Chapter Three. SONET and SDH: Advanced Topics

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 ALL ABOUT CONCATENATION

3.2.1 Standard Contiguous Concatenation in SONET and SDH

3.2.2 Arbitrary Concatenation

3.2.3 Virtual Concatenation

3.2.3.1 Higher-Order Virtual Concatenation (HOVC)

3.2.3.2 Lower-Order Virtual Concatenation (LOVC)

3.3 LINK CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT SCHEME

3.4 PAYLOAD MAPPINGS

3.4.1 IP over ATM over SONET

3.4.2 Packet over SONET/SDH

3.4.3 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

3.4.3.1 GFP Frame Structure

3.4.3.2 GFP Functions

3.4.4 Ethernet over SONET/SDH

3.5 SONET/SDH TRANSPARENCY SERVICES

3.5.1 Methods for Overhead Transparency

3.5.2 Transparency Service Packages

3.6 WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

3.6.1 Transport Problems and Their Detection

3.6.1.1 Continuity Supervision

3.6.1.2 Connectivity Supervision

3.6.1.3 Signal Quality Supervision

3.6.1.4 Alignment Monitoring

3.6.2 Problem Localization and Signal Maintenance

3.6.2.1 Alarm Indication Signals

3.6.2.2 Remote Defect Indication

3.6.3 Quality Monitoring

3.6.3.1 Blips and BIPs

3.6.4 Remote Error Monitoring

3.6.5 Performance Measures

3.7 SUMMARY