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Part 1: Emerging Concepts
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Part 1: Emerging Concepts
by Robert Staraj, Dominique Lesselier, François Le Chevalier
Non-standard Antennas
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
Part 1: Emerging Concepts
Chapter 1: Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Space diversity versus beamforming
1.3. Signal model
1.4. Beamforming by SNR maximization
1.5. Combining transmit diversity and beamforming
1.6. Minimum variance criterion
1.6.1. Criterion formulation
1.6.2. Simulation results
1.6.2.1. Non-line-of-sight scenario
1.6.2.2. Line-of-sight scenario
1.7. Minimum BER criterion
1.7.1. Criterion formulation
1.7.2. Simulation results
1.8. Conclusion
1.9. Bibliography
Chapter 2: Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Basic ultrasonic transducers
2.2.1. Transducer performance
2.2.2. Single-element transducer design
2.2.3. Material aspects
2.2.4. Radiation of single-element transducers
2.3. Transducer arrays
2.4. Piezoelectric material issues
2.4.1. Material requirements
2.4.2. Piezocomposite materials
2.4.3. Piezoelectric material characterization
2.5. Modeling, design and characterization of ultrasonic antennas
2.5.1. Modeling transducer performance
2.5.2. Tools for evaluation of transducer performance
2.6. High frequency (HF) acoustic antennas for biomedical microscanning applications
2.7. New acoustic antennas based on technology of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers
2.7.1. Structure of cMUT transducers
2.7.2. Basic electromechanical properties of cMUT
2.7.3. Modeling a cMUT loaded with fluid
2.8. Conclusion
2.9. Bibliography
Chapter 3: Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Colored space-time exploration
3.2.1. Digital beamforming (DBF)
3.2.2. Colored transmission
3.2.2.1. Principles
3.2.2.2. Circulating pulse
3.2.2.3. Fast scanning (intra-pulse scanning)
3.2.2.4. Circulating chirp
3.2.2.5. Bidimensional frequency coding
3.2.2.6. Target coherence and diversity gains
3.3. Interleaved scanning
3.4. Wideband GMTI [LEC 02]
3.5. Conclusion
3.6. Bibliography
Chapter 4: Multifunction Antenna System Concepts: Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars?
4.1. Multifunction radio frequency (RF) systems
4.1.1. Multimission platforms and multifunction RF systems
4.1.2. Analysis of operational use and possible sharing alternatives
4.1.3. Analysis of several multifunction RF systems in the framework of the SIMEF project
4.1.4. Technological requirements for multifunction RF systems
4.2. Multifunction RF systems and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radars
4.2.1. Characteristics of UWB RF front-end
4.2.2. Reuse of a multifunction RF system for a UWB radar function
4.2.3. Example of UWB radar function added to a multifunction RF system
4.3. Conclusion
4.4. Bibliography
Part 2: Technologies
Chapter 5: From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Synthesis of the electro-optic polymer
5.2.1. Electro-optic polymer synthesis
5.2.2. Physical properties of polymer PIII
5.3. Antenna design
5.4. Device fabrication and poling
5.5. Experimental setup
5.6. Results
5.7. Conclusion
5.8. Acknowledgments
5.9. Bibliography
Chapter 6: Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging
6.1. Introduction
6.1.1. First approach
6.1.2. Second approach
6.2. UWB THz antennas for superconducting hot electron bolometers
6.2.1. Background on UWB antenna geometry
6.2.2. The log-periodic planar geometry
6.2.3. Input impedance of the planar log-periodic antenna
6.2.4. Surface currents of the planar log-periodic antenna
6.2.5. Planar log-periodic antenna: design of a large scale microwave model
6.2.6. Radiation patterns of the planar log-periodic antenna
6.2.7. Electromagnetic coupling between neighboring array elements
6.2.8. Log-periodic planar antenna implementation with a cryogenic THz detector
6.3. High-impedance THz antennas for semiconducting bolometers
6.3.1. High-impedance wideband structures
6.3.2. Simulations and measurements: technological approach
6.3.3. Wideband angular concept: spiral antenna
6.3.4. Modified spiral: square spiral antenna
6.3.5. Log-periodic concept: array of dipoles
6.3.6. New concept: multi-tail dipole antenna with ground plane
6.3.7. THz multi-tail dipole: implementation example
6.4. Conclusion
6.5. Acknowledgments
6.6. Bibliography
Chapter 7: Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Overview
7.3. Technology and first design
7.4. Optimization and final design
7.5. The whole antenna: horn + reflector
7.6. Comparison to measurements
7.7. Conclusion
7.8. Acknowledgment
7.9. Bibliography
Chapter 8: Reconfigurable Printed Antennas
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Active antennas
8.3. Active components used for reconfiguration
8.3.1. The varactor diode
8.3.2. The PIN diode
8.4. Printed antennas and compact antennas
8.5. Frequency reconfigurable antennas
8.5.1. Continuous frequency reconfiguration
8.5.1.1. Printed and compact antennas
8.5.1.2. Compact antennas with shorting pins
8.5.2. Frequency hopping reconfiguration
8.6. Radiation pattern reconfiguration
8.6.1. Printed arrays
8.6.2. DC and RF electrical circuits
8.6.2.1. DC bias polarization circuits
8.6.2.2. Passive microwave circuits
8.6.2.3. Active microwave phase shifters
8.6.3. Antennas with integrated phase shifters
8.7. Polarization agile antennas
8.8. Self-adjusting antennas
8.8.1. Self adjusting frequency agile microstrip antennas
8.8.2. Self-adjusting polarization agile microstrip antennas
8.9. Conclusion
8.10. Acknowledgments
8.11. Bibliography
Chapter 9: Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Wideband antenna and metamaterial
9.2.1. How to design a wideband antenna?
9.2.1.1. Physical approach
9.2.1.2. Geometrical approach
9.2.2. What kind of metamaterial?
9.2.2.1. Context
9.2.2.2. Problem
9.3. How to characterize an artificial magnetic conductor?
9.3.1. Principle
9.3.2. Example
9.4. Narrow bandwidth antenna above an AMC
9.4.1. Dipole and AMC
9.4.2. Dipole and PMC
9.5. Wideband antenna placed above an AMC
9.5.1. Archimedean spiral above an AMC
9.5.2. Bow-Tie antenna above an AMC
9.6. Very wideband antenna placed above an AMC
9.7. Conclusions
9.8. Acknowledgments
9.9. Bibliography
Chapter 10: High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Antenna study
10.3. Analysis of the phenomena
10.4. Phenomenological model of the radiating array
10.5. Conclusion
10.6. Bibliography
Part 3: Detection/Localization
Chapter 11: Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Standard processing for DOA estimation
11.1.2. New operational needs and advanced DOA estimation techniques
11.2. Observation model, problem formulation and standard MUSIC method
11.2.1. Observation model
11.2.2. Problem formulation
11.2.3. Standard MUSIC method
11.3. Non-selective advanced DOA estimation techniques
11.3.1. Presentation
11.3.2. DOA estimation methods exploiting diversely polarized antennas
11.3.3. Sequential DOA estimation techniques
11.3.4. Non-circular DOA estimation methods
11.3.5. Spatio-temporal DOA estimation methods
11.4. Selective advanced DOA estimation methods
11.4.1. Presentation
11.4.2. DOA estimation techniques with a reference or cooperative DOA estimation techniques
11.4.3. Cyclic DOA estimation methods
11.4.4. Higher Order DOA estimation methods
11.4.5. DOA estimation methods after blind identification of the signatures
11.5. Conclusion
11.6. Bibliography
Chapter 12: Multifunction Airborne Antennas
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Functions performed by the principal sensors of a fighter aircraft
12.3. Technique of active antennas
12.4. Multifunction antennas
12.4.1. Antenna architecture
12.4.1.1. Assembling technology
12.4.1.2. Allocation of transmit/receive functions
12.4.1.3. Multiple polarization
12.4.2. Dual-polarization antenna
12.5. Model for the antenna
12.6. Potential prospects
12.7. Conclusion
12.8. Bibliography
Chapter 13: Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Port/starboard beamforming on a triplet array
13.2.1. Conventional (or cardioid) beamforming and limitations
13.2.2. Adaptive port-starboard beamforming:
13.2.3. Experimental at-sea results
13.2.4. Conclusion
13.3. Adaptive beamforming on a triplet array for reverberation reduction
13.3.1. Introduction
13.3.2. Conclusion
13.4. Bibliography
Chapter 14: Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Problem formulation
14.3. Description of lab experiment
14.3.1. Context
14.3.2. General principle
14.3.2.1. Compensation methods
14.3.2.1.1. Use of signals transmitted by sources with known locations
14.3.2.1.2. Antenna shape estimation using strain gauges
14.3.2.2. Direction finding with antenna shape estimation
14.3.3. Experiment
14.3.3.1. Description
14.3.3.2. Results
14.3.3.2.1. Performance of localization – reference case
14.3.3.2.2. Performance of localization – effects of deformations on interferometry
14.3.3.2.3. Performance of localization – methods of compensation
14.4. Conclusion
14.5. Bibliography
Chapter 15: Ground-based Deformable Antennas
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Impact of antenna distortions on radar systems
15.2.1. Array factor of deformed antennas
15.2.2. Impact on antenna pointing
15.2.3. Parameters of targets in the pointing direction
15.2.4. Conclusion and compensation method
15.3. Instrumentation of deformable antennas
15.3.1. Mechanical analysis
15.3.2. Optical Sensor
15.4. Compensation with knowledge of the antenna shape
15.4.1. Phase compensation in the main direction
15.4.2. Compensation by spectral analysis of deformations
15.4.2.1. Expression of the ideal array factor
15.4.2.2. Factor expression deformed network
15.5. Experimentation on a deformable antenna mock-up
15.6. Conclusion
15.7. Bibliography
Chapter 16: Automatic Take-off and Landing System
16.1. Introduction
16.2. State of the art
16.3. MAGIC ATOLS main features
16.4. Radar features
16.4.1. Functional performances
16.4.2. Wave form
16.4.3. Elevation Angular localization
16.4.4. Low elevation processing
16.4.4.1. Ground reflection issues
16.5. MAGIC ATOLS processing for low elevation measurement
16.5.1. Principle
16.5.2. Antenna architecture
16.6. On the field experimental results
16.7. Conclusion
16.8. Bibliography
Chapter 17: Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation
17.1. Satellite navigation principles
17.1.1. Triangulation
17.1.2. GNSS signals: the GPS example
17.2. Vulnerability of the GNSS signals
17.2.1. GNSS signal power
17.2.2. Example of interference scenario
17.3. GNSS antennas
17.3.1. GNSS standard antennas
17.3.2. Non-standard GNSS antennas
17.3.3. Equipment upgrade
17.4. Anti-jamming principles
17.4.1. Space processing
17.4.1.1. Data model
17.4.1.2. The power minimization solution
17.4.1.3. Synthetic antenna
17.4.2. Space-time processing
17.4.3. Beamforming
17.4.3.1. Goal of beamforming
17.4.3.2. Conventional beamforming
17.4.3.3. Adaptive beamforming
17.5. Antenna and associated electronics integration
17.5.1. Antenna array examples
17.5.2. Antenna electronics evolution
17.6. New functions associated with the antenna array
17.6.1. Detection of interferences
17.6.1.1. Subspace principle
17.6.1.2. AIC criterion
17.6.2. Interferences location
17.6.2.1. BARTLETT method
17.6.2.2. CAPON method
17.6.2.3. MUSIC method
17.6.2.4. Min-norm method
17.6.2.5. ESPRIT method
17.7. Conclusion
17.8. Bibliography
Part 4: Ultra-Wideband
Chapter 18: Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems
18.1. Introduction
18.2. The principles implemented through two applications
18.2.1. The radar cross-section measurement in UHF-VHF
18.2.2. An impulse UWB radar with aperture synthesis: PULSAR
18.2.2.1. Problem of electromagnetic detection
18.2.2.2. PULSAR project
18.3. The ultra-wideband antennas
18.4. Limitations of a mono-source device: implementation of multi-source devices with optoelectronic excitation
18.4.1. RUGBI project
18.4.2. Last evolutions around multisource systems
18.5. Pulse antenna systems in high power microwaves
18.6. Conclusion
18.7. Bibliography
Chapter 19: Co-design of the Antenna with LNA for Ultra-wideband Applications
19.1. The interest in co-design
19.2. Low noise amplifier
19.3. The antenna
19.4. Co-design methodology
19.4.1. Introduction
19.4.2. Concept of transducer gain
19.4.3. Variation of the circuit transducer gain
19.4.4. Implementing joint optimization
19.5. Protocols and measurement results
19.6. Bibliography
Chapter 20: Vector Spherical Harmonic Modeling of 3D-antenna Radiation Function or an UWB-RT Simulator
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Deterministic channel model based on ray tracing
20.2.1. PyRay channel simulation tool
20.2.1.1. Simulator architecture
20.2.1.2. Propagation channel – ray tracing
20.2.1.3. Transmission channel
20.2.1.4. Method for received signal reconstruction
20.2.2. Antenna related issues
20.3. Antenna vector function description via VSH
20.3.1. VSH analysis step
20.3.2. Calculation of VSH basis (V and W)
20.3.3. VSH synthesis step
20.3.4. VSH expansion example
20.3.5. Data compression for antenna data storage
20.4. Immediate RT tool application
20.4.1. Antenna vector function synthesis
20.4.2. Application to IR-UWB signals
20.5. Conclusions
20.6. Bibliography
List of Authors
Index
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