Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.

A

Acid digestion, 85, 134–136
Acid leaching test, 160
Acid neutralization capacity (ANC), of bottom ash, 94–97, 95f
Actual incineration plants, waste heat utilization of, 29
AD 8 Advance powder diffractometer, 124
Air compressor, list of, 312t
Air extraction turbines, 28
Air ratio, excess, 7
Alkali digestion, 85
Alkaline fly ash, 266–267
ALT (available leaching toxicity), 161
Alumina cement, 262
Aluminum oxide chloride, 143–144, 147–149
Appearance qualities of Y10 and R9, 248t
Appearance quality of products based on R20 and R32 mm, 221t
in different particles of bottom ash, 87f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 182, 186f
Asphalt solidification method, 262–263, 265
Atlas-Bolaite air compressor, 327
Automatic control system, 302, 312–313
Automatic installations, list of, 317t–319t
Auxiliary equipment for incineration process, 18–25
combustion air supply system and performance of ventilation in grates, 21–23
feed system, 21
incineration ash collection system, 23–24
incineration flue gas purification system, 24
operation of incineration system, 24–25
waste reception facilities, 20–21
waste storage pit, 18–20

B

Ba, in different particles of bottom ash, 88f
Backpressure steam turbines, 28–29
Ball milling method, 168–169
BCR SEP, 120, 160
Be, in different particles of bottom ash, 89f
Biological dechlorination of MSWI BA, 149
Biological dechlorination technology, 144
Boiler ash, 61
Bottom ash
characterization and recycling of, See Characterization and recycling of bottom ash
heavy metals in, See Heavy metals, in bottom ash
weathering process of, See Weathering process
Bottom ash A (BA-A), 86
Bottom ash B (BA-B), 86
Bottom ash bioreactor
hydraulic loading rate for TP removal in, 107t
hydraulic loading rate on COD removals in, 107t
hydraulic loading rate on NH3-N removal in, 107t
operation of, 103–104

C

Cadmium and cadmium oxide, 138–140
Calcination temperature, 244–247
Calcium silicate crystallization, 113
CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 system, 213, 230
in different particles of bottom ash, 88f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 178, 182f, 183f
Cement feeder, calculation sheet of, 305t
Cement feeding devices, list of, 306t
Cement feeding system, 302–304
Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproofing Materials, 327
Cement silo, calculation sheet of, 305t
Cement solidification process, 262–265, 297
Ceramic brickmaking, fly ash in, 213
analysis of ceramic brick microstructure variation and transformation of phases, 225–229
analysis of ceramic brick performance based on R20 and R32, 220
analysis of performance variation of bricks based on R20, 223–225
feldspar, use of, 217
gang sand, use of, 216–217
leaching toxicity analysis of bricks based on R20, 230–233
method for making ceramic bricks, 214f
method for making ceramic tiles in the presence of fly ash, 236f
orthogonal test, 217–218, 219t
pilot scale test for production of facing brick using fly ash, 243–254
comparison of microstructure between Y10, R9, and laboratory products, 249–251
comparison of properties between Y10, R9, and laboratory products, 247–249
dioxin destruction, requirements for, 251
economic evaluation of making facing brick with fly ash, 252
material proportion, 244
safety evaluation of fly ash facing brick, 253–254
status and compressive strength of the products, 244–247
production technology of facing bricks using fly ash, 233–243
red ceramic clay, use of, 215
Ceramic brickmaking technique, 213–214
Ceramic brick performance analysis based on R20 and R32, 220
Ceramic distribution in bottom ash, 64
Ceramics size distributions in bottom ash, 66f
Chalcophile, 76–78
Changzhou MSW Incinerator, 259–260
Characterization and leaching toxicity of fly ash, 259–261
Characterization and recycling of bottom ash, 61
ceramic distribution in bottom ash, 64
chemical composition of bottom ash, 70–71
components of bottom ash and their distribution, 61–62
glass distribution in bottom ash, 64
mass distribution in bottom ash, 64
metal items’ distribution in bottom ash, 64
mineral composition of bottom ash, 68–70
mineralogical characterization of incineration bottom ash, 71–82
evolution of iron-rich constituents, 79–82
metallic forms of heavy metals, 73–79
molten slag distribution in bottom ashes, 64
physical and chemical properties of bottom ashes, 67
size distribution in bottom ash, 63
Chelating agents, 305–306
organic, 297
calculation sheet of metering pump for, 308t
process water standards for chelating agents dilution, 307t
Chemical components of bottom ash of various sizes, 72t
Chemical component variation as a function of temperature for fly ash, 197–198
Chemical composition of bottom ash, 70–71
Chemical forms of heavy metals, influences of weathering to, 157–160
Chemical properties of bottom ashes, 67
Chemical solidification process, 265–267
ferroussulfate stabilization, 266–267
mixed chemicals stabilization, 267
phosphate stabilization, 266
polymeric chelant stabilization, 267
sulfide stabilization, 267
Chemical stabilization tests of fly ash, 266f, 274, 288–292
Chemical weathering, 119
China TCLP Standard, 260–263
Chlorine, chemical speciation of, 143–144
Chlorine content in bottom ash from different cities, 142–143
Chlorobenzene, 165–167
Chongqing cuisine, 136–137
CO and hydrocarbon, 33t
Codisposal leaching procedure, Cu leaching in, 129–133
Cold-pressing technique, 243
Combustion, of MSW incineration, 4–5, 8f
Combustion chamber, heat load in, 17
Components of bottom ash and their distribution, 61–62
Composting technologies, 1
Compressed air system, 311
Compressive strengths, 235–236, 247
of ceramic bricks based on R20 and R32, 220, 222f
at different sintering temperatures in the presence of fly ash, 236f
Conventional BA treatment, 115
Conveying system, maintenance of, 310–311
Conveyor, calculation sheet of (for cement), 305t
Copper fractionation, influence of weathering on, 126
Copper leaching, influence of weathering on
incodisposal leaching procedure, 129–133
in SPLP and TCLP, 126–129
Corrosion-resistant imported materials and equipment, 327
in different particles of bottom ash, 89f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 178, 180f, 181f
Cream-colored clay, 233–234, 243
chemical composition of, 233t
mineral constituents of, 234
Cream-colored clay under test
XRD analysis of, 234f
in different particles of bottom ash, 89f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 182, 186f
and its combinations, 77
Cumulative particle size distribution curve of bottom ash, 63f
Cuprous oxide, 75

D

De novo synthesis, 165
mechanism of, 171f
Density of fly ash, effects of pressure on, 279
Differential temperature analysis (DTA)–thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, 191
Dioxin destruction, requirements for, 251
control technologies of, 167–169
emission characteristics and analysis of
in fly ash and bottom ash, 165–167
generation, in MSWI system, 164–165
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), in fresh leachate, 132
Dodecylamine, 112
Domestic waste, properties of, 11
Dry and wet treatment process, economic comparison between, 117t
Drying stage of MSW, 5
DTA–TGA analysis for fly ASH, 191–193, 192f
Dust generation, mechanism of
in refuse incineration process, 32t

E

EASEWASTE model, 40–41
EDTA solution, treatment of fly ash with, 271–272
Effects of temperature on volatilization ratios of heavy metals, 187–190
Electrical machines, list of, 314t
Electrical system, 311–313
Electric heating system, 24, 302
calculation sheet of, 304t
Electrochemical corrosion, 81
Elemental composition of fly ash, 290t
Elementary component variation as a function of temperature for fly ash, 193–197, 194f, 195f
Energy recovery, 5–6
Environmental Assessment Policy, 39
Environmentally friendly materials, 253
Environmental safety evaluation system, of bottom ash, 99–100, 100f
Extraction-catalytic dechlorination method, 168

F

Feeding device, calculation sheet of, 304t
Feed system, for municipal solid waste incineration, 21
Feldspar, 213
plasticity index of, 218t
use of, 217
XRD analysis of, 218f
Fe–P-dominant alloys, 77
Fe-rich constituents, 80–82
Ferric metal, 82
Ferrous metal, 64
Ferrous scrap, 116
Ferrous sulfate stabilization, 266–267
Field survey and sampling of MSWI residues landfill, 153–156
Fine dreg, 61
Fired clay, 233–234, 243
chemical composition of, 234t
XRD analysis for, 235f
Fire protection system, 312
lighting system and, 313
Flexural strengths, 247
Flotation separation, 112
exit temperature and retention time of, 17
pollutants in, 33t
treatment technology, in incineration, 30–34
Fly ash
engineering design for solidification/stabilization of, See Solidification/stabilization of fly ash, engineering design for
in ceramic brickmaking, See Ceramic brickmaking, fly ash in
high hydraulic pressure compression of, See High hydraulic pressure compression of fly ash
solidification methods for, See Solidification methods for fly ash
stabilization process of, See Stabilization process of fly ash
stabilized, See Stabilized fly ash
thermal characterization of, See Thermal characterization of fly ash
Fly ash A (FA-A), 86
Fly ash B (FA-B), 86
Fly ash conveyor, list of, 312t
Fly ash facing brick, cost accounting of, 252t
Fly ash feeding devices, list of, 304t
Fly ash feeding system, 301–302
Fly ash leaching toxicity measurement results, 291t–292t
Fly ash mixing devices, list of, 310t
Fly ash mixing machine, 306–310
Fly ash silo, calculation sheet of, 303t
Fly ash stabilization system, process flow chart for, 299f
Fly ash stirring mixer, calculation sheet of, 310t
Foam flotation, 112
Fresh and weathered residues, characterization of, 156–157
Fresh simulated landfill leachate, preparation of, 123–124
Friends of the Earth, 34
Frost resistance test, 247

G

Gang sand
chemical composition of, 216t
plasticity index of, 217t
use of, 216–217
XRD analysis of, 217f
Gas phase chemical reduction method, 167–168
Geoenvironmental weathering/deterioration of landfilled bottom ash glass, 149–152
Glass distribution in bottom ash, 64
Glass phases in bottom ash, 73, 76
Glass size distribution in bottom ash, 66f
Global Anti-Incineration Alliance, 34
Global warming, mitigating, 40
Goethite, 80, 82
Goldschmidt’s classification, 76–79
Grate incineration process, 18f
Grate incinerators, 11, 15–16
Gravity separation, 112
Greenpeace, 34

H

Hazardous waste leaching toxicity standard of China, 291t
Heat ignition loss ratio, 16–18
Heating value of refuse, 2, 6
Heat treatment method, 168, 251
Heat utilization, 5–6, 25
Heavy metals, 33t, 34, 226–227
chemical forms of, in bottom ash, 90t–91t
chemical forms of, influences of weathering to, 157–160
compositions of, in fly ash, 161–162
effect on incineration process of synthetic wastes, 57–59
leaching behavior and alterations of, 152–160
chemical forms of heavy metals, influences of weathering to, 157–160
field survey and sampling of MSWI residues landfill, 153–156
fresh and weathered residues, characterization of, 156–157
leaching behavior of MSW incineration residues, influences of weathering to, 157
leaching concentrations of, in bottom ash, 96f
leaching toxicity of, 242t
leaching toxicity of, in fly ash, 169
metallic forms of, in bottom ash, 73–79
in MSWI bottom ash, 138–141
speciation of, in fly ash, 169
Heavy metals, in bottom ash, 83, 86t
acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of bottom ash, 94–97
contents of, 86
determination of, 85
environmental safety evaluation system, 99–100
leaching behavior of bottom ash, 97–99
leaching toxicity of, 92
livestock wastewater, treatment of, 100–108
hydraulic loading rate of bioreactor, 106–108
microbial cultivation and acclimation in bioreactor, 101–103
operation of bottom ash bioreactor, 103–104
removal of COD, 104–105
TP removal, 105–106
municipal solid waste incineration, 108–117
magnetic separation and reselection of iron resources, 110–113
mechanical separation of bottom ash, 108–110
pretreatment and procedure of unburned brick production, 113–115
wet treatment process, 115–117
source trace of, 83–84
speciation analysis, 86–92
Heavy metals, in fly ash, 86t, 290t
effects of temperature on volatilization ratios of, 188f
Heavy nonferrous metals, 116
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 166
detector, 161
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 184–187, 186f
volatilization ratio of, 187
High hydraulic pressure compression of fly ash, 276–286
operation of, 279–282
effects of pressure on density of fly ash, 279
effects of pressure on leaching toxicity of heavy metals from fly ash, 280
mixing of original and chemically stabilized fly ash, 280
process design of, 283–286
project plan, 284
project purpose, 283
project scale, 283–285
scheme design, 284–285
High-pressure compression process for fly ash, flowchart of, 284f
High Resolution Gas Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrum (HRGC/HRMS), 166–167
Hot-pressing sintering, 243
HVEP (horizontal vibration extraction procedure), 161
Hydrofluoric acid, 85
Hydrometallurgical method, 116
Hydrous iron oxides, 80–81

I

Illite, 234
Incineration ash collection system, 23–24
Incineration ashes, 61
Incineration bottom ash, mineralogical characterization of, 71–82
evolution of iron-rich constituents, 79–82
metallic forms of heavy metals, 73–79
Incineration flue gas purification system, 24
Incineration for power, 1
Incineration process, fly ash in, 167–169
Incineration technology, 3–4, 51
Incinerator air system, 21
Incinerator furnace, requirements of, 9–10
Incinerators, design of, 16–18
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), 85–86, 122, 134–136
Inorganic smoke dust, 32
Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard, 107
International toxic equivalent (I-TEQ) value in bottom ash, 162–163
Iron-rich constituents, evolution of
bottom ash, 79–82

J

Jinjiang city, 136–137, 140

K

Kaolinite, 215, 234

L

Landfilled bottom ash glass
geoenvironmental weathering/deterioration of, 149–152
Leaching behavior, pH effects on
of As, 182, 186f
of Cu, 182, 186f
Leaching behavior of bottom ash, 97–99
Leaching behavior of MSW incineration residues, influences of weathering to, 157
Leaching concentrations of heavy metals in bottom ash, 96f
Leaching toxicity, 161
of bricks based on R20, 230–233
of fly ash, 259–261
as a function of temperature for fly ash, 206–207
Leaching toxicity of heavy metals
in bottom ash, 92
effects of pressure on, 280
in fly ash, 169
Life cycle assessment (LCA), 40
Lime, 2–3, 24
Limestone, 233–235
Lithophile, 76–77
Livestock wastewater, treatment of, 101f
hydraulic loading rate of bioreactor, 106–108
microbial cultivation and acclimation in bioreactor, 101–103
operation of bottom ash bioreactor, 103–104
removal of COD, 104–105
TP removal, 105–106
using bottom ash bioreactor, 100–108
Loss on ignition (LOI), 67
Lower heating value (LHV)
of MSW, 2, 7, 47
Low-temperature plasma method, 168

M

Magnetic density separation (MDS), 116
Magnetic separation and reselection, of iron resources, 110–113
Magnetite, 77, 81–82
Magnetization roasting, 110–111
Manganese oxide, 92
Manual vibration, method of
for fly ash cake due to moisture absorption, 303f
Mass distribution in bottom ash, 64
Mechanical grate furnace, properties of, 11–15, 14f
Mechanical separation of bottom ash, 108–110
Melilites, 74, 76
Melt glass phases, 73–74
Melting method, 167
Metal items’ distribution in bottom ash, 64, 66f
Metering pump, calculation sheet of
for chelating agents, 308t
for process water, 308t
Microstructure transfer as a function of temperature for fly ash, 204–205
Microwave digestion, 85
Mineral components
of bottom ash, 68–70
speciation of, in fly ash, 169
XRD analysis of, of fly ash, 171–176
Mineralogical changes
caused by weathering processes, 121
Mineralogical component transformation as a function of temperature for fly ash, 200–204
MINTEQA2, 162, 177
Mixed chemicals stabilization, 267
Mixed landfill of BA, 120–121
Mixing fly ash, XRD analysis of, 289f
Mixing stirred tank, calculation sheet of, 307t
Modeling incineration plant, system boundary of, 42f
Moisture, impact of
on incineration process, 51–59
Molten slag distribution in bottom ash, 64, 67f
Motor control center (MCC), 312
biological dechlorination of, 149
MSW incinerator (MSWI) BA, 121–122
MSWI system, dioxins generation in, 164–165
Municipal solid waste (MSW), 1, 61, 83
auxiliary equipment for incineration process, 18–25
combustion air supply system and performance of ventilation, 21–23
feed system, 21
incineration ash collection system, 23–24
incineration flue gas purification system, 24
operation of incineration system, 24–25
waste reception facilities, 20–21
waste storage pit, 18–20
comparison of common incinerators, 12t–13t
determination of incinerators, 10–18
comparison and selection of incinerators, 11
design of incinerators, 16–18
determination of incinerators related to the properties of refuse, 15
properties of mechanical grate furnace, 11–15
upgrading of the grates, 15–16
environmental impact of large-scale incinerator processing mixed MSW with high water content, 39–51
basic operation data for incineration plant, 43–44
bottom ash and fly ash, 44–45
inventory and normalization process, 45–47
LCA process, 40–42
potential improvement process of environmental profiles, 47
Scenario I: Application of Waste Sorting System, 47–49
Scenario II: Application of the Dewatering System, 49
Scenario III: Improvement of the Pollution Control Process, 49–51
flue gas treatment technology in incineration, 30–34
flue gas generation process during incineration, 30–34
heavy metals in, 84t
impact of moisture and components on incineration process, 51–59
effect of moving rate of crucible on net temperature, 55–56
incineration process of synthetic wastes, effect of addition of heavy metals on, 57–59
of wood alone and synthetic wastes, 53–55
incineration general flowsheet, 3–4
incineration power generation system, 25–30
boilers, 25–26
determination of steam turbine generators, 28–29
determination of superheated steam parameters, 27
waste heat utilization of actual incineration plants, 29
incineration process and integrated technology, 4–10
combustion figure, 7
determination of incineration capacity, 8
factors affecting, 6–7
grate furnace for, 3f
processes of incineration plants, 8–10
theory of MSW incineration process, 4–6
net temperature increases (NTI), effect of, 54–55, 57–58
paradox of MSW incineration, 34–39
separation pretreatment technologies of bottom ash from, 108–117
magnetic separation and reselection of iron resources, 110–113, 111f
mechanical separation of bottom ash, 108–110, 109f
pretreatment and procedure of unburned brick production, 113–115
wet treatment process, 115–117
treatment technologies, 1–3
Municipal solid waste grate incinerator, bottom ash from, 63f
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, 161, 204–205, 217–218, 220, 230–233, 235–236, 242–243
Municipal solid waste incinerator, physical fractionation of bottom ash from, 65t
Municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP), 42

N

Na2S, stabilization of fly ash with, 273t
NaOH solution, treatment of fly ash with, 268–270
Natural weathering of BA glass phases, 152
Natural weathering of bottom ash, 82
Ni
in different particles of bottom ash, 88f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 178–180, 184f
Noise sources and control methods, 327t
Nonvolatile metals, 83–84

O

Opaque metallic phases, 73–74
Optical and electron microscopy analysis, 73
Optimum digestion method of BA, 85
Ordinary Portland cement, 262–263
Organic smoke dust, 31–32
Original fly ash
characteristics of, 287
physical properties of, 288t
Orthogonal test, 213, 217–218
intuitionistic analysis and, 219t
variance analysis of, 219t

P

Palagonitization, 150
Particles, 33t
in different particles of bottom ash, 87f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 180–182, 185f
and its compounds, 77–78
volatilization ratio of, 187
PCBs, 165–169
Performance variation analysis of bricks based on R20 as a function of temperature, 223–225
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 162–163
concentrations, in the bottom ash and fly ash, 166t
pH effects, 177–187
on leaching behavior of As, 182
on leaching behavior of Cd, 178
on leaching behavior of Cr, 178
on leaching behavior of Cu, 182
on leaching behavior of Hg, 184–187
on leaching behavior of Ni, 178–180
on leaching behavior of Pb, 180–182
on leaching behavior of Zn, 177–178
Phosphate stabilization, 266
Photochemical decomposition method, 168
pH variations of fly ash solution, 204f
Physical and chemical properties of bottom ashes, 67
Physical weathering, 119
Pilot scale test for production of facing brick using fly ash, 243–254
comparison of microstructure between Y10, R9, and laboratory products, 249–251
comparison of properties between Y10, R9, and laboratory products, 247–249
dioxin destruction, requirements for, 251
economic evaluation of making facing brick with fly ash, 252
material proportion, 244
safety evaluation of fly ash facing brick, 253–254
status and compressive strength of the products, 244–247
Plane polarized light (PPL), 73
Plasticity index of feldspar, 217, 218t
Plasticity index of gang sand, 217, 217t
Plasticity index of red ceramic clay, 215, 216t
Plasticity index of sampled fly ash, 214, 215t
Polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDFs), 162–163, 165
Poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), 162–163, 165
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), 162–163
Poly-chlorobenzenes (PCBzs), 162–163, 166t
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 162–163, 166, 166t
Poly ethylene (PE), 298–299
Polymeric chelant stabilization, 267
Polyurethane foam material, 18
Polyvinylchloride plastic, 142
Portland blast furnace slag cement, 262
Portland-pozzolana cement, 262
Pozzolanic solidification process, 265
Precursor synthesis, 165
Prepared chelating solution
mixing and metering for, 308t
Processing scale of the incinerator, 16–17
Process water, calculation sheet of metering pump for, 308t
Process water and chelating agents, devices for, 309t
Production technology of facing bricks using fly ash, 233–243
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 312–313
Pseudowollastonite, 74

Q

R

Radical component transformation as a function of temperature for fly ash, 198–200
RD map of bottom ash particles of different sizes, 69f
Recycling of bottom ash as cement additives, 134–137
Red ceramic clay
chemical composition of, 215t
plasticity index of, 216t
use of, 215
XRD analysis of, 216f
Residence time in furnace, 14
Retention time, 6
Roller kiln sintering method, 251
Roof scrubber, calculation sheet of, 303t
Roof scrubber for cement, calculation sheet of, 305t
RVC series power factor controller, 312

S

Sampled fly ash
major chemical components of, 215t
plasticity index of, 215t
Sanitary landfill, 1, 331
Saturation coefficient, 247
Security landfill, placement of fly ash in, 258–259
Security landfill for stabilized hazardous wastes, 331
of ceramic brick made in accordance with R20
and sintered at 900°C, 226f
and sintered at 950°C, 226f
and sintered at 1000°C, 227f
and sintered at 1050°C, 227f
of ceramic tiles at 920°C in the presence of fly ash, 238f
of the product sintered at 940°C in the presence of fly ash, 238f
of the product sintered at 960°C in the presence of fly ash, 239f
of the product sintered at 980°C in the presence of fly ash, 240f
Sequential extraction procedures (SEPs), 120, 124
Shanghai Laogang Waste Disposal Co., Ltd, 287
Shanghai Refuse Landfill, 144–145
Shanghai Yuqiao MSW incineration plant, 140–141
Siderophile, 76–78
Silicate-based glass, 76
Silicon–aluminum materials, 113
Sintering temperature, 187, 190
SiO2–CaO–Al2O3 system, 213
Size charge fractionation (SCF) procedure, 123–124, 130
Size distribution in bottom ash, 63
Size ranges, proportion of
of fly ash, 288t
Sodium sulfide, stabilization with, 272
Soil acidification, 94
Solidification methods for fly ash, 262–267
cement solidification process, 262–265
chemical solidification process, 265–267
ferroussulfate stabilization, 266–267
mixed chemicals stabilization, 267
phosphate stabilization, 266
polymericchelant stabilization, 267
sulfide stabilization, 267
pozzolanic solidification process, 265
thermoplastic solidification process, 265
Solidification/stabilization of fly ash, engineering design for, 287
accident, incident, inconformity, correction and prevention measures, 330
chemical stabilization tests of fly ash, 288–292
conformity evaluation of occupational health and safety, 330
environmental protection measures, 320
list of equipment for, 322t–326t
monitoring of fly ash pretreatment, 328
original fly ash, characteristics of, 287
overall process description, 300–301
parameters of stabilization/curing process (mass balance), 320
performance measurement and monitoring of occupational health and safety, 330
process of pretreatment, 298–299
process selection, 297
project construction and operation management system, 329–330
records and records management, 330–331
requirements of the system, 301–320
automatic control system, 313
cement feeding system, 302–304
compressed air system, 311
electrical system, 311–313
fly ash feeding system, 301–302
fly ash mixing machine, 306–310
laboratory analysis and equipment standards, 313–320
lighting system and fire protection system, 313
maintenance of conveying system, 310–311
ventilation and air conditioning systems, 313
water and chelating agent configuration system, 304–306
safety and hygiene, 328–329
security landfill for stabilized hazardous wastes, 331
technical parameters, 299
Solid waste incineration, 29, 74–75
Solid Waste Leaching Toxicity, Standard Method for, 98
Speciation transformation as a function of temperature for fly ash, 207–211
Spinel group minerals, 74
Sprinkling water natural curing process, 115
Stabilization/curing process (mass balance), parameters of, 320
Stabilization process of fly ash, 257–259
ferroussulfate stabilization, 266–267
mixed chemicals stabilization, 267
phosphate stabilization, 266
polymericchelant stabilization, 267
sulfide stabilization, 267
treatment of fly ash with four stabilizers, 267–276
comparison of four stabilizers, 274–276
EDTA solution, treatment of fly ash with, 271–272
NaOH solution, treatment of fly ash with, 268–270
sodiumsulfide, stabilization with, 272
thiourea, stabilization of fly ash with, 272–274
Stabilized fly ash, 24, 280, 310, 320
leaching toxicity analysis results of
using the first chelating agent, 293t–294t
using the second chelating agent, 295t–296t
Steam turbine generators, determination of, 28–29
Storage tank, calculation sheet of
for chelating agents, 307t
for process water, 307t
Sulfide stabilization, 267
Supercritical water oxidation process, 169
Superheated steam parameters, determination of, 27
Surface leaching toxicity, 253
Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), 122, 132–133
influence of weathering on Cu leaching in, 126–129
Synthetic wastes
effect of addition of heavy metals on incineration process of, 57–59
impact of moisture on, 53–55

T

TCLP tests, 97, 100
Teflon vessel, 85
Temperature, incineration, 6
Test instruments, 321t
Thermal analysis patterns, changes of, 126
Thermal characterization of fly ash, 191
chemical component variation, 197–198
DTA–TGA analysis for fly ASH, 191–193, 192f
elementary component variation, 193–197, 194f, 195f
leaching toxicity, 206–207
microstructure transfer, 204–205
mineralogical component transformation, 200–204
radical component transformation, 198–200
speciation transformation, 207–211
Thermal decomposition, 5
Thermoplastic solidification process, 265
Thiourea, stabilization of fly ash with, 272–274, 273t
3T-1E, 6–7
Tolerable daily intake (TDI), 163–164
Total Mercury-Cold Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, 86
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), 122, 132–133
influence of weathering on Cu leaching in, 126–129
Transfer coefficient of waste burning, in incineration plant, 41, 41t
Turbine power generation facilities, 28
Turbulence, 6–7

U

Unburned brick, production of, 113–115
Untreated fly ash, 213
UPS (un-interruptible power supply), 312–313

V

Ventilation and air conditioning systems, 313
Volatile metals, 83–84
Volatilization ratio, 187

W

Washing process of BA, 116
Waste incineration, 2
fly ash of
HVEP heavy metal leaching toxicity of slag and, 94t
TCLP heavy metal leaching toxicity of slag and, 94t
residence time of, 14
Waste properties, 16
Waste reception facilities, 20–21
Waste storage pit, 18–21
Water absorption efficacies, 236
Water absorption rate, 247
Water absorptions of ceramic bricks based on R20 and R30, 222f
Water and chelating agent configuration system, 304–306
Water leaching test, 160
Weathering process, 119
biological dechlorination of incineration bottom ash, 144–149
chlorine and heavy metals, characterization of, 133–144
chemical composition of MSWI bottom ash, 137–138
chemical speciation of chlorine, 143–144
chlorine content in bottom ash from different cities, 142–143
heavy metal content of MSWI bottom ash, 138–141
potential recycling of bottom ash as cement additives, 134–137
and copper leaching from bottom ash, 119–133
changes of thermal analysis patterns, 126
evolution of mineralogical and chemical properties, 124
influence of weathering on Cu fractionation, 126
influence of weathering on Cu leaching, 126–133
preparation of fresh simulated MSW landfill leachate, 123–124
geoenvironmental weathering/deterioration of landfilled bottom ash glass, 149–152
leaching behavior and alterations of heavy metals in bottom ash, 152–160
chemical forms of heavy metals, influences of weathering to, 157–160
field survey and sampling of MSWI residues landfill, 153–156
fresh and weathered residues, characterization of, 156–157
leachingbehavior of MSW incineration residues, influences of weathering to, 157
Wet treatment process, for recovery of nonferrous metals, 115–117, 116f
Wood alone, incineration process of
effect of moving rate of crucible on net temperature, 55–56
impact of moisture on, 53–55

X

X-ray diffraction (XRD), 124
X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 134–136
of brick made in accordance with R20
and sintered at 900°C, 228f
and sintered at 950°C, 228f
and sintered at 1000°C, 229f
and sintered at 1050°C, 229f
of cream-colored clay under test, 234f
of feldspar, 218f
for fired clay, 235f
of gang sand, 217f
of mineral components of fly ash, 171–176
of residue after the fifth step, 176f
of residue after the first step, 174f
of residue after the second step, 175f
of residue after the third step, 175f
of residue from the fourth step, 176f
of mixing fly ash, 289f
of the product sintered at 920°C, 238f
of the product sintered at 940°C, 239f
of the product sintered at 960°C, 240f
of the product sintered at 980°C, 241f
of red ceramic clay, 216f
XRD patterns
of R9 after calcination at 1050–1100°C, 251f
of Y10 after calcination at 1050–1100°C, 250f
XRF analysis, 71, 137–138

Z

Zeolite cement, 262
Zero-valent iron surfaces, 81
in different particles of bottom ash, 87f
effects of pH on leaching behavior of, 177–178, 179f
volatilization ratio of, 187
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18.223.21.5