST, 192
detection techniques for MIMO SM, 196–205
antenna correlation, 203
bit-interleaved coded modulation, 203
conventionally ordered-SIC, 197
conventional near-ML detectors, 198
convolutional turbo code, 203
decision feedback equalizer, 196
dimension reduction soft detector, 198, 199
equalization-based detectors, 197
list fixed-complexity sphere decoder, 198
maximal ratio combining linear detector, 197
maximum likelihood detector, 196
minimum mean square error, 196
mixed SIC, 204
near-exhaustive search method, 202
orthogonal frequency division multiple access, 203
packet error rate, 204
permutation matrix, 199
QR decomposition, 202
quadrature amplitude modulation, 197
radio conformance tests, 203
soft-demodulation transmit symbol subvectors, 200
transmit symbol vector, 199
WiMAX radio conformance tests, 203
zero-forcing, 196
dimension reduction soft detector, 190
future directions, 209
iterative detection and decoding, 205–208
Bayes’s theorem, 206
conditional probability, 207
energy constraint, 206
L-values, 207
scheme, 190
recent trends on MIMO systems, 190–191
beam-forming, 191
cyclic delay diversity, 191
frequency-switched transmit diversity, 191
high speed packet access plus, 190
IEEE 802.16e standard, 190
long term evolution, 190
quadrature amplitude modulation, 191
space frequency block coding, 191
spatial diversity techniques, 190
third generation partnership project, 190
wireless LAN and PAN, 191
spatial multiplexing, 189
MIMO schemes, see Multiple input multiple output schemes
Minimum detectable signal (MDS), 73
MMW system, see Millimeter-wave system
Mobile TV, 214
Morse code signals, 58
MOSFET, see Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
MOX-based sensor array, 49
MOX chemical sensors, see Metal oxide chemical sensors
MRE, see Mean relative error
MUI, see Multiuser interference
Multifunctional software-defined radar sensors (SDRSs), 151–167
analog front end, 152
automatic target recognition, 152
angle-frequency reconstructions, 158–159
azimuth compression, 157
bit error rate curve, 161
data communications experiment setup, 159–161
intercarrier interference, 161
on/off keying modulation technique, 159
single-target imaging, 157–158
transmission quality, sub-bands, 159–160
linear frequency modulated signals, 153
OFDM coding structure, 153
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, 153
pulse-Doppler radar, 152
range-Doppler reconstruction, 164
software-defined radar sensor, 152
software-defined radar system architecture, 153–156
digital-to-analog converter, 153
Hermitian operator, 156
inverse fast Fourier transform, 154
sensor signal processing, 156
ultralow noise amplifiers, 154
wave forming via OFDM, 153–154
unmanned aerial vehicles, 152
UWB-OFDM radar-assisted navigation, 162–164
aerial vehicle, 162
error-state model, 163
extended Kalman filter, 163
global nearest neighbor tracking algorithm, 162
inertial navigation system, 163
in-phase and quadrature-phase demodulator, 162
navigation filter design, 163–164
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) schemes, 169
Multiuser interference (MUI), 140
N
NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter subsystem, Ku-band, 152
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 67
National Television System Committee (NTSC), 215
NEF, see Noise efficiency factor
NEP, see Noise-equivalent power
NesC language, 42
NETD, see Noise equivalent temperature difference
Neural network (NN) algorithm, 42
Next generation wireless systems, see MIMO receiver design for next generation wireless systems
NIEHS, see National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NLOS environments, see Non-line-of-sight environments
NMOS transistor, 27
NMR, see Nuclear magnetic resonance
NN algorithm, see Neural network algorithm
Nocebo effect, 64
Noise efficiency factor (NEF), 280
Noise-equivalent power (NEP), 5
Noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), 4, 5
Noise-plus-distortion (NPD), 73
Noise power reduction ratio (NPRR), 353
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments, 132
Nordic radio, 267
NPD, see Noise-plus-distortion
NPRR, see Noise power reduction ratio
NTSC, see National Television System Committee
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 335
NXP Semiconductors CMOS technology, 182
O
OFDM, see Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDMA, see Orthogonal frequency division multiple access
On-chip accelerometers using bondwire inertial sensing, 313–332
accelerometer types, 314
automotive applications, 314
circuit implementation, 324–326
clock signal, 325
CMOS passive mixers, 326
low dropout regulator, 325
phase locked loop, 324
true single-phase clock logic, 326
CMOS, 315
discussion, 331
electrical readout interface for bondwire accelerometer, 322–324
electrical noise in readout circuitry, 323
phase noise, 323
residual FM noise, 324
residual frequency noise, 323
single sideband noise power, 324
system architecture for bondwire inertial sensing, 322–323
experimental results of single-axis bondwire accelerometer, 326–330
bias stability, 327
plastic leaded chip carrier, 327
Stycast epoxy, 327
mechanical and electrical properties of bondwire inertial sensor, 315–322
Brownian noise equivalent acceleration, 320
cross-axis sensitivity, 317
inertial mechanical system, 315–316
Q inductor, 320
resolution and noise floor, 320
second moment of inertia, 318
sensitivity of bondwire accelerometer, 317
temperature coefficient of bondwire inductor, 321
temperature and fabrication variation, 321–322
microelectro-mechanical inertial sensor, 314
On-field calibration methodologies, 37
On/off keying (OOK), 76, 132, 291
OOK, see On/off keying
Open-loop multiphase local-oscillator generation technique, 297–312
CMOS, 297
harmonic rejection, 308
phase corrector, robustness of, 310
receiver measurements, 310
local oscillator, 297
eight-phase LO generation, 304–307
four-phase LO generation, 299–304
input phase vector, 306
inverter groups, 300
signal flow graph, 300
delay-locked loop, 298
open-loop four-phase clock generator, 299
phase error, 299
phase-locked loop, 297
practical design considerations, 307–308
circuit nonlinearity, 308
design and verification flow, 308
optimization, 308
sizing, 307
voltage-controlled oscillator, 297
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 203
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), 153
multifunctional software-defined radar sensors, 153
scheme, 192
signaling, 116
P
Packet error rate (PER), 204
PAE, see Power added efficiency
Parasitic resistance, 108
Passive imaging in silicon technologies, 1–34
block diagram, 5
Boltzmann constant, 6
chopping frequency, 5
direct detection imaging, 6
NETD calculation, 6
noise-equivalent power, 5
single-pole double throw switches, 5
useful imaging, 5
focal plane array imaging receivers, 22–31
antenna efficiency, 26
architecture, 23
Colpitts oscillator, 28
CPW feed line, 24
direct detection architecture, 23
electromagnetic field, 25
folded dipole antenna, 25
gate voltage, 27
HBT transistor, 26
injection-locked frequency tripler, 23, 28
LNA, 28
LO generation/distribution and tripler, 28
mixer and IF/BB circuitry, 30
NMOS transistor, 27
off-chip antenna director, 24
off-state impedance, 27
on-chip folded slot dipole antenna, 23
phase noise, 31
radiation efficiency, 24
receiver building blocks, 23–30
silicon substrate with embedded deep trench mesh, 26
zero-IF amplifier, 23
millimeter-wave system, 1
applications, 2
dish antenna, 2
focal-plane array, 4
images, 3
remote sensing, 2
security surveillance, 2
W-band signals, 4
wireless gigabit Ethernet, 2
wireless HDMI, 2
wireless laptop docking stations, 2
passive imaging fundamentals, 4
passive millimeter-wave imaging, 1
single-pixel silicon-based passive imaging receiver, 7–22
antenna port, 11
bias voltage, 18
chopping, 8
coplanar waveguide (CPW), 17
design and analysis of balanced LNA with embedded Dicke switch, 11
detector design and analysis, 17
detector figure of merit, 18
detector output, types of noise at, 19
Dicke switch, chopping operation of, 12
feedback capacitors, 20
flicker noise, 19
Friis equation, 15
imaging test setup, 21
maximum available gain, 15
measurement results, 20
notch filter, 8
passive imaging RX using balanced LNA with embedded Dicke switch, 9–22
phase shifters, 12
pyramidal standard gain horn antenna, 22
Q-factor, 9
reference port, 11
reflection-type phase-shifter design, 14
thermal voltage, 18
T-match network topology, 16
total-power radiometer, 8
VSWR, 16
W-band passive radiometer chip, 7
zero-biased diode detectors, 9
Boltzmann constant, 4
noise equivalent temperature difference, 4
square-law power detector, 4
Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging, 1
PDF, see Probability distribution function
PDP, see Power delay profile
PEB, see Position error bound
PER, see Packet error rate
PGA, see Programmable gain amplifier
Phase-locked loop (PLL), 262, 297
Photon energy, 61
Planck’s constant, 61
Plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC), 327
PLCC, see Plastic leaded chip carrier
PLL, see Phase-locked loop
PMMW imaging, see Passive millimeter-wave imaging
Point-of-care (POC) biomolecular diagnosis applications, see Frequency-shift-based CMOS magnetic sensor array, design of for point-of-care (POC) biomolecular diagnosis applications
Pollution monitoring, 36
Position error bound (PEB), 143
Power added efficiency (PAE), 173
Power delay profile (PDP), 123
Power spectrum density (PSD), 341
Probability distribution function (PDF), 143
Programmable gain amplifier (PGA), 231
Prosthetics, see Ultralow power techniques in small autonomous implants and sensor nodes
PSD, see Power spectrum density
Pseudorandom active reflector, 129
Pseudosynchronous protocols, 289
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), 275
PWM, see Pulse-width modulation
Q
QAM, see Quadrature amplitude modulation
Q-factor, 9
QMBs, 40
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 191, 197, 204
Quench waveform generator (QWG), 262
Quinstar Technology, 22
QWG, see Quench waveform generator
R
Radar sensors, see Multifunctional software-defined radar sensors
Radio conformance tests (RCTs), 203
Radio design, see Low noise, low distortion radio design
Radio frequency identification, see Ultrawide bandwidth radio frequency identification and localization
Radio frequency (RF) radiation exposure and health, 57–69
health effects of RF radiation, 62–67
cell phone use, 67
changing technologies, 66
deoxyribonucleaic acid, 62
direct carcinogenicity effects, 62
electromagnetic hypersensitivity, 64
glioma, 65
heating through RF exposure, 63
hidden facts, 65
idiopathic environmental intolerance, 64
IEEE standard, 63
inaccurate reporting, 66
ionizing radiation, 62
meningioma, 65
morbidity and mortality, 66
nocebo effect, 64
nonionizing radiation, 62
participation bias, 66
past epidemiologic studies, 65
radar personnel, 63
recall bias, 66
standpoints of expert organizations, 66
WHO carcinogenicity group classifications, 66
history of wireless communication, 57–58
amplification of signals, 58
global system of mobile communications, 58
Morse code signals, 58
radio frequency radiation, 58
public perception of RF radiation exposure risks, 58–59
control versus lack of control, 59
dread versus confidence, 59
fair versus unfair, 59
familiarity versus unfamiliarity, 59
GSM base station, 58
risk perception, 59
voluntary versus involuntary exposure, 59
electromagnetic field propagation, 59
gamma rays, 60
International System of Units, 61
photon energy, 61
Planck’s constant, 61
schematic view, 60
sinusoidal electromagnetic fields, 60
ultraviolet radiation, 60
x-rays, 60
RCTs, see Radio conformance tests
Receiver front ends with robustness to process variations, 71–111
adjustment of process variation impact, 100–109
circuit topologies, 104
correction of corner performance, 106–108
designer’s first priority, 102
layout impact approximated, 108–109
LNA, 103
noise figure of receiver, 108
nonlinearity distortion, 104
overall design considerations, 103–106
parasitic resistance, 108
performance degradation, 102
process variations, 101
simulation results, 107
single-balanced mixer, 103
tuneability in different LNA topologies, 101–102
tuneability in other stages, 102
bit error rate, noise, gain, and nonlinearity, 73–76
distortion components, 74
IQ mismatch, 75
minimum detectable signal, 73
noise-plus-distortion, 73
formula notations, 79
input-referred noise voltage, 78
intermodulation distortion, 80
nonlinearities of stages, 77
notations in phasor form, 80
zero-IF receiver and worst-case nonlinearity, 81–82
degradation of NPD, 96
high performance ADCs, 100
MATLAB, 93
nonoptimum design, 91, 98, 100
optimum-power design, 98, 99, 100
power coefficients, modified, 96
range of NPDs, 94
stage parameters, 95
contribution factor, 109
constant-sensitivity approach, 87–88
NPD sensitivities, 86
power coefficient, 89
reduced second-order sensitivity approach, 88
zero-IF receiver, 87
local oscillator, 73
narrowband systems, 72
performance requirements, 76–77
audio/visual mode, 77
dual alternate mark inversion, 76
effective isotropic radiated power, 77
kiosk application, 76
low data rate, modes, 76
on/off keying, 76
wireless personal area network applications, 76
sensitivity to block-level performance, 82–86
BER variations, 82
I/Q signal, 84
NPD variations, 82
random variables, 83
third-order nonlinearity, 85
zero-IF receiver and worst-case nonlinearity, 84–86
yield test, 72
Rendezvous protocols, 275, 289
RFID, see Ultrawide bandwidth radio frequency identification and localization
RF radiation, see Radio frequency radiation exposure and health
RMSE, see Root mean square error
Root mean square error (RMSE), 121
Root raised cosine (RRC) envelope, 117
RRC envelope, see Root raised cosine envelope
S
Sallen-Key feedback, 222
SAW filter, see Surface acoustic wave filter
Schottky diode voltage doubler, 292
SDRS, see Software-defined radar sensor
SD techniques, see Spatial diversity techniques
Serial peripheral interface (SPI), 260
SFBC, see Space frequency block coding
SFG, see Signal flow graph
SIC, see Successive interference cancelation
Signal flow graph (SFG), 300, 305
Signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR), 73
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 119, 280
Silicon technologies, see Passive imaging in silicon technologies
Single-pole double throw (SPDT) switches, 5
Small autonomous implants and sensor nodes, see Ultralow power techniques in small autonomous implants and sensor nodes
Small-scale fading, 258
Smart cities paradigm, 35
SNDR, see Signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio
SNR, see Signal-to-noise ratio
Software-defined radar sensor (SDRS), 152, see also Multifunctional software-defined radar sensors
Source declaration problem, 36
Space frequency block coding (SFBC), 191
Spatial diversity (SD) techniques, 190
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO), 189
SPDT switches, see Single-pole double throw switches
SPI, see Serial peripheral interface
Stycast epoxy, 327
Successive interference cancelation (SIC), 192, 197
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter, 290
T
Tapped delay neural network (TDNN), 49
TDM, see Time-division multiplexing
TDNN, see Tapped delay neural network
TDOA, see Time difference of arrival
Third generation partnership project, 190
TH schemes, see Time-hopping schemes
Time of arrival (TOA) estimation signals, 114
Time difference of arrival (TDOA), 131
Time-division multiplexing (TDM), 276
Time of flight (TOF), 120
Time-hopping (TH) schemes, 118
TinyOS, 41
TOA estimation signals, see Time of arrival estimation signals
TOF, see Time of flight
True single-phase clock logic (TSPC), 326
TSPC, see True single-phase clock logic
Two-tone tests, 241
U
UAVs, see Unmanned aerial vehicles
Ubisense platform, 132
UHF passive RFID technology, see Ultrahigh frequency passive RFID technology
ULNA, see Ultralow noise amplifiers
Ultrahigh frequency (UHF) passive RFID technology, 114
Ultralow noise amplifiers (ULNA), 154
Ultralow power radio design for emerging healthcare applications, 253–271
cyclic redundancy check, 265
digital baseband, 264
direct-sequence spread spectrum technology, 265
ECG necklace, 259
envelope detector, 262
field-programmable gate array, 265
line of sight distance, 266
loop filter, 262
misdetection error, 268
Nordic radio, 267
on/off keying modulation, 260
phase-frequency detector, 262
phase-locked loop, 262
PN code symbol, 265
power amplifier, 260
quench waveform generator, 262
radio measurements, 266
receiver front end, 262
receiver timing, 263
serial peripheral interface, 260
system architecture, 260
transmitter front end, 260
variable gain amplifier, 262
channel model, 258
receiver sensitivity, 258
small-scale fading, 258
super-regenerative front ends, 257
WBAN and healthcare applications, 254–257
ambulatory sleep monitoring devices, 255
autonomic nervous system, 256
electrocardiography, 254
electromyography, 256
electro-oculography, 256
universal WBAN system, 257
wireless sleep staging, 255
wireless body area network, 253
Ultralow power techniques in small autonomous implants and sensor nodes, 273–296
activity-based schemes, 274
brain–computer interfacing technology, 274
medium access mechanism, 275
microsystems for biopotential recording, 275–288
adaptive sampling, 278
analog-to-time conversion, 276
battery-powered sensor interface, 277
Cadence design tools, 282
common-mode feedback circuit, 285
current-supply modulation, 277
digitization, 276
duty cycle period, 277
energy-efficient sensory circuit topologies, 280–281
gain expression of LNA, 286
local field potentials, 281
low noise amplifier, 278
low pass cutoff frequency, 276
low power discrete-time neural interfacing front end, 281–288
low power system-level strategies, 277–280
multichannel system architectures, 276
noise efficiency factor, 280
objectives for prosthetic applications, 275
positive metal oxide conductor, 281
signal-to-noise ratio, 280
source degeneration resistors, 287
summary, 288
switched capacitor, 281
time-division multiplexing, 276
tracking error, 276
power-saving schemes, 274
pulse-width modulation, 275
recording building blocks, 274
rendezvous protocols, 275
sensor networks, 273
wake-up radio, 275
wake-up radio for wireless sensor networks, 288–294
low power WUR design based on PWM, 291
motes, 288
nodes, 288
on/off keying, 291
pseudosynchronous protocols, 289
rendezvous protocols, 289
Schottky diode voltage doubler, 292
summary, 294
surface acoustic wave filter, 290
T-node platform, 290
wake-up radio concept, 289–290
Ultraviolet radiation, 60
Ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) radio frequency identification (RFID) and localization, 113–150
application scenario, 145
high-accuracy radio detection, identification, and localization applications, 145–146
localization features, 145
object identification, 145
wireless sensor radar, 145
passive RFID tags, 114
time of arrival estimation signals, 114
ultrahigh frequency passive RFID technology, 114
backscatter modulation, 124
backscatter propagation, 124–129
dual feed stripline antenna, 127
echo, 128
IEEE 802.15.4a channel model, 127
measurement results, 127
multipath characterization, 123
passband impulse response, 123
path-loss model, 122
power delay profile, 123
round-trip channel transfer function, 125
structural and antenna mode scattering, 124
tag status, 125
UWB antenna backscattering, 124
UWB RFID and localization with active tags, 129–133
angle of arrival, 132
commercial proprietary system, 131
IEEE 802.15.4f standard, 132–133
localization capability, 131–132
low duty cycle UWB tags, 129–130
medium access control (MAC), 132
non-line-of-sight environments, 132
on/off keying modulation, 132
pseudorandom active reflector, 129
reflector clock rates, 130
Sapphire DART, 132
time difference of arrival, 131
triangulation, 132
Ubisense platform, 132
UWB RFID and localization with (semi) passive tags, 133–144
AWGN channel, 139
backscatter modulator signal, 136
balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna, 139
circuit implementation, 134
clutter effect, 142
Gold codes, 141
Hadamard codes, 141
hybrid tags based on UHF and UWB modulations, 133–134
IEEE 802.15.4a CM1
channel model, 142
localization capability, 143–144
multiuser interference, 140
performance in multitag scenario, 140
performance in single-tag scenario using measured data, 140
position error bound, 143
probability distribution function, 143
pulse distortion, 138
semipassive tags, 133
single tag scenario, 136
tags based on backscatter modulation, 134–143
additive white Gaussian noise, 118
bit error probability (BEP), 118
Cramér-Rao bound, 120
definitions and regulatory issues, 115–116
detection and avoidance UWB devices, 116
direct sequence schemes, 118
effective bandwidth, 121
effective radiated isotropic power, 115
energy capture efficiency, 119
Fourier transform 121
Gaussian monocycle pulses, 121
Gaussian pulse, 117
Gaussian random variable, 121
low duty cycle UWB devices, 116
ML estimation error, 121
multipath diversity, 119
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signaling, 116
pseudorandom TH code, 118
pulse amplitude modulation signaling, 118
pulse position modulation signaling, 118
ranging capability of UWB signals, 119–121
root mean square error, 121
root raised cosine envelope, 117
signal-to-noise ratio, 119
time of flight, 120
time-hopping (TH) schemes, 118
wireless personal area networks, 116
ZigBee standard, 114
UML deployment diagram (WCSNs), 42
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 152
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 67
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 67
UWB, see Ultrawide bandwidth radio frequency identification and localization
V
Variable gain amplifier (VGA), 217, 262
V-BLAST, see Vertical BLAST
VCO, see Voltage-controlled oscillator
Vertical BLAST (V-BLAST), 192
VGA, see Variable gain amplifier
Virtual damping phenomenon, 337
VOC pollutant simulants, 49
VOC spills, 41
Volatile organic compounds, 35
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), 297
W
low power design based on PWM, 291
motes, 288
nodes, 288
on/off keying, 291
pseudosynchronous protocols, 289
rendezvous protocols, 289
Schottky diode voltage doubler, 292
summary, 294
surface acoustic wave filter, 290
T-node platform, 290
WBAN, see Wireless body area network
W-CDMA, see Wideband code division multiple access
WCSNs, see Wireless chemical sensor networks
White frequency noise, 340
WHO, see World Health Organization
Wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), 170
WiMAX radio conformance tests, 203
Wireless body area network (WBAN), 253, see also Ultralow power radio design for emerging healthcare applications
Wireless chemical sensor networks (WCSNs), 35–55
advantages of networked approach, 36
duty cycle and power consumption, 43–45
ADC converter timeout, 44
computing phase, 43
core mote consumption, 44
e-nose battery life, 45
microcontroller power state, 43
platform signal conditioning board consumption, 45
polymer swelling, 44
sensing phase, 43
shunt resistance, 43
sleep phase, 43
TelosB drawn current, 44
transmission/reception phase, 43
wake-up period, 43
commercial e-noses, 40
graphical user interfaces, 42
livestock farm odors, 40
metal oxide chemical sensors, 40
NesC, 42
neural network algorithm, 42
polymer/nanocomposite reactivity to chemicals, 40
QMBs, 40
UML deployment diagram, 42
VOC spills, 41
voltage signal, 41
hazardous gas, 35
hydrogen-powered car refilling stations, 35
module calibration and sensor stability, 37–40
artificial neural networks, 37
drift correction algorithms, 39
electronic noses, 37
interferents, 37
mean relative error, 38
on-field calibration methodologies, 37
semisupervised learning techniques, 39
sensor drift, 40
sensor recalibration, 39
pollution monitoring, 36
power saving using sensor censoring, 45–48
Bernoulli random variable, 47
censoring criteria, 48
ethanol, 48
general chemical sensing problem, 45
lab-scale experiment, 45
mean absolute error, 46
NN sensor fusion, 46
spiking threshold, 48
respiratory illness, 35
sensor failure, 37
smart cities paradigm, 35
source declaration problem, 36
algorithm performance, 51
Gaussina kernel, 50
HVAC automation, 49
MOX-based sensor array, 49
peaks, 52
pollutant mixture, 52
tapped delay neural network, 49
TinyNoses, 49
VOC pollutant simulants, 49
w-noses, 51
volatile organic compounds, 35
Wireless communication, history of, 57–58
amplification of signals, 58
global system of mobile communications, 58
Morse code signals, 58
radio frequency radiation, 58
Wireless personal area network (WPAN), 76, 116
Wireless sensor radar (WSR), 145
Wireless systems, next generation, see MIMO receiver design for next generation wireless systems
World Health Organization (WHO), 66
WPAN, see Wireless personal area network
WSR, see Wireless sensor radar
WUR, see Wake-up radio
X
X-rays, 60
Z
Zebra Enterprise Solutions, 132
Zero-biased diode detectors, 9
Zero-forcing (ZF), 196
Zero-IF amplifier, 23
Zero-IF receiver, 81–82, 84–86
ZF, see Zero-forcing
ZigBee standard, 114