Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

List of contributors

Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy

Part One: Introduction

1: Introduction to hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and off-road electric vehicles

Abstract

1.1 Electric mobility: mobility of the future

1.2 Overview of different electric propulsion systems

1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles

1.4 Applications in the field of electric road and off-road vehicles

1.5 Conclusion

2: Carbon dioxide and consumption reduction through electric vehicles

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Energy consumption and CO2 emissions of vehicle production

2.3 Energy consumption of electric vehicles

2.4 Life-cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions compared

2.5 Potential interactions of electric vehicles with power generation: a case study from Germany

2.6 Outlook

3: The market for battery electric vehicles

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Current market situation

3.3 Market forces and barriers

3.4 Market potentials

3.5 Economic impacts

4: Battery parameters for hybrid electric vehicles

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Battery parameters for HEV applications

4.3 Overview of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors for use in HEVs

4.4 Limits to and potential future developments of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors

4.5 On road transportation in the future

Part Two: Types of battery for electric vehicles

5: Lead–acid batteries for hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Technical description of the LAB

5.3 Environmental and safety aspects of LABs

5.4 Different types of automotive LABs

5.5 Advantages and disadvantages of LABs in HEV applications: general

5.6 Potential future developments in LABs and HEVs

5.7 Market forecast

5.8 Sources of further information

6: Nickel–metal hydride and nickel–zinc batteries for hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles

Abstract

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Technical description of NiMH and NiZn batteries

6.3 Electrical performance, lifetime, and cost of NiMH and NiZn batteries

6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of NiMH and NiZn batteries in HEVs and battery electric vehicles

6.5 Design issues of NiMH and NiZn batteries in HEVs and battery electric vehicles

6.6 Most suitable applications of NiMH and NiZn batteries

6.7 Environmental and safety issues with NiMH and NiZn batteries

6.8 Potential future developments in NiMH and NiZn batteries for HEVs and battery electric vehicles

6.9 Market forces and future trends

7: Post-lithium-ion battery chemistries for hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles

Abstract

7.1 The dawn of batteries succeeding lithium-ion

7.2 Lithium-sulfur battery

7.3 Lithium-air battery

7.4 All-solid-state batteries

7.5 Conversion reaction materials

7.6 Sodium-ion and sodium-air batteries

7.7 Multivalent metals: magnesium battery

7.8 Halide batteries

7.9 Ferrite battery

7.10 Redox-flow batteries

7.11 Proton battery

8: Lithium-ion batteries for hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles

Abstract

8.1 Introduction and requirements for hybrid electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, and electric vehicle Li-ion batteries

8.2 Cell designs

8.3 Battery pack design

8.4 Environmental aspects

8.5 Safety requirements

8.6 Future developments in cell chemistries

8.7 Future developments in Li-ion battery packs

8.8 Market forces and future trends

8.9 Summary

9: High-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

Acknowledgments

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cathode

9.3 Anode (high-performance anode materials for lithium-Ion automotive batteries)

9.4 Conclusions

Part Three: Battery design and performance

10: Design of high-voltage battery packs for electric vehicles

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Components of HV battery packs

10.3 Requirements of HV battery packs

10.4 Future trends

10.5 Sources of further information

11: High-voltage battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicles

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Requirements for HV BMS

11.3 Topology of BMS

11.4 Design of HV BMS

11.5 Future trends

11.6 Sources of further information

12: Cell balancing, battery state estimation, and safety aspects of battery management systems for electric vehicles

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Battery cell balancing overview

12.3 Battery state estimation

12.4 Safety aspects of BMSs

12.5 Future trends

12.6 Sources of further information

13: Thermal management of batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Motivation for battery thermal management

13.3 Heat sources, sinks, and thermal balance

13.4 Design aspects of thermal management systems

13.5 Exemplary design calculations

13.6 Technologies in comparison

13.7 Operational aspects

13.8 Future trends

13.9 Sources of further information

14: Aging of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles

Abstract

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Aging effects

14.3 Aging mechanisms and root causes

14.4 Cell design and cell integrity

14.5 Aging of battery packs

14.6 Testing

14.7 Field data

14.8 Modeling and simulation

14.9 Diagnostic methods

14.10 Extension of battery lifetime

14.11 Summary

15: Repurposing of batteries from electric vehicles

Abstract

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Problem being addressed

15.3 Advantages of battery repurposing

15.4 Ongoing activities

15.5 Performance requirements for various grid-storage applications

15.6 Issues and mitigation

15.7 Market forces and future trends

15.8 Additional sources of information

16: Computer simulation for battery design and lifetime prediction

Abstract

Acknowledgments

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Literature review

16.3 Essentials of the multiscale modeling approach

16.4 Simulations

16.5 Conclusion

Part Four: Infrastructure and standards

17: Electric road vehicle battery charging systems and infrastructure

Abstract

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Mobility behavior and charging infrastructure

17.3 Classification of battery charging systems and infrastructure

17.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the solutions for battery charging systems and infrastructure

17.5 Market forces and future trends

17.6 Sources of further information

18: Standards for electric vehicle batteries and associated testing procedures

Abstract

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Standards for electric vehicle (EV) batteries

18.3 Testing procedures for EV batteries

18.4 Future trends in battery testing

18.5 Sources of further information

19: Licensing regulations for electric vehicles: legal requirements regarding rechargeable energy storage systems

Abstract

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Objective of the legal requirements

19.3 Meetings of rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS) to develop the requirements for vehicles of categories M and N

19.4 Work in the informal working group

19.5 Content of the legal requirements

19.6 Outlook

Appendix: abbreviations and symbols

20: Recycling lithium batteries

Abstract

Acknowledgment

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Battery recycling

20.3 Recycling technologies

20.4 Early work

20.5 Recent developments

20.6 Government regulations

Index

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