Index
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References to figures are in italics.
12 AWG conductors, 44
12-2 AWG Romex, 45
14 AWG conductors, 44
14-3 AWG Romex, 44
Abandoned wiring, removing, 5–6
Ac motors, 109–111
Accessible, defined, 79–80
Adjustment factors, 90–92
AFCIs. See Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs)
Alternate energy systems, 263–264
foundations for wind turbines and solar PV arrays, 277–279
sun, 269–273
wind, 264–269
Alternating-current modules, 271
Aluminum terminations, special techniques for, 58–60
Ambient temperature correction factors, 90–91
Ammeters, 138–139
Ampacity:
defined, 289
and device ratings, 86–90
Amperes, 25
Amperes, defined, 289
Amprobe. See Ammeters
Amps. See Amperes
Antennas. See Satellite dish antennas
Apple laptops, 210–213
See also Computers
Appliances, 96–98
demand factors and loads for, 48–49
disconnecting means, 99
identification of, 98–102
isolating the defective component and repairing it, 167–168
nameplates, 98
See also Clothes dryers; Electric ranges; Refrigerators; Washing machines
Apprentices, 17
Arc faults, 1–2
avoiding, 2–4
protection, 76–78
Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs), 4–5
Armored cable. See Type AC cable
Arrays, 271
Astronomical time switches, 161
Asynchronous induction motors, 109
Atoms, 24
Automation, 249–256
Backup power, 257–258
fuel options, 261–262
and the National Electrical Code (NEC), 261
transfer switches, 258–261
Back-wiring option, 39
Baseboard heat units, 99
Bathrooms:
defined, 80
lighting, 164
Battery maintenance, laptops, 204
Bell boxes, 56
Bipolar photovoltaic arrays, 271
Blind boxes, 80
Blocking diodes, 271
Bonding, vs. grounding, 7
Box-fill calculations, 92–102
Breaker boxes, 34–36
main-lugs-only breaker boxes, 62
Building-integrated photovoltaics, 271
Butt set, 241
Cable, defined, 289
Cables:
12-2 AWG Romex, 45
14-3 AWG Romex, 44
defined, 290
Type AC, 77
Type MC, 76
Type SE, 57
Capacitance, defined, 289
Capacitive reactance, defined, 25
Ceiling fans, 165
Ceiling lights, 41
CGCIs. See Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs)
Charge controllers, 266
Circuit breakers, 34–36
Clamp-on ammeters, 138–139
Clothes closets:
defined, 80
light fixtures, 94–95
Clothes dryers, 48
clothes not drying, 179
drum won’t turn, 179–180
repairing, 178–179
Cogeneration, 273–275
Coils, defined, 291
Cold solder joints, 188
Color-coding, 81–83
for telephone lines, 241
Column C, 48–49
Commercial garages, 120–121
Commutation, 104–105
Commutators, 104
Component chillers, 188
Computers, 201–202
Apple laptops, 210–213
BIOS, 207
booting up, 207
clearing the cache, 207–208
design strategies, 202–204
divide and conquer, 208
fan problems, 209
firmware, 207
going inside, 205
laptop battery maintenance, 204
malware, 206
power-on self-test (POST), 209
program conflicts, 208
troubleshooting, 208–210
USB cables, 237–238
viruses, 205–206
Concealed, defined, 80
Concealed wiring, vs. exposed wiring, 31–32
Concentric cable. See Type SE cable
Conductors:
12 AWG conductors, 44
14 AWG conductors, 44
defined, 291
for general wiring, 88–90
placing, 2
Type THHN copper conductors, 57, 66
Conduit bends, 153
Conduit body, defined, 291, 292
Continuous dimmer switches, 162
Continuous duty, defined, 291
Correction factors, 90–92
Counting, 187
CSMA/CD, 228
Current, 26
defined, 291
Cycles, 110
Dedicated equipment space, 74–75
Deficiencies, commonly found by inspectors, 20–21
Demand factor:
for appliances, 48–49
defined, 292
lighting load demand factors, 49
Designing the service, 52–53
Device ratings, 86–90
Devices, defined, 292
Diagonal cutters, 142–143, 150
Diesel fuel, 261
Digital volt milliammeters (DVMs), 135–138
continuous dimmer switches, 162
stepped dimmer switches, 162
Diodes, defined, 293
Directory, filling out, 36
Disconnecting means, 267–268, 272
Diversion charge controllers, 266
Door switches, 161
Dual in-line packages (DIPs), 196
Dumbwaiters, 123
See also Special equipment
Edison, Thomas, 109
Electric ranges, 168–172
Electric shock. See Shock
Electric vehicles:
charging, 78
charging systems, 123–124
Electric welders, 123–124
Electrical metallic tubing (EMT), 127–128, 156–157
Electrolytic capacitors, 183, 186–187
Electrons, 23–24
Elevators, 123
See also Special equipment
EMT. See Electrical metallic tubing (EMT)
Entrance panels, 32–38
Equipment-grounding conductors, defined, 293
Escalators, 123
See also Special equipment
Ethernet, 228–229
pin-outs, 236–237
Exhaust, 261–262
Exposed wiring, vs. concealed wiring, 31–32
Feeders:
defined, 293
sizing, 46–48
Ferraris, Galileo, 113
Fire alarm systems, 5–6
Fires, how electrical fires start, 1–2
Firmware, 207
Fittings, defined, 293
Flat screen TVs, 198–201
Flexible cords, 40
Flexible metal conduit (FMC), 128–129
Fluorescent lighting, 162, 163
bulbs, 28
maintenance, 165–166
Flux, 192–193
See also Soldering
FMC. See Flexible metal conduit (FMC)
Forward bias, 186
Fountains, 124–126
Fuel cells, 280
Fuses, 34
Gable-cable aerial service, 62, 67
Gable-conduit service, 67
Garage door controllers, 252
Gasoline, 261
General lighting, 162
Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), 11–14, 56–57
NEC changes regarding protection for personnel, 75
testing, 135
Grounding, 14
vs. bonding, 7
and the breaker, 8
satellite dish antennas, 226
Grounding conductors, 7, 37, 83–84
Grounding electrode conductors, defined, 294
Grounding electrodes, defined, 294
Grounding-electrode systems, 63–66
Guys, 266
High-intensity discharge (HID) lighting, 162
Home automation hub, 250
Home automation receptacle, 256
Homeowners, and licensing, 18
Hybrid step motors, 108
Impedance, 25–28
In phase, 111
Incandescent lighting, 162
Inductance:
defined, 294
mutual inductance, 230
self-inductance, 230–231
Induction motor, 113
Inductive reactance, defined, 25
In-line switches, 41–42
Inspections, 15
common deficiencies, 20–21
Inspectors, 18–19
making a good first impression, 19–21
Insteon, 254–256
Intermittents, 188
Intersystem bonding termination, defined, 294, 295
Inverter output circuits, 266
Inverters, 275
ITE Circuit Breaker Company, 37
Journeymen, 17
Kirchoff’s current law, 26
defined, 80
lighting, 164
Labor-saving tips, 150–156
Lamp sockets:
plug-in, 131–132
Lamps, 162
LANs, 228
Laptops, 210–213
battery maintenance, 204
See also Computers
Laundry, circuits, 48
Lavet step motors, 108
Lead detectors, 250
Learning the trade, 149–150
LEDs. See Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
LFMC. See Liquidtight flexible metal conduit (LFMC)
LFNC. See Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit (LFNC)
Licensing, 17–19
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 162, 286
flat screen TVs, 198
astronomical time switches, 161
bathrooms, 164
battery-powered emergency lights, 161
ceiling fan lights, 165
continuous dimmer switches, 162
control, 159–164
door switches, 161
fluorescent, 162, 163, 165–166
general lighting, 162
high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting, 162
incandescent, 162
kitchens, 164
lamps, 162
light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 162, 286
lumens, 162
motion sensors, 161
multilevel lighting control, 162
in other rooms, 164–165
outdoor, 165
pendant, 162
photovoltaic (PV) sensors, 161
recessed, 163
stepped dimmer switches, 162
timers, 161
Lineman’s pliers, 143
Liquid propane gas (LPG), 261, 262
Liquidtight flexible metal conduit (LFMC), 127
Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit (LFNC), 127
Live power, 42
Load center, 62
Loads:
for appliances, 48–49
continuous loads, 48
general lighting loads by occupancy, 46–47
noncoincident loads, 48
Local-area networks, 228
Low-noise blocks (LNBs), 223
Lumens, 162
Luminaires, 94–96
See also Lighting
Macbooks, 210–213
main bonding jumpers, defined, 296
main disconnects, defined, 296
main-lugs-only breaker boxes, 62
Malware, 206
Masters, 17
Masthead service, construction, 61
Maximum output power, 266
Maximum voltage, 266
Metal-clad cable. See Type MC cable
Meters:
reverse metering, 274
smart meters, 281, 282, 285–288
Milliammeters, high-impedance vs. low-impedance, 135
Mobile homes, 121–122
Modules, 271
Molded-case switches, defined, 296
Monopole subarrays, 271
Motion detectors. See Motion sensors
Motor generators, 275
Motors:
ac motors, 109–111
asynchronous induction motors, 109
fundamentals, 103–105
NEC Article 430, 102–103
pony motors, 112
servomotors, 109
stepper motors, 107–108
synchronous induction motors, 109, 112
three-phase power, 113–117
universal motors, 117–119
what makes a dc motor turn, 105–107
Moving walks, 123
See also Special equipment
Multilevel lighting control, 162
Multiwire branch circuits, 84–86
Mutual inductance, 230
Nacelle, 267
Nail penetration, 2
See also Arc faults
National Electrical Code (NEC), 15–17
ampacities and device ratings, 86–90
arc-fault protection, 76–78
backup power and, 261
bare and green wires, 83–86
box-fill calculations, 92–102
color-coding, 81–83
conductors for general wiring, 88–90
correction and adjustment factors, 90–92
definitions, 79–81
National Electrical Code (NEC) (Cont.):
electric vehicle charging systems and welders, 123–124
motors, motor circuits, and controllers (Article 430), 102–103
overview, 73–74
placing conductors, 2
solar cell system mandates, 272–273
special equipment, 122–123
special occupancies, 119–122
swimming pools and fountains, 124–126
temporary installations, 122
working space requirements, 80–81, 82
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 16
National Television System Committee (NTSC), 181–182
NEC. See National Electrical Code (NEC)
Needle-nose pliers, 140–141
Neon test lights, 9–11, 132–134, 184
defined, 296
Neutral conductors, defined, 296, 297
Neutrons, 23–24
NFPA. See National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Noncoincident loads, 48
Ohms, defined, 25
Ohm’s law wheel, 30
Oscilloscopes, 187–188
Outdoor lighting, 165
Outlets:
vs. receptacles, 39
required, 87
Overcurrent devices, defined, 297
Panels, 271
Pendant lights, 162
Periodic chart of the elements, 24
Permanent-magnet step motors, 108
Photovoltaic (PV) sensors, 161
Photovoltaic (PV) solar systems, 281–282
Photovoltaic output circuits, 271
Photovoltaic power sources, 271
Photovoltaic source circuits, 271
Photovoltaic system voltage, 271
Planning, 145–146
quality work, 146–148
Platform lifts, 123
See also Special equipment
PLCs. See Programmable-logic controllers (PLCs)
Point of connection, 51–52
Pony motors, 112
Power, defined, 298
Printed circuit boards:
clearing plugged holes, 195–196
removing a defective integrated circuit, 196–197
repairing, 194–195
See also Soldering
Programmable-logic controllers (PLCs), 251–252
Protons, 23–24
PVC. See Rigid polyvinyl chloride conduit (PVC)
Quadratic mean, 111
Qualified persons, 267
Quality work:
labor-saving tips, 150–156
learning the trade, 149–150
planning, 146–148
service to finished installation, 145–146
Raceways, 233
bonding, 55–56
defined, 298
Rat holes, 279
Rated power, 267
Reactance, 25–28
defined, 298
Readily accessible, defined, 79–80
Receptacles:
height of, 37
home automation receptacle, 256
maximum number of, 40
maximum receptacle ratings for various size circuits, 40
outdoor dwelling units, 78
vs. outlets, 39
outlets in basements, garages, and dwelling units, 78
ratings for various size circuits, 86–90
wet-location, 78–79
Recessed lighting, 163
Rectification, 293
condensers, 173
diffuser valves, 173–174
door switch problems, 174–-175
evaporators, 173
icemakers, 175
power supplies, 174
Residential work, 32
wiring the box, 32–38
wiring the devices, 38–40
Resolution, 108
Reverse bias, 186
Reverse metering, 274
Rigid metal conduit (RMC), 68, 126
Rigid polyvinyl chloride conduit (PVC), 127
Root mean square, 111
Safety issues, 14
See also Grounding
Satellite dish antennas, 221–222
anatomy of the system, 222–226
getting a good signal, 226–228
grounding the system, 226
See also Televisions
Screw penetration, 2
See also Arc faults
Screwdrivers, 141–142
Self-exciting motors, 112
Self-inductance, 230–231
Self-sustaining electrical systems, 281–283
See also Photovoltaic (PV) solar systems
Semiconductors, defined, 298, 299
Service:
building a service, 60–61
building the temporary service, 53–55
defined, 298
designing, 52–53
to finished installation, 145–146
masthead service construction, 61
underground services, 69–71
variations, 61–63
Service drops, defined, 299, 300
Servomotors, 109
Shock, 7
hazards in old equipment, 170
Sill plates, 70
Sine waves, 110–111
Slip, 113
Smart meters, 281, 282, 285–288
objections to, 287–288
Smoke detectors, 5–6
Solar cells, 271
Solar photovoltaic systems, 271
Solar power systems, 269–273
foundations for solar PV arrays, 277–279
Solder sucker, 195
Solder wick, 195
Soldering:
cold solder joints, 188
flux, 192–193
how to gauge the heat, 193–194
how to tin a soldering-iron tip, 191
making good solder joints, 189–191
See also Printed circuit boards
Solenoid voltage testers, 134–135
Sonotubes, 278–279
Special equipment, 122–123
Special occupancies, 119–122
Sprinkler systems, 6
Square D, 37
Square waves, 110–111
Stairway lifts, 123
See also Special equipment
Standby systems. See Backup power
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, 113
Stepped dimmer switches, 162
Stepper motors, 107–108
See also Motors
Stripping wires, 38–39
Subarrays, 271
Submersible well pumps:
advantages of, 215–220
troubleshooting, 213–215
Suction pumps, 214
Sulfation, 276–277
Supervised fire alarm systems, 5–6
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), 287
Surveillance cameras, 253
Swimming pools, 124–126
Switch loops, 41–42
three-way switch loop configuration, 45–46
Switched power, 42
Switches, 41–43
dimmer switches, 46
wiring three- and four-way switches, 43–45
Synchronous induction motors, 109, 112–113
Synchronous inverters, 275
Telephones:
bad receiver cord, 245
can’t dial out, 245–246
color codes for telephone lines, 241
diagnosing common problems, 243–245
extensions, 238–241
noise on the line, 246–247
tools for telephone work, 241–243
Televisions:
color TV protocols, 181–182
component chillers, 188
flat screen TVs, 198–201
hazards, 182–184
intermittent faults, 188
preliminary diagnoses, 184–188
printed circuit boards, 194–197
soldering, 189–194
See also Satellite dish antennas
Temperature correction factors, 90–91
Temporary installations, 122
Temporary service, 53–55
Terminations:
improperly torqued, 2–3
special techniques for aluminum terminations, 58–60
terminating UTP cable, 235–236
Test equipment, 131–139
Testing installations, 9–11
T-handle tool, 219
Thin-film solar PV cells, 270
Three-phase power, 113–117
Three-wire, two-voltage systems, 35–36
Timers, 161
Tinning a soldering tip, 191
Tone generator, 242
Tools:
for electrical installation, 139–144
for telephone work, 241–243
test equipment, 131–139
T-handle tool, 219
Transfer switches, 258–261
defined, 299
Transformers, defined, 301, 302
Transistors, defined, 301, 302
Travelers, 43
TV. See Televisions
Twisting of data conductors, 229–231
Type SE cable, 57
Type THHN copper conductors, 57, 66
Unclassified locations, 119
Underground installations, 88
Underground services, 69–71
Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 37
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), defined, 301, 303
Universal motors, 117–119
See also Motors
Unshielded twisted pair. See UTP
USB cables, 237–238
Utility-interactive inverters, defined, 301, 303
how twisting of data conductors helps, 229–231
Valence, 24–25
Valence shell, 24
Voltage, 26–27
defined, 304
Voltmeters, 27
high-impedance vs. low-impedance, 135
Volt-ohm milliammeters (VOMs), 135–138
Volts, defined, 25
Wall boxes, 37–38
Wand, 242
Washing machines, 175–178
Water supplies. See Submersible well pumps
Watertight connectors, 57–58
Watts, 26
defined, 304
Welders, 123–124
Westinghouse, George, 109–110
Wet-location receptacles, 78–79
Wiggie. See Solenoid voltage testers
Wild alternating current, 264
Wind energy systems, 264–269
foundations for wind turbines, 277–279
Wind-turbine output circuits, 267
Wire transposition, 231
choosing the medium, 233–235
Ethernet pin-outs, 236–237
how it works, 231–232
precautions, 232–233
terminating UTP cable, 235–236
Wiring:
concealed vs. exposed, 31–32
removing abandoned wiring, 5–6
Wiring methods and materials, 88
Wiring the box, 32–38
Wiring the devices, 38–40
Woodworking shops, 121
Working space requirements, 80–81, 82
YouTube videos, 149