Index

‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’
A
Alluvial river, 93
Annual actual duty, 435–436
Area–elevation, 183–184
Area-increment method, 211–216, 213f, 215t
Area–velocity method, 494–502
discharge estimation, 501f, 502
float method, 498, 499f, 499t, 500f
flow tracker, 500, 501f
propeller type/horizontal axis current meter, 498
side-mounted Doppler flow meter, 500
velocity measurement, current meter, 497–498, 499t, 500
vertical axis type/price current meter, 497, 497f–498f
ASCE-EWRI method, 236
Atmosphere, 92
Average rainfall, 85–87
estimation, 85–87
B
Bank storage, 183
Baseflow, 92
Baseflow computation, 119–125
Base period, 254
Base time, 145
Basin irrigation, 353, 354f
Basin lag, 158
Basin time, 158
Benchmarking process
computational methods, 416
data required, 415–416, 417t–418t
domains, 413–415
financial performance, 414
indicators, 416, 419t–423t
production performance and efficiency, 414
service delivery performance, 414
stages, 415f
Biodiversity, 543–545, 544t
Blind basin, 93
Border irrigation, 353, 355f
layout, 362t, 363
Branch canal, 345
Broad-crested weir, 484–485, 485f
Brune method, 202–204, 203f
Bulk density, 508–509, 509t, 511
C
Canal architecture
aim, 341
area marking/finalization, 351
canal alignment, 346–350
classification, 341–346
alignment, 342, 343f–344f, 349f
discharge and relative importance, 345–346, 345f
function, 342, 343f
source and supply, 342–344
command area survey
detailed planning, 346
initial planning, 346
components, 341
design, 352
Canal capacity, 259–281
Canal head, 259–281
Capacity–elevation curves, 183–184
Capital, 23
Carrier canal, 342
Carryover storage reservoir, 182
Catchment area, 93
Catchment routing, 119
Cell Reynolds number, 141
Channel routing
modified Muskingum-cunge method, 141–143
Muskingum-cunge method, 135–141
Muskingum method, 133–135
parameter estimation, 133–135
Channel runoff, 92
Channel storages, 92
Channel transition, 35–39, 36t, 37f
Churchill method, 204–210, 207f, 207t, 209t
Cipoletti weir, 489, 489f
Clark-based IUH model
parameters, 169–174
CWC-SUH estimation, 170t
digital elevation model (DEM), 171–172
governing equation, 175–177
routing equation, 175–177
storage coefficient, 172–174, 173f
synthetic TA and TAC curve, 172
time–area (TA) diagram, 169–172
time of concentration, 169
Climate, 22
Closed basin, 93
Closed conduit, 25
Community participation analysis, 9
Compound cross-section, 294
Conservation laws, 28–39
continuity equation, 28–29
law of energy conservation, 32–39, 32f
law of momentum conservation, 29–31, 30f
specific force, 31
Constraints, LP
crop area limits, 378
groundwater resources constraint, 378–381
land availability constraint, 378
surface water–resources constraint, 378
water availability constraint, 378
Continuity equation, 28–29
Contour canal, 342
Conveyance efficiency, 531–537, 531t
inflow–outflow method, 533–534
main/distributary canals, 535–536, 536t
ponding method, 532–533, 532f
seepage loss estimation, 532–534
system efficiency, 537
water course, 534–535, 534t–535t
Critical flow, 26–27
Crop area limits, 378
Crop evapotranspiration, 395–396, 395f
Crop water
adopting efficient system, 262
average cropping pattern, 268
canal capacity, 259–281
canal head, 259–281
coefficients, 244
critical stages, 244
field and gross irrigation requirement, 261t
growth stage, 244
irrigation command area (ICA), 253–281
base period, 254
delta, 254
duty, 254
irrigation intensity, 253
peak irrigation demand, 253
water allowance, 254
irrigation efficiency, 251–253
scheme irrigation efficiency, 252–253
water application efficiency, 251–252, 252t
water conveyance efficiency, 251, 252t
irrigation water requirement, 245–251
gross irrigation water requirement, 249–251
land preparation, 249
land soaking, 249
leaching, 249
outlet head, 259–281
Penman–Montieth method, 268
project duty, 259–281
water allowance, 259–281
water requirement, 244
CRZ clearance, 565
Cutthroat flume, 491–494, 493f–494f
D
Dead storage, 183
Delta, 254
base period, 254–259
duty, 254–259
Depression storage, 92
Design floods
extreme value type I distribution, 637
frequency analysis, 630–638
generalized extreme value distribution, 638
guidelines, 623
Gumbel distribution, 637
log-normal distribution, 632–633
log-pearson distribution, 636–637
normal distribution, 630–632
Pearson distribution, 635–636
SCS-CN method, 628–630
statistical distribution, 630–638
two-parameter gamma distribution, 633–635
unit hydrograph technique, 623–627
Detailed project report (DPR), 8
Digital elevation model (DEM), 171–172
Direct integration method, 68
Direct runoff, 145
Direct step method, 68–69
Drainability, 511–512
Drainage basin area, 93
Draw-off statement, 304–317, 306f
Drip irrigation, 356–357, 356f
Duty, 254
base period, 254–259
delta, 254–259
E
Efficiency
distribution efficiency, 610
financial efficiency, 609
productive efficiency, 608–609
technical efficiency
canal lining, 606
combination lining, 606
flexible lining, 606
rigid lining, 606
Effluent river, 93
Egyptian irrigation department formula, 305–309
Embankment sections guidelines, 644
Empirical area reduction method, 216–227, 218f, 218t–219t, 220f, 221t, 222f, 223t–224t, 226f–227f
Energy, 23
Environmental clearance, 564–565
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
biodiversity, 543–545, 544t
components, 551–553
data requirement, 553, 554t
developed/developing countries status, 555
ecology, 548
ecosystem processes
essential elements, 541–542
food chain, 539–541
survival and succession, 542, 543t
transfer of energy, 539–541
erosion, 548
general development impact, 549, 550t
hydrology, 546–547
Indian legislations, 555
irrigation projects, 546–549
management, 549–553, 551t, 552f
policy background, 553–555
process, 553, 555f
questionnaire, 553
river valley/irrigation, clearances, 558–565
environmental and conservational authorities, 564–565
water resources authorities, 558–564
salinity, 548
sedimentation, 548
socioeconomic conditions, 548–549
waterlogging, 547
water quality, 547
water resources development, 545–546
land environment, 545–546
natural environment, 546
river environment, 545
social environment, 546
Ephemeral river, 93
Erosion, 548
Evaporation, 92
Explicit method, 62–66
F
FAO 56, 236
Feeder canal, 342
Field capacity (FC), 92, 647
Financial appraisal
benefit–cost analysis, 572–574, 573t–574t
benefits, 569–572
cash flow analysis, 597–602
costs, 569–572
fixed and variable costs, 570–571
tangible and intangible costs, 571–572
internal rate of return (IRR), 592, 593t–596t
Irrigation Commission’s (IC, 1972) B/C ratio, 575–584
net present value (NPV), 584–589, 585t–588t
payback period, 597, 598t–599t
present values, 589–592, 590t–591t
Financial performance, 457–466
cost recovery ratio, 459–460
MOM cost per unit area, 460
MOM estimation, 459
revenue collection performance, 461
revenue per unit volume of irrigation supply, 462
staffing per unit area, 461–462, 461t
total MOM cost per unit volume of irrigation supply, 462, 463t–465t
Flood control reservoirs, 180, 474
Flow–mass curve analysis, 184–187, 185f, 186t, 187f
Flow measurement
area–velocity method, 494–502
discharge estimation, 501f, 502
float method, 498, 499f, 499t, 500f
flow tracker, 500, 501f
measurement of velocity, 495–500, 496t
propeller type/horizontal axis current meter, 498
side-mounted Doppler flow meter, 500
velocity measurement, current meter, 497–498, 499t, 500
vertical axis type/price current meter, 497, 497f–498f
structures, 483–494
broad-crested weir, 484–485, 485f
Cipoletti weir, 489, 489f
cutthroat flume, 491–494, 493f–494f
gate-controlled Ogee spillways/weir, 487–488, 488f, 488t–489t
Parshall flumes, 490–491, 490f–491f, 492t
sharp-crested weir, 486–487, 486f
sluice gate with broad-crested weir, 485–486, 485f
uncontrolled Ogee spillways/weir, 487, 487f
V-notch weir, 484, 484f
Flow/water area, 25
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 468–469, 545
Food chain, 539–541
Forest clearance, 565
Full reservoir level, 183
Full supply depth (FSD), 285
Furrow irrigation, 353, 354f
field length, 361–362, 362t
furrow length, 361–362
irrigation depth, 360t, 361
layout, 361–362
slope, 361
stream size, 360t, 361
G
Gate-controlled Ogee spillways/weir, 487–488, 488f, 488t–489t
Gradually varied flow, 66–80
classification, 67, 67t
computation, 67–80
direct integration method, 68
direct step method, 68–69
Predictor–Corrector Method, 71–80, 73t, 75t–77t, 78f
standard step method, 69–71, 70f
Grid diffusivity, 141
Gross command area (GCA), 253
Gross domestic product (GDP), 7
Gross irrigation water requirement, 249–251
Groundwater, 92
resources constraint, 378–381
table, 92
H
Hargreaves method, 236–240
Hydraulic computations
basic terminology, 25–28
computation of critical depth, 52–55
conservation laws, 28–39
continuity equation, 28–29
law of energy conservation, 32–39, 32f
law of momentum conservation, 29–31, 30f
specific force, 31
gradually varied flow, 66–80
classification, 67, 67t
computation, 67–80
direct integration method, 68
direct step method, 68–69
Predictor–Corrector Method, 71–80, 73t, 75t–77t, 78f
standard step method, 69–71, 70f
hydraulic jump, 40–51, 40f, 43t
Chaurasia, 46
elements of hydraulic jump, 46–51
posthydraulic jump water profile, 52f, 52t
Swamee and Rathie method, 46–51
open channel
classification, 26–28, 27t
critical flow, 26–27
flow parameters, 25, 26f
laminar and turbulent flow, 26
subcritical flow, 26–27
supercritical flow, 26–27
uniform flow computation, 55–66, 55f, 57t, 59t
explicit method, 62–66
normal depth computation, 60–66, 61t–62t
Hydraulic depth, 25
Hydraulic radius, 25
Hydrologic computations
components, 180
conceptual models, 168–177
Clark-based IUH model, See Clark-based IUH model
design-flood estimation, 143–180
flood frequency analysis, 177–180
hydrologic cycle, 91–93
alluvial river, 93
atmosphere, 92
base flow, 92
catchment area, 93
channel runoff, 92
channel storages, 92
closed basin/blind basin, 93
components, 91–93, 91f
depression storage, 92
drainage basin area, 93
effluent river, 93
ephemeral river, 93
evaporation, 92
field capacity (FC), 92
groundwater, 92
groundwater flow, 92
groundwater table, 92
infiltration, 92
influent river, 93
interception, 92
interflow, 92
intermittent river, 93
percolation, 92
perennial river, 93
precipitation, 92
river runoff, 92
saturated zone, 92
soil moisture, 92
Soil Moisture Deficiency (SMD), 92
surface detention, 92
surface runoff, 92
water divide, 93
hydrologic equation, 93–104
inflow estimation, multi-reservoir case, 125–143, 126f
channel routing, See Channel routing
reservoir routing, 127–129
storage-indication method, 127–129, 130t–131t, 132f, 132t
rainfall data analyses, 83–91
average rainfall estimation, 85–87, 86f, 87t–88t
Mann–Kendall test, 88–91
rain gauges optimum number, 83–85, 84t
variation technique coefficient, 84–85
rainfall–runoff modeling
baseflow computation, 119–125
catchment routing, 119
catchment yield estimation, 106–125
evapotranspiration computation, 119
modified SCS-CN model, 118–125
rainfall-excess computation, 118
simple water-balance model, 107–115, 111f
soil moisture budgeting, 118–119
strange table, 106–107, 109t–111t
reservoir inflow estimation, 104–106
annual yield, 105
average yield, 105
dependable year yield, 105
reservoir sedimentation, 197–227
Brune method, 202–204, 203f
Churchill method, 204–210, 207f, 207t, 209t
measured data extension
direct measurement, 198–199, 198t
sediment data extension, 199
sediment distribution, 211–227
sediment yield, 199
trap efficiency/reservoir, 202–210
USDA-SCS method, 204, 207t
reservoir sizing, 180–197
area–elevation, 183–184
capacity–elevation curves, 183–184
flow–mass curve analysis, 184–187, 185f, 186t, 187f
graphical procedure, 189, 189f, 190t
reservoir capacity determination, 184–191
reservoir operation, 191–195
reservoir rule curve, 195–197
sequent peak algorithm, 188–191
standard operating policy, 192–195
storage zones, 182–183, 182f
synthetic hydrograph method, 158–167
basin lag, 158
basin time, 158
peak discharge, 158
soil conservation services (SCS) SUH, 162–163
storm actual duration, 159
Synder’s method, 158–161, 160f
unit duration, 158–159
synthetic hydrograph method
Central Water Commission (CWC) method, 166–167, 167f, 168t
soil conservation services (SCS) SUH, 162–163
unit hydrograph (UH) method, 143–157
assumptions, 145–146
base time, 145
characteristics, 143
computation, 148–150, 148f, 148t, 149f
derivation of UH, 146
direct runoff, 145
duration changing, 150–157
limitations, 147
principle of superposition, 151–152, 152f
S-hydrograph method, 152–157, 154f, 155t
surface runoff, 145
uniform excess rainfall, 145
unit depth, 145
unit duration, 145, 147, 147f
unit volume, 145
water balance, 93–104, 94f
Hydrologic continuity equation, 127
I
Infiltration, 92
Influent river, 93
Interception, 92
Interflow, 92
Intermittent river, 93
Internal rate of return (IRR), 592, 593t–596t
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 545
Inundation canal, 344, 344f
Irrigation
advantages, 1–2
benchmarking, 3–5, 4f
definition, 1–2
disadvantages, 1–2
efficiency, 251–253
scheme irrigation efficiency, 252–253
water application efficiency, 251–252, 252t
water conveyance efficiency, 251, 252t
functions, 1–2
intensity, 253
planning, 2–3, 3f
water auditing, 3–5, 4f
Irrigation canal, 342
cropping pattern, 309
draw-off statement development, 304–317, 306f
economical section, 288–295, 288t
EXCEL programming, 317
full supply depth (FSD), 285
geometry, 283, 284t–285t
hydraulic section geometric relationship, 288
Lacey’s theory, 295
lined canals design, 283–295, 284t
compound cross-section, 294
trapezoidal cross-section, 293
L-section, 303–304, 304f
Manning’s formula, 290
seepage estimation method, 305–309
Davis and Wilson formula, 305–309
Egyptian irrigation department formula, 305–309
unlined canals design
Kennedy’s theory, 302–303
regime theory, 295–298
tractive force approach, 298–303, 299t
USBR formula, 305–309
Irrigation command area (ICA), 253–259
base period, 254
delta, 254
duty, 254
irrigation intensity, 253
peak irrigation demand, 253
water allowance, 254
Irrigation Commission’s (IC, 1972) B/C ratio, 575–584
Irrigation scheduling
definition, 385
simple calculation method, 385–388, 386t–387t
Warabandi scheduling, 400–404
data requirement, 405
definition, 403
distribution system indicators, 403
enforcement, 404
forms, 404
formulation, 405–406
process, 404–406
systems, 404
water distribution methods, 403–404
water balance method, 390–400
crop evapotranspiration estimation, 395–396, 395f
rainfall estimation, 396–399
rooting depth, 394t, 395
root zone/capillary rise, upward flux to, 399
SCS-CN method, 396–399, 398t–399t
software, 400
soil moisture terminology, 391–394, 392t
K
Kennedy’s theory, 302–303
Kor irrigation demand, 253
Kor period, 254, 265, 283, 304, 317, 439, 446
L
Labor, 23
Lacey’s theory, 295
Lake evaporation
estimation, 231–235, 232t–233t
reference crop evapotranspiration
ASCE-EWRI method, 236
FAO 56, 236
Hargreaves method, 236–240
Penman–Montieth Method, 236, 237t–238t
Laminar flow, 26
Land availability constraints, 375, 378
Land environment, 545–546
Law of energy conservation, 32–39, 32f
application of specific energy, 34–39
channel transition, 35–39, 36t, 37f
specific energy equation, 33–34
steady-state flow equations, 33
Law of momentum conservation, 29–31, 30f
Linear programming (LP), 366
constraints, 377–381
crop area limits, 378
decision variables, 377
formulation, 366–376
groundwater resources constraint, 378–381
land availability constraint, 378
objective function, 377
surface and groundwater resources, 377–381
surface water–resources constraint, 378
water availability constraint, 378
Lined canals design, 283–295, 284t
compound cross-section, 294
trapezoidal cross-section, 293
L-section, 303–304, 304f
M
Main canal, 345
Mann–Kendall test, 88–91, 619–623
Manning’s roughness, 58, 283–285, 292–294, 302, 310, 317, 328, 333
Maximum pool level, 183
Maximum allowable deficit, 647–648
Minimum pool level, 183
Minimum support price (MSP), 366
Multipurpose reservoir, 180, 474
Muskingum-Cunge method, 115
Muskingum method, 133–135
N
Natural environment, 546
Navigation canal, 342
Net present value (NPV), 584–589, 585t–588t
Nonnegative constraints, 375
Normal depth computation, 60–66, 61t–62t
Normal pool level, 183
O
Open channel flow, 25
classification, 26–28, 27t
flow parameters, 26f
laminar and turbulent flow, 26
subcritical/critical and supercritical flow, 26–27
Optimal cropping pattern
linear programming, 366
constraints, 377–381
crop area limits, 378
decision variables, 377
formulation, 366–376
groundwater resources constraint, 378–381
land availability constraint, 378
objective function, 377
surface and groundwater resources, 377–381
surface water–resources constraint, 378
water availability constraint, 378
Outlets
calibration, 337
classification, 319
design, 322–336
nonmodular outlet, 322–323, 322f
semimodular outlet, 324–336
modular outlets, 319
nonmodular outlets, 319
performance, 320–322
flexibility, 320
hyperproportional outlet, 321
pipe outlet, 321
proportionality, 321
sensitivity, 322
setting, 321
subproportional outlet, 321
weir-type outlet, 321
semimodular outlets, 319
P
Parshall flumes, 490–491, 490f–491f, 492t
Particle density, 509–511
Payback period, 597, 598t–599t
Peak discharge, 158
Peak irrigation demand, 253
Penman–Montieth Method, 236, 237t–238t
Percolation, 92
Perennial river, 93
Performance evaluation
financial performance, 457–466
cost recovery ratio, 459–460
MOM cost per unit area, 460
MOM estimation, 459
revenue collection performance, 461
revenue per unit volume of irrigation supply, 462
staffing per unit area, 461–462, 461t
total MOM cost per unit volume of irrigation supply, 462, 463t–465t
productive performance, 446–457
actual irrigated area, 449–450, 449t–450t
CCA, 448
CWR, 457
ICA, 448
irrigation supply, 450
water supply, 457
water use, 450–457
system delivery performance, 425–446
annual actual duty, 435–436
annual irrigation supply per unit CCA, 433
annual irrigation supply per unit irrigated area, 434–435
annual relative potential utilization, 436–437
groundwater use, estimation, 429–432, 432t
irrigation supply, total annual volume, 425–427, 426t
rainfall estimation, 432–433, 434t–435t
relative duty, 435–436
relative irrigation supply, 437–446
relative water supply indices, 437–446
reservoir efficiency, 427–429, 428t
water delivery capacity, 439–446, 440t–443t, 445t, 447t
water supply, total annual volume, 429–433
water use efficiency, 439
Permanent canal, 342
Permanent wilting point, 647
Planning
data collection, 10, 11t–12t
detailed project report stage, 13–21
deliverables/implementation plan, 13–21
preparation activities, 13, 17f, 18t–20t
factors, 21–24
capital, 23
climate, 22
crop(s), 22–23
economic factor, 23
energy, 23
environmental aspects, 23–24
institutional infrastructure, 24
labor, 23
national policy and priority, 24
sociocultural aspects, 24
soil, 21
topography, 22
water quality, 22
water quantity, 22
water source, 22
investigation phases, 10
prefeasibility report stage, 13, 14f, 15t–16t
stages, 23
evaluation, 10
monitoring, 10
project analysis, 8–9
project appraisal, 9
project identification, 7
project implementation, 9–10
project preparation, 8–9
Porosity, 510–511
Power canal, 342
Precipitation, 92
Predictor–Corrector Method, 71–80, 73t, 75t–77t, 78f
Prefeasibility report (PFR), 10
Presently available soil moisture (PASM), 514–515
Productive performance, 446–457
Protected areas/ESZs clearances, 565
Protective irrigation system, 253
R
Rainfall-excess computation, 118
Regime theory, 295–298
Relative duty, 435–436
Relative irrigation supply, 437–439
Relative potential utilization, 436–437
Relative water supply, 437
Reservoir routing, 127–129
Reservoir-rule curves, 195–197
Reservoir sedimentation
Brune method, 202–204, 203f
Churchill method, 204–210, 207f, 207t, 209t
measured data extension, 198–199
direct measurement, 198–199, 198t
sediment data extension, 199
sediment distribution, 211–227
sediment yield, 199
trap efficiency/reservoir, 202–210
USDA-SCS method, 204, 207t
Reservoir sizing
area–elevation, 183–184
capacity–elevation curves, 183–184
flow–mass curve analysis, 184–187, 185f, 186t, 187f
graphical procedure, 189, 189f, 190t
reservoir capacity determination, 184–191
reservoir operation, 191–195
reservoir rule curve, 195–197
sequent peak algorithm, 188–191
standard operating policy, 192–195
storage zones, 182–183, 182f
River environment, 545
River runoff, 92
Rooting depth, 394t, 395
Routing coefficients, 142
Runoff routing, 113–115
S
Salinity, 548
Saturated zone, 92
Saturation capacity, 513
Scheme irrigation efficiency, 252–253
conveyance efficiency, 531–537, 531t
inflow–outflow method, 533–534
main/distributary canals, 535–536, 536t
ponding method, 532–533, 532f
seepage loss estimation, 532–534
system estimation, 537
water course, 534–535, 534t–535t
definition, 525
field application efficiency, 525–531, 526t
water application efficiency, 526–531, 528t–531t
SCS-CN method, 396–399, 398t–399t
Sedimentation, 548
Sediment distribution
empirical methods, 211–227
area-increment method, 211–216, 213f, 215t
empirical area reduction method, 216–227, 218f, 218t–219t, 220f, 221t, 222f, 223t–224t, 226f–227f
Seepage
inflow-outflow method, 533–534
ponding method, 532–533, 532f
Selection, factors affecting, 357
Semimodular outlet
adjustable orifice semimodules, 331–336, 332f, 333t
open flume outlet, 327–331, 327f–328f
pipe outlet discharging, 324–327, 324f
Sensitivity, 322
Sequent peak algorithm, 188–191
Sharp-crested weir, 486–487, 486f
Side slope canal, 342
Simple water-balance model (SWBM), 107–115
components
lower layer water balance, 112
subsurface runoff, 113, 116t–117t
surface runoff, 113, 116t–117t
upper layer water balance, 111–112
computational steps, 114
discrete representation, 114, 116t–117t
runoff routing, 113–115
Single purpose reservoir, 474
Sluice gate with broad-crested weir, 485–486, 485f
Social environment, 546
Socioeconomic conditions, 548–549
Soil, 21
Soil analysis
gravimetric method, 517–519
physical properties, 505–512
bulk density, 508–509, 509t, 511
drainability, 511–512
particle density, 509–511
porosity, 510–511
soil depth, 508, 508t
soil structure, 506–507, 507f, 507t, 508f
soil texture, 506, 506f
void ratio, 511
water holding capacity, 511–512
protocol for soil moisture analysis, 517–519
bulk density, 517, 517f, 518t
soil moisture measurement, 519, 523f
water constants, 519, 520t–522t
soil-water constants, 512–517, 512f, 512t
available water capacity, 513–514, 515t
depletion, soil moisture, 515–517
field capacity, 513
permanent wilting point, 513
presently available soil moisture (PASM), 514–515
saturation capacity, 513
Soil conservation services (SCS), 162–163
Soil conservation services–curve number (SCS–CN), 639–644
hydrological soil group, 642–643
antecedent moisture conditions, 643–644
description, 643
Soil depth, 508, 508t
Soil moisture, 92
Soil moisture budgeting, 118–119
Soil moisture deficiency (SMD), 92
Soil moisture terminology, 391–394, 392t
Soil texture, 506, 506f
Specific energy application, 34–39
Sprinkler irrigation, 354–356, 355f
Standard step method, 69–71, 70f
Steady-state flow equations, 33
Storage/conservation reservoirs, 180, 474
Strange table, 106–107
Subcritical flow, 26–27
Subsurface runoff, 113
Supercritical flow, 26–27
Surcharge storage, 183
Surface detention, 92
Surface runoff, 92, 113, 145
Surface water–resources constraint, 378
Survey of India (SOI), 346
Synder’s Method, 158–161
System delivery performance, 425–446
annual actual duty, 435–436
annual relative potential utilization, 436–437
effective rainfall estimation, 432–433, 434t–435t
groundwater use, estimation, 429–432, 432t
irrigation supply
relative duty, 435–436
relative irrigation supply, 437–446
relative water supply indices, 437–446
reservoir efficiency, 427–429, 428t
water delivery capacity, 439–446, 440t–443t, 445t, 447t
water supply, total annual volume, 429–433
water use efficiency, 439
T
TDR 300, 519, 523f
Thiessen polygon method, 87
Thiessen polygons, 86f
Topography, 22
Transfer of energy, 539–541
Trend, Mann-Kendal test, 88–91, 619–623
Trapezoidal cross-section, 293
Turbulent flow, 26
U
Uncontrolled Ogee spillways/weir, 487, 487f
Uniform excess rainfall, 145
Uniform flow computation, 55–66, 55f, 57t, 59t
explicit method, 62–66
normal depth computation, 60–66, 61t–62t
Unit conversion factor, 613–617
Unit depth, 145
Unit duration, 145, 158–159
Unit hydrograph method, 143–157
Unit volume, 145
Unlined canals design
Kennedy’s theory, 302–303
regime theory, 295–298
tractive force approach, 298–303, 299t
Upper layer water balance, 111–112
USDA-SCS method, 204, 207t
Useful storage, 183
V
Valley storage, 183
V-notch weir, 484, 484f
Void ratio, 511
W
Warabandi scheduling, 400–404
data requirement, 405
defined, 403
distribution system indicators, 403
enforcement, 404
forms, 404
formulation, 405–406
process, 404–406
systems, 404
water distribution methods, 403–404
Water allocation constraints, 375
Water allowance, 254
Water application efficiency, 251–252, 252t
Water auditing process
data collection, 468
definition, 467–468
description, 469, 469t–470t
indicators, 468–480
achieved irrigation potential, 477
irrigation system performance, 477–480, 478t–480t
percentage of actual evaporation to live storage, 477
percentage of balanced unutilized water to live storage, 474
percentage of planned and actual nonirrigation use, 475–477, 475t–477t
water availability, 470–472, 471t–473t
water use pattern, 474
objectives, 467–468
Water availability constraints, 375, 378
Water balance method, 390–400
crop evapotranspiration estimation, 395–396, 395f
rainfall estimation, 396–399
rooting depth, 394t, 395
root zone/capillary rise, upward flux, 399
SCS-CN method, 396–399, 398t–399t
soil moisture terminology, 391–394, 392t
Water conveyance efficiency, 251, 252t
Water course, 346
Water divide, 93
Water holding capacity, 511–512
Waterlogging, 547
Water quality, 22
parameters
guidelines, 617–618
range, 618–619
Water quantity, 22
Water required for land preparation, 249
Watershed ridge canal, 342
Water source, 22
Water user association (WUA), 460
Wetted perimeter, 25
Wildlife clearance, 565
World Health Organization (WHO), 545
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