Index
AID (analog-to-digital) converters; See ADCs (analog-to-digital converters)
Absolute conversions, 136
AC applications, CMOS, bipolar output from fixed reference voltages, 169
AC signal processing, 62
AC-DC converters, external, 225
Accuracy, 39–40
ADC/DAC circuits, BCD signal formats used in, 1
chip-select signals, 31–32
clock signals, 32–35
digital circuits, 30
digital troubleshooting sequences, 31
ground connections, 31
input-output signals, 37
logic or digital probes, 30
logic pulsers, 31
power connections, 31
reset signals, 31–32
start signals, 31–32
ADCs (analog-to-digital converters), 1
applications data, 78–81
Microwire interfaces, 79
QSPI interfaces, 79–81
serial-to-parallel conversions, 81
SPI interfaces, 79
standard interfaces, 78–79
using MAX187/189, 81–82
conversion ladders, 3–4
data acquisitions with, 131–59
data-converter operations, 65–70
analog input-drive amplifiers, 69–70
analog-input (AIN) circuits, 67
external references, 70
input bandwidths, 69
input protection, 69
internal references, 70
track and hold (T/H), 67–69
design with, 65–82
dynamic performance characteristics and testing, 75–78
signal-to-noise plus distortion (SINAD), 76
SINAD and effective number of bits, 76
total harmonic distortion (THD), 76–77
using dynamic characteristics, 77–78
flash, 6–8
analog inputs, 89
calibrations, 89–91
data-converter operations, 83–84
design, 83–91
digital outputs, 89
general description, 83
initiating conversions, 89
output coding control, 88–90
power requirements, 85
reference voltage requirements, 85–88
typical video interfaces, 91
general description, 65
high-speed, 6
ICs, typical, 18–29
analog inputs, 25–26
basic converter operations, 19–20
bipolar inputs, 29
control, 22
digital controls, 20
digital output codes, 26
input ranges, 26
internal references, 24–25
output data formats, 20–21
physical layouts, 23–24
power supply requirements, 23–24
read timing with microprocessor control, 22
stand-alone operation, 22–23
T/H (track-and-hold) interfaces, 26
unipolar inputs, 26–28
operating sequences, 4–6
parallel, 6–8
references for, 123–28
references, noise and, 63
serial interface considerations, 70–75
conversion starts, 70–71
external clocks, 71
initialization, 70–71
output coding, 74–75
reducing supply currents, 71
timing and control, 71–74
transfer functions, 74–75
successive approximation, 8
tracking, 8
troubleshooting, 29–38
10-bit resolution from 8 bits, 130
accommodating arbitrary zero and span, 128
analog inputs less than supply ranges, 128–29
digitizing current flows, 130–31
direct encoding of low-level signals, 130
video-frequency (VF), 83–91
AIN (analog-input) circuits, 67
ALE (address latch enable), 134
analog input-drive, 69–70
compensation, reference, 12
DAC controlled, 169–70
with digitally-controlled gain, 164–65
log, 164
programmable, 57
Analog feedthrough, 121–22
channels, expanding, 139–40
differential, 141–42
drive amplifiers, 69–70
filtering, 150
overvoltage protection, 146–47
ranges, 181–82
Attenuator compensation capacitors, 220
Attenuator networks, 220
Autoranging, 226
Battery detectors, low, 211–12
signal formats used in ADC/DAC circuits, 1
to binary conversions, 226–28
Beeper drivers, 211
complimentary, 49
conversions, BCD to, 226–28
encoders, 3
inverted, 49
natural, 49
offset, 50
two’s complement, 51
Bipolar inputs, 29
DAC with, 102
from fixed reference volt-ages, 169
control, 215–18
output, 214
SINAD and effective number of, 76
Buffering considerations, 142–44
amplifiers, output, 110
using, 62–63
Calibrations, 89–91
Capacitance multipliers, 170–71
attenuator compensation, 220
integration, 218–19
Characteristics, using dynamic, 77–78
analog-input (AIN), 67
BCD signal formats used in ADC/DAC, 1
digital, 30
ICs, typical, 18–29
input, 12–13
output, 13–15
quick-look, 182–84
frequencies, operations at miscellaneous, 230
internal, 186–89
modes, 186
rates, 49
converters, 57
DAC applications, 166–75
control, 98–99
digital output, 26
reference-buffer, 191
tare, 174–75
Complementary binary, 49
Conditioning, signal, 147
ground, 31
power, 31
bits, 215–18
codes, 98–99
output coding, 88–89
timing and, 71–75
Controlled amplifiers, DAC, 169–70
current-loop, 173–74
high-current, 172–73
absolute, 136
BCD to binary, 226–28
initiating, 89
ladders, ADC, 3–4
multichannel, 56–57
noises, reducing, 226
rates, 47
ratiometric, 135
schemes, residue-multiplication, 205
serial-to-parallel, 81
starting a, 184–85
time, 61
Convert-start timing with microprocessor control, 22
CMOS, 57
external AC-DC, 225
monotonic, 47
results, 223–24
sequence, 223–24
Crystal oscillators, 219–20
high, controllers, 172–73
loop controllers, 173–74
supply, 71
D/A (digital-to-analog) converters, See DACs (digital-to-analog converters)
DACs (digital-to-analog converters), 1
applications, CMOS, 166–75
capacitance multipliers, 170–71
current-loop controllers, 173–74
DACs (digital-to-analog converters), controlled amplifiers, 169–70
digital potentiometers, 166–67
high-current controllers, 172–73
high-voltage outputs, 171–72
level-shifting output ranges, 167–68
single supply operations, 168–69
tare compensations, 174–75
circuit applications with multiplying, 160–66
amplifiers with digitally-controlled gain, 164–65
classic CMOS DAC applications, 166–75
digitally controlled filters, 165–66
digitally programmable pulse-width modulation, 162–64
log amplifiers with scale factors, 164
sine-wave generators with digital controls, 161–62
ICs, typical, 8–18
basic design requirements, 9–12
input circuits, 12–13
output circuits, 13–15
power supply requirements, 15
reference amplifier compensation, 12
settling time, 16–18
temperature characteristics, 15–16
operating sequences, 6
4-bit microprocessor interfaces, 115–16
8-bit microprocessor interfaces, 116–17
16-bit microprocessor interfaces, 116–17
analog feedthrough, 121–22
bipolar operations, 119
bypasses, 121
design, 107–22
digital feedthrough, 121–22
external references, 111–12
four-quadrant multiplication, 120
general description of, 107–8
grounds, 121
internal reference noises, 110
internal references, 110
output buffer-amplifiers, 110
parallel logic interfaces, 113–15
PC-board layouts, 121
R-2R ladder networks, 108–9
reset functions, 112
shutdown modes, 112–13
single-supply problems, 120–21
unipolar operations, 117–19
references for, 123–28
applications data, 102–5
control codes, 98–99
data formats, 98–99
data-converter operations, 94–96
design, 93–105
digital inputs, 99
digital outputs, 99
general description of, 93–94
microprocessor interfacing, 99–102
output buffer amplifiers (DACs, NDAC B), 96–97
reference inputs versus DACs, output ranges, 96
reset, 97
serial interfaces, 97–98
shutdown modes, 97
troubleshooting, 29–38
Data acquisition, digital, 144–45
ratiometric, 54–56
techniques, 1–8
ADC conversion ladders, 3–4
ADC operating sequences, 4–6
BCD signal formats used in ADC/DAC circuits, 1
binary encoders, 3
DAC operating sequences, 6
flash ADCs, 6–8
four-bit systems, 3
high-speed ADCs, 6
parallel ADCs, 6–8
successive approximation (SAR) ADCs, 8
tracking ADCs, 8
Data framing, 189
ICs in, 228–31
low-power, 177–201
data-converter operation, 178–89
general description of ADC, 177–78
MAX192 applications information, 189–201
basics, 1–38
with built-in multiplexers, 57–58
codes, 49–51
complementary binary, 49
inverted binary, 49
natural binary, 49
offset binary, 50
sign plus magnitude, 51
two’s complement binary, 51
differential nonlinearity (DNL), 45–46
with external multiplexers, 57
monotonicity, 46–47
analog input ranges, 181–82
clock modes, 186
data framing, 189
external clocks, 186
input bandwidths, 181
input protection, 181–82
internal clocks, 186–89
pseudodifferential inputs, 179–80
quick-look circuits, 182–84
serial-interface DAC design, 94–96
starting a conversion, 184–85
track and hold (TIH) functions, 180–81
trimming errors, 44–45
Deintegration; See also Integration
first, 223
second, 223
second X10, 223
third, 223
AC signal processing, 62
characteristics, 39–51
circuit applications with multiplying DACs, 160–66
considerations, 53–63
conversion speed, 61–62
data acquisition with ADCs, 131–59
absolute conversions, 136
analog input overvoltage protection, 146–47
buffering considerations, 142–44
differential analog inputs, 141–42
digital data acquisition, 144–45
eliminating input gain, adjustments, 137–39
expanding analog input channels, 139–40
filtering analog inputs, 150
functional descriptions, 134–35
input considerations, 145–46
interfacing 6800-type microprocessors, 157–59
interfacing 8080-type microprocessors, 153–54
interfacing NSC800 micro-processors, 156–57
interfacing Z80-type microprocessors, 154–56
microprocessor interface considerations, 150–53
microprocessor-controlled gain, 147–48
parallel interfaces, 159
ratiometric conversions, 135
sample-and-hold (S/H) operations, 148–50
signal conditioning, 147
using references as supplies, 136–37
digital control signals, 53–54
clock signals, 54
start conversion (SC), 53
interfacing, 58–61
electrical isolation with opto-coupling, 59–61
serial, 59
multichannel conversion, 56–57
built-in multiplexers, 57–58
external multiplexers, 57
noise problems, 62
practical layouts, 63
separate power supplies, 63
single-point grounding, 63
ratiometric data conversion, 54–56
references for ADCs and DACs, 123–28
simplified, 123–75
tracklhold (TH) functions, 58
unusual ADC applications, 128–31
voltage references, 54–56
Detectors, low-battery, 211–12
Differential analog inputs, 141–42
Digital circuits, 30
Digital controls, 20
signals, 53–54
sine-wave generators with, 161–62
Digital data acquisition, 144–45
Digital feedthrough, 121–22
Digital inputs, 99
Digital multimeters, input protection for, 224
Digital output codes, 26
Digital potentiometers, 166–67
Digital probes, 30
Digital troubleshooting sequences, 31
Digitally controlled filters, 165–66
Diode measurements, 209–10
Distortion, total harmonic, 76–77
DMMs (digital multimeters), single-chip, 203–31
A/D section, 205–8
active filters, 210–11
application notes, 224–26
external AC-DC converters, 225
hold modes, 224
input protection, 224
PC board layouts, 225–26
sleep modes, 224
beeper drivers, 211
component selection, 218–20
active filters, 219
attenuator compensation capacitors, 220
attenuator networks, 220
crystal oscillators, 219–20
integration capacitors, 218–19
integration resistors, 218
microprocessors, 220
PTC resistors, 220
conversion methods, 220–24
first deintegration phases, 223
integration phases, 220
results counters, 223–24
second deintegration phases, 223
second Xl0 deintegration, 223
sequence counters, 223–24
third deintegration, 223
times-l0 (X10) phases, 223
digital interfaces, 212–18
control bits, 215–18
MAX133 digital interfaces, 212–14
MAX1331134 digital interfaces, 214
MAX134 digital interfaces, 212
output bits, 214
diode measurements, 209–10
ICs in data-acquisition systems, 228–31
converting X2 to 40-mV full scale, 230
disabling active filters, 230–31
nonstandard voltage ranges, 228–29
operations at miscellaneous clock frequencies, 230
ratiometric measurements, 229–30
unipolar operations, 229
input range switching, 208–9
low-battery detectors, 211–12
ohms measurements, 209–10
oscillator drivers, 211
power supplies, 211–12
software notes, 226–27
autoranging, 226
BCD to binary conversions, 226–28
reducing conversion noises, 226
system considerations, 203–12
Drift, long-term, 47–48
beeper, 211
oscillator, 211
DVMs (digital volt-meters), 51
EC (expansion control), 134
8080-type microprocessors, interfacing, 153–54
Encoders, binary, 3
Endpoint-fit approach, 41
Errors, 42–45
data converter, 42–45
gain, 43
hysteresis, 44
offset, 44
quantizing, 42–43
resolution, 42–43
scale, 43
trimming data-converter, 44–45
External clocks, 186
External references, 111–12
Fault protection, 57
analog, 121–22
digital, 121–22
FFs (flip-flops), 4
Filtering analog inputs, 150
digitally controlled, 165–66
disabling active, 230–31
single, 57
First deintegration phases, 223
Flash ADCs, 6–8
Formats, data, 98–99
4-bit microprocessor interfaces, 115–16
Four-bit systems in the conversion process, 3
Frequencies, clock, 230
reset, 112
adjust, 197
amplifiers with digitally-controlled, 164–65
eliminating adjustments, 137–39
errors, 43
microprocessor-controlled, 147–48
Generators, sine-wave, 161–62
Glitches, 48–49
Ground connections, 31
Grounding, single-point, 63
Hardware power-down, 194
High-current controllers, 172–73
High-voltage outputs, 171–72
Hold modes, 224
Hysteresis errors, 44
ICs (integrated circuits), 1
converters, 1–38
in data-acquisition systems, 228–31
typical DAC, 8–18
Impedance, input, 49
INL (integral nonlinearity), 75
bipolar, 29
circuits, 12–13
considerations, 145–46
differential analog, 141–42
digital, 99
filtering analog, 150
impedance, 49
output signals, 37
protection for digital multi-meters, 224
pseudodifferential, 179–80
unipolar, 26–28
Inputs range switching, 208–9
Integration; See also Deintegration
capacitors, 218–19
phases, 220
resistors, 218
4-bit microprocessor, 115–16
8-bit microprocessor, 116–17
16-bit microprocessor, 116–17
microprocessor, 150–53
serial, 70–75
Microwire, 79
parallel, 159
parallel logic, 113–15
QSPI, 79–81
serial, 97–98
SPI, 79
typical ADC IC T/H (track-and-hold), 26
typical video, 91
Interfacing 6800-type micro-processors, 157–59
Interfacing 8080-type micro-processors, 153–54
Interfacing, microprocessor, 99–102
Interfacing NSC800 micro-processors, 156–57
Interfacing Z80-type micro-processors, 154–56
Internal clocks, 186–89
Internal references, 110
noises, 110
typical ADC IC, 24–25
Inverted binary, 49
ADC conversion, 3–4
R-2R, 108–9
PC-board, 121
physical, 23–24
Log amplifiers, 164
Logic probes, 30
Logic pulsers, 31
Low-level signals, direct encoding of, 130
Low-power data-acquisition systems, 177–201
McGraw-Hill Circuit Encyclopedia & Troubleshooting Guide, , 150
Masks, software, 21
MAXI87/189, using, 81–82
bypassing, 197
external versus internal references, 196
full versus fast power-down, 195–96
gain adjust, 197
grounding, 197
hardware power-down, 194
interfacing with QSPI, 198
interfacing with TMS320, 298–91
layout, 197
power consumption with fast power-down, 195
power consumption with full power-down, 194–95
power-down modes, 191–94
power-on resets, 191
reference-buffer compensation, 191
software power-down, 194
transfer functions, 197
diode, 209–10
ohms, 209–10
Microprocessors, 220
controlled gain, 147–48
convert-start timing with, 22
read timing with, 22
interface considerations, 150–53
4-bit, 115–16
8-bit, 116–17
16-bit, 116–17
interfacing, 99–102
interfacing 6800-type, 157–59
interfacing 080-type, 153–54
interfacing NSC800, 156–57
interfacing Z80-type, 154–56
clock, 186
hold, 224
power-down, 191–94
sleep, 224
Modulation, digitally programmable pulse-width, 162–64
Multichannel conversion, 56–57
Multimeters, input protection for digital, 224
Multiplication, four-quadrant, 120
Multipliers, capacitance, 170–71
MUX (multiplexers), 131
data-converters with built-in, 57–58
data-converters with external, 57
Natural binary, 49
R-2R ladder, 108–9
and ADC references, 63
internal references, 110
problems, 62–63
reducing conversion, 226
Nonmonotonic converters, 47
Nonstandard voltage ranges, 228–29
NOP (no operation), 21
NRZL (nonreturn-to-zero level), 1–2
NRZM(nonreturn-to-zero-mark), 1–2
NSC800 microprocessors, interfacing, 156–57
Nyquist frequencies, 76
Offset binary, 50
Offset errors, 44
Ohms measurements, 209–10
bipolar, 119
unipolar, 117–19
Opto-coupling, electrical isolation with, 59–61
crystal, 219–20
drivers, 211
bits, 214
buffer-amplifiers, 110
circuits, 13–15
codes, digital, 26
coding control, 88–89
data formats, 20–21
drives, 49
high-voltage, 171–72
unipolar, 104
Overshoot, 48–49
Overvoltage protection, analog input, 146–47
Parallel interfaces, 159
Parallel logic interfaces, 113–15
first deintegration, 223
integration, 220
second deintegration, 223
times-10 (X10), 223
POR (power-on reset) circuits, internal, 112
Potentiometers, digital, 166–67
Power connections, 31
with fast power-down, 195
with full power-down, 194–95
digital multimeters, 211–12
rejection, 49
full versus fast, 195–96
hardware, 194
modes, 191–94
power consumption with fast, 195
power consumption with full, 194–95
software, 194
Power-on resets, 191
digital, 30
logic, 30
noise, 62
single-supply, 120–21
Programmable amplifiers, 57
Pseudodifferential inputs, 179–80
PTC resistors, 220
Pulse-width modulation, digitally programmable, 162–64
Pulsers, logic, 31
R-2R ladder networks, 108–9
nonstandard voltage, 228–29
switching, input, 208–9
conversion, 47
slew, 47
Ratiometric conversions, 135
Ratiometric data conversion, 54–56
Ratiometric measurements, 229–30
Read timing with microprocessor control, 22
for ADCs and DACs, 123–28
with 1-ppm/°C performance, 127–28
with 20 ppm/°C performance, 125–27
amplifier compensation, 12
buffer compensation, 191
external, 111–12
external versus internal, 196
noises, internal, 110
voltage, 54–56
voltage requirements, 85–88
functions, 112
power-on, 191
signals, 31–32
Residue-multiplication conversion schemes, 205
integration, 218
Resolution, 39–40
defined, 39
errors, 42–43
Results counters, 223–24
RF applications, 104–5
RZ (return-to-zero), 1–2
SIH (sample-and-hold) operations, 148–50
SAR (successive approximation) ADCs, 8
SC (start conversion), 53
Scale errors, 43
Second deintegration phases, 223
Second Xl0 deintegration, 223
Sequence counters, 223–24
to-parallel conversions, 81
Servo systems, closed-loop, 47
chip-select, 31–32
conditioning, 147
digital control, 53–54
direct encoding of low-level, 130
input-output, 37
processing, AC, 62
reset, 31–32
start, 31–32
Simplified Design of Linear Power Supplies (Lenk), 8
SINAD (signal-to-noise plus distortion), 76
Sine-wave generators with digital controls, 161–62
Single filters, 57
Single supply operations, 168–69
Single-point grounding, 63
Single-supply problems, 120–21
6800-type microprocessors, interfacing, 157–59
Sleep modes, 224
Slew rates, 47
Software masks, 21
Software power-down, 194
Stand-alone operation, 22–23
Start signals, 31–32
currents, reducing, 71
operations, single, 168–69
using references as, 136–37
Switching, input range, 208–9
interfaces, 26
modes, 67–69
Tare compensations, 174–75
Temperature characteristics, 15–16
Terms, 39–51
THD (total harmonic distortion), 76–77
Third deintegration, 223
Times-l0 (XI0) phases, 223
Timing and control, 71–75
TMS320, interfacing with, 298–91
Transfer functions, 197
ADC/DAC, 29–38
DAC, 37–38
digital sequences, 31
Two’s complement binary, 51
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