A-Z Index 207
About.com site 77
access by design xviii
accessibility xvii, 18. See also universal design
Accessible Design in the Digital World Conference xi
Acrobat Reader 30
ActiveX 173
Adobe site 133
for irrelevant/redundant images 81–83
alternate formats 23–24, 28, 166–168
alternate text. See alt-text
AnyWho site 35
Association for Computing Machinery x, xi
allowing users to control 170–171
challenges presented by 163
providing alternate formats for 166–168
providing keyboard access to 169–170
types of 164
aural styles 50
back button 19–20, 112, 148, 204
background images 80
background music 170
BBC site 55
bitmap images 85
BODY
tag 48
BORDER
attribute 99
branding 195
breadcrumb navigation 150, 151, 204
Bronx Zoo site 90
and frames-based pages 111
and graphic text 75
how text is displayed by 6
and layout tables 97
and text size 39
for visual vs. nonvisual users 3
bulleted lists 184
cameras ix
captions 62, 80–81, 94–95, 164, 165
Cascading Style Sheets. See CSS
cataloging images 83
CDC site 207
Census Bureau site 94
Chicago Manual of Style 201
Chronicle of Higher Education site 107
CNET site 209
allowing users to override 160–161
basic principles regarding 155–160
contrast considerations 64–65, 155–157
conveying information with 66–67, 158–160
as design tool 155
and nonvisual users 66–67, 155, 158–160
unpredictability of 37
using style sheets to set 65–66
Color Contrast Analyzer software 156
communication function, Web page 4–5
compression schemes 85
Computer User High-Tech Dictionary site 116
Conference on Universal Usability xi
conferences, Web design xi
content
allowing quick access to 214
audio (See audio content)
balancing navigation and 203–205
encoding with structural tags 49, 67–69
grouping related 197
providing universal access to 44–45
separating presentation and 43, 44–47
video (See video content)
content layer, Web design xx
contrast, color 64–65, 155–157
Copyright site 32
Creative Commons site 82
CSS. See also style sheets
assigning cell widths with 108
browser support for 44, 50, 100–101
meaning of acronym 44
and navigation design 121
styling text with 59
displaying captions with 94–95
drawbacks to 89
identifying columns/rows in 93–94
design. See also Web design
collaborative 14
defined xxi
information xvi
principles (See design principles)
user-centered xvii, xviii–xix, 15, 39
designers xxi–xxii. See also Web designers
Designing the User Interface xix
dialogue 164. See also audio content
digital cameras ix
digital media 166
Digital Web Magazine site 151
Dignubia site 167
disabilities, Web access for users with xvii, 18. See also universal usability
Disability Status table 95
display resolution 194
DOCTYPE
declaration 53
general principles regarding 44–53
how software derives meaning from 6–7, 48
separating content and presentation in 44–47
writing valid code for 53
document type declaration 53
compatibility problems with 43
device-independent format for 43
marking language changes in 189
providing print option for 191
structured 6–7 (See also document structure)
supporting skimming of 145–146, 183, 185–186
Dreyfus, Henry xiv
Eastman, George ix
Ed.gov site 61
basic principles regarding 184–189
breaking text into segments 184–185
clarity/conciseness in 186
identifying abbreviations/acronyms 189–191
marking language changes 189
providing print option 191
using appropriate language/terminology 187
Elements of Style, The 186
Elements of Typographical Design, The 23
embedded media content 170
emphasized words 49
Envisioning Information 26
Epinions site 153
ESPN 15
Evolt.org site 190
Expedia site 175
external style sheets 59
FIELDSET
tag 131
flexibility, Web page 8–9, 11–14, 25
flexible layouts 11–14, 64, 106–108, 208–211
footnotes 62
form fields. See also forms
associating related 131
auto-populating fields in 135–137
“form follows function” formula 1–2
applying logical sequence to elements in 134
associating related fields in 125, 131
auto-populating fields in 135–137
avoiding redundancy in 128
basic principles regarding 126–129
grouping related elements in 125, 127
labeling fields in 126, 129–131, 137
providing alternate to 126, 128–129
providing keyboard access to 132–134
purpose of 125
using menu-style elements in 137–139
and back button 112
basic principles regarding 112–114
browser considerations 111
defined 111
identifying functions of 114–115
and nonvisual users 111–112, 113, 114–115
printing considerations 111, 112
providing alternative to 115–117
FRAMESET
tag 114
framesets 112
function
functional layer, Web design xix–xx
GIF images 85
global navigation 204
Google site 20
headings
controlling size/style of 43, 46
sizing relative to other text elements 62
tags for 49, 213 (See also H1-6
tags)
HTML
device-independent nature of 43
and page-level interactivity 175–176
vs. alternate formats 24, 30–33
hue 157
Iberia site 174
IBM Accessibility Center site 149
IBM Contact form 139
IBM News site 98
ID
attribute 130
image cataloging 83
image formats 85
basic principles regarding 72–77
browser considerations 75
commonly used formats for 85
identifying irrelevant/redundant 81–83
maintaining catalog of 83
printed vs. Web 71
providing full text description of 80–81
providing text alternates for 77–83
saving 85
using thumbnails for large 86–87
information architecture xvi
information design xvi
InfoSpace site 130
initialisms 190
inline links 142
inline styles 59
interaction function, Web page 5, 173–174. See also interactivity
interactive elements, labeling 34–35
allowing users to control 176–178
basic principles regarding 175–179
defined 178
and nonvisual users 178
providing alternate for 180–181
providing keyboard access to 178–179
interface, allowing users to control 176–178
interface design xvi, xviii–xix
interface layer, Web design xx
Java applets 173
JavaScript 133, 135, 175, 176, 180
JAWS 185
John F. Kennedy International Airport site 179
keyboard access, designing for 33–35, 194–195
keyboard accessibility
for audio/video content 169–170
and HTML 30
labeling
links 35
language
accessible 183
marking changes in 189
using appropriate 187
languages, markup 48
avoiding complexity in 101–103
basic principles regarding 99–103
designing for linear access 104–106
limiting use of tags in 104
and nonvisual users 98, 102, 104
popularity of 99
and screen reader software 101, 104
using flexible cell widths in 106–108
vs. other page layout techniques 97–101
layouts. See also page layout
fixed vs. flexible 11–14, 63–64, 106–108, 208–211
LEGEND
tag 131
legibility 155–157. See also readability
Lego site 31
Leonardo’s Laptop xix
linear access
basic principles regarding 143–146
breadcrumb navigation 150, 151, 204
differentiating from other page elements 142, 147–148
differentiating visited/unvisited 148–150
examples of bad 145
labeling 35
providing for effective skimming of 145–146, 185–186
styling 145
using descriptive text with 145–146
using underlining to identify 16–17, 77, 142, 147–148
for Web page navigation 143–145
basic principles regarding 120–123
defined 120
defining relationships between items in 122–123
and screen reader software 119
structural tags for 49
ways of using 119
local navigation 204
Lonely Planet site 102
Lynch, Patrick xvi
MapQuest site 126
markup
data table 89, 90–91, 93–95, 101
languages 48
standards 53
structural (See structural markup)
table 104
MayoClinic.com site 206
media-based content
allowing users to control 170–171
challenges of 163
providing alternate formats for 166–168
providing keyboard access to 169–170
media formats 168
Media Player 168
menu-style form elements 137–139
MPEG-4 format 168
multicolumn layouts 11–14, 91, 102
music 164, 170. See also audio content
My Yahoo! sign-up form 132
narration 164. See also audio content
NASA site 81
National Air and Space Museum site 103
National Geographic site 86, 168
National Library of Medicine site 136, 188, 207
National Park Service site 12, 105, 136
navbars 119
allowing users to bypass 208
browser-based 111
global 204
as list of links 119
local 204
page 204
navigation design 120–121, 207–208
navigation links 142, 143, 144, 148
NCES Students’ Classroom site 180
Netflix site 24
Network for Good site 29, 67, 75
Newell, Alan xi
NOFRAMES
tag 28, 112, 113, 115–117
nonvisual users
and alternates/fallbacks 28
communicating visual information to 197–200
and data tables 89
defined 3
and frames 111–112, 113, 114–115
and image links 141
and interactivity 178
and keyboard accessibility 33
and separation of content/presentation 44
and sequence of page elements 194
and video content 166
Norman, Donald xvi
NPR site 91
numbered lists 123
OBJECT
tag 28
Opera browser 40
OXO site 34
balancing content/navigation in 203–205
basic principles regarding 194–208
consistency in 193–194, 201–203
designing for linear access 194–197
grouping related items in 197, 198–199
positioning important content in 213–214
providing navigation tools in 207–208
and universal usability 194
using style sheets for 211–212, 215
page navigation 204. See also navigation
page width 37
PDF documents 30
Peet’s Coffee and Tea site 128
photography ix
pixilated text 75
plain text 58–59, 76. See also text
PNG images 85
point-and-click interactivity 178, 179
pointing devices 7, 24, 33, 132, 169
Portable Document Format 30
POV site 171
presentation
separating content and 43, 44–47
presentation markup 44, 48, 50
print design xvi
print option 191
product information 72
proximity, communicating related page elements with 198–199
and fixed-width columns 12
and page layout 193
and text/background contrast 157
and text size 60
reports 97
rollovers 180
Salon.com site 120
and abbreviations/acronyms 190–191, 191
and control of media playback 170
and cursor position 177
and data tables 95
and forms 133
and headings 213
and HTML 30
and keywords 185
and language changes 189
and lists 119
and positioning of page content 197, 213
and structured documents 7, 48, 52, 67
and style sheets 50
scripts 173
search engines
and descriptive link text 145
and HTML 30
and page rankings 159
and positioning of page content 213
and structured documents 6–7, 48, 67, 99
and text transcripts 165
search function 208
Shneiderman, Ben xiii, xvi, xviii–xix
Shockwave 30
Shopzilla site 72
SimpleBits site 161
site index 208
skip links 214
Smith & Hawken site 4
Solar System Exploration site 65
sound 164. See also audio content
“speak” style 50
Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction x, xi
spoken narration 164. See also audio content
standards Web xvii–xviii, 53, 201
Stephanidis, Constantine xi
structural markup 43, 48–49, 67–69, 175, 200
structured documents 6–7. See also document structure
Strunk, William 186
style sheets. See also CSS
browser support for 52
controlling page layout with 211–212
designing pages to function without 52–53
external 59
and fixed vs. flexible design 15, 18, 211–212
and nonvisual attributes 50
styling text with 59
Surprise.com site 74
TABINDEX
attribute 34
table markup 89, 90–91, 101, 104
basic principles regarding 99–93, 99–103
designing for linear access 104–106
displaying captions with 94–95
identifying rows/columns in 93–94
as page layout tool 89, 97–101 (See also layout tables)
using flexible cell widths in 106–108
tabular information 49, 90, 97–98. See also tables
tags, structural 49, 50, 67–69
TD
tag 104
allowing users to resize 63
auto-populating form fields with 135–137
basic principles regarding 58–59
breaking into segments 184–185
color considerations 64–67, 157
graphic vs. plain 58–59, 75–76
as lingua franca of Web 6
reinforcing color with 159–160
styling with CSS 59
text alternates. See alt-text
text input fields 137
text links 143–146. See also links
text size 39
text-to-speech technology 163. See also screen reader software
text transcripts 164, 165, 167
TigerDirect.com site 27
TR
tag 104
Trace Center University of Wisconsin x
transformation, designing for 18, 36–38
travel applications 175
Tribeworks site 158
UI4ALL xi
underlining 16–17, 77, 142, 147–148
UNICEF site 159
Universal Access in the Information Society xi
and audio/video control 170–171
best-practices guidelines for xx–xxi
conference xi
defined xix
designing Web sites for 10, 23–41
goal of 21
and HTML vs. alternate formats 24, 30–33
and images 72
importance of xii
and links 143
and page layout 194
risks associated with xii–xiii
and Web markup 24
University of Wisconsin x
unordered lists 49
U.S. Census Bureau site 94
usability, universal. See universal usability
user-centered design xvii, xviii–xix, 15, 39
user control
of media-based content 170–171
of user interface 39–41, 176–178
user interface allowing users to control 39–41, 176–178
User Interfaces for All xi
defined xxii
partnering with 14
visual vs. nonvisual 3
allowing users to control 170–171
challenges presented by 163
and nonvisual users 166
providing alternate formats for 166–168
providing captions with 165
providing descriptions for 166
providing keyboard access to 169–170
visual users
and data tables 89
defined 3
and links 145
and sequence of page elements 194
vocabulary 187
W3C 53
Wall Street Journal site 64
defining best practices for xv
dynamic nature of xv
flexibility of 8–9, 11–14, 106–108
as hypertext system 173
imposing established conventions on 16
improving usability of x (See also universal usability)
setting type on 57
as software application 173
universality of xi
writing for 183
Web accessibility xvii, 18. See also universal design
Web Accessibility Initiative 18
Web audio. See audio content
Web browsers. See browsers
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group xi
basic principles of 23–41 (See also design principles)
collaborative nature of 14
conferences xi
consistency in 193–194, 201–203
cost/benefit considerations 11–14
making informed decisions about 10–14
recognized experts in xvi
standards 201
text size considerations 60–63
and universal usability xii–xiii, 23
Web designers xxii, 193
Web documents. See documents
Web forms. See forms
Web images. See images
Web pages. See also specific page elements
building to standards 53
controlling nonvisual attributes of 50
defining base text size for 60–61
designing (See Web design)
frames-based 111–112 (See also frames)
laying out (See page layout)
“optimal” dimensions for 194
positioning important content in 213–215
readability of (See readability)
tab order for 34
Web sites
designing (See Web design)
ensuring functionality of 23
frames-based 111–112 (See also frames)
navigation design for 120–121 (See also navigation)
Web Style Guide site 196
Web users. See users
Web video. See video content
Westciv site 144
White, E. B. 186
White House site 164
Wikipedia site 45, 46, 142, 185
window size, allowing users to control 176, 178
World Wide Web. See Web
World Wide Web Consortium 18, 53
writing style 186, 187. See also editorial style
XHTML 53
YellowstonePark.com site 156
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