Index

A

Acceptor substitution, 213, 215

Aharonov-Bohm effect, 9

Atomic layer disposition

advantages, 19

applications, 19, 20

deposition rates, 22

disadvantages, 22

nano-scale structure fabrications, use in, 20

overview, 17–18

quantum wells with, 22

self-limiting effect, 18–19

superlattices with, 22

ultra-conformal films, of, 19

Austin Model 1 (AM1) method, 135, 152, 196

B

Beam propagation method, 161, 163, 169, 174, 219, 262, 275

D

Differential scanning calorimetry, 196

E

Electric-field-assisted growth of MLD

advantages of, 98

EL waveguides. with, 207

insolubility of films, 96, 98

overview, 94–96

substrate temperature dependence, 96, 97t

transmission spectra, 98

Electro-optic (EO) materials

characterization for the Pockels effect in organic thin films, 184–186

conjugated, 183

MNA thin-film crystal. See MNA thin-film crystal

organic elements, 183

poled polymers, 183, 184, 197, 199

polymer wires. See Electro-optic (EO) polymer wires

polymide. See EO polymide

styrylpyridinium cyanine dye (SPCD) thin-film crystals. See Styrylpyridinium cyanine dye (SPCD) thin-film crystals

waveguides. See EO waveguides

Electro-optic (EO) polymer wires

acceptor substitution, 213, 215

evaluation of, 133–137

integrated optical switches, use in, 157

molecular orbital method, 125–128

nonlinear optical effects. See Nonlinear optical effects

refractive index, 157–158

seed core use, 179–180

Electrochromism in WO_x thin films, 37–38

Electronic waves, 7–9

EO polymide, 199–200

optical switches utilizing, 200–201

three-dimensional optical switches, in, 202, 204–205

waveguides, 202

EO waveguides

epoxy-amine polymers, of, 207–209

fabrication via electric-field-assisted growth, 206–207

overview, 206

poly-AM, relationship between. See Polyazomethine

F

Finite difference time domain method, 174, 177, 262, 316

Flip-chip bonding, 236–237

Functional organic devices using MLD-grown wires, 101

H

High-electron-mobility transistors, 15

High-index contrast nano-scale waveguides, 280–281

Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), 135

conjugated polymer wires in, 152f

multidye sensitization, use in, 289

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface treatment of glass substrates, 84, 85

I

Integrated optical switches

EO materials, use of, 157–158

overview, 157

polymer MQDs, use of, 173

ring resonator type. See Ring resonator optical switches

VWOIC type. See Variable well optical ICS (VWOICS)

waveguide prism detectors (WPD) type. See Waveguide prism detectors (WPD)

Integrated photoluminiscence analysis chips, 342–343

Integrated photonic/electronic/chemical system (IPECS)

fluidic circuits, 312

structure, 311–312

technology of, 311–312

Integrated solar energy conversion systems

concept, 310–311

conventional systems, versus, 310

integrated photonic/electronic/chemical system (IPECS). See Integrated photonic/electronic/chemical system (IPECS)

overview, 310

K

Kerr effect, 131, 148, 157, 167

L

Large-scale integrated circuits, 215

Lattices. See also Superlattices

distortion, caused by electron hopping, 45

structure of, with small-polaron absorption, 42f

Light beam collecting films, 313–315

built-in mask method, 330

design of, 315–316

efficiency issues, 320, 321–322, 324, 325, 328

PL-Pack with SORT, 330

similation model, 316–317

tapered horizontal, 316, 317

tapered vertical, 316, 317

waveguides, 316, 319–320, 328

Light waves

electronic waves, similarity to, 7–9

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), 135

conjugated polymer wires, in, 152f

multidye sensitization, with, 289

M

Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 9, 157, 161, 208, 212

MNA thin-film crystal

electron distributions, 195–197

EO phase retardation, 194

photoluminescence spectra, 195

Pockels effect, relationship between, 193–194

temperature changes, 194

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)

applications, 14, 17

conformality, lack of, 17

growth mechanism of, 12, 14

growth technologies, relationship to other, 17

quantum well, 15, 17

Molecular circuits

concept of, 105

molecular sequence controllability, 103

polymer wires, use of, 103, 105–106

Molecular layer deposition (MLD)

ABC process, three-strep, 60–61

advantages of, 50

applications, 3, 49, 56

cancer therapy using. See Photodynamic therapy using liquid-phase MLD

carrier gas-type, 53–56, 74

chemical reactions, utilizing, 49–50, 56–57

conjugated polymers, utilizing, 61

cost considerations, 100

description, 2, 49

domain-isolated, 77, 79, 81

electric-field-assisted growth. See Electric-field-assisted growth of MLD

electrostatic force, using, 50, 52, 62–63, 66

fluidic-circuit type, 56

functional organic devices, use with, 101

head-to-tail growth, 98–99

human body/medical applications, 56

in-situ synthesis of drugs within human body, 340

K-cell type, 53, 57

liquid-phase, 302, 337, 340. See also Photodynamic therapy using liquid-phase MLD

mass production of nanoscale devices, 100

molecular circuits, use with, 103, 105–106

molecular crystals, utilizing, 66–67

molecule groups, utilizing, 52–53

multiple-quantum dots, fabrication of. See Multiple quantum dots (MQDs), fabrication by MLD

nano-scale optical circuits. See Nano-scale optical circuits

p-type and n-type dye molecules, stacked structures of, 62–63, 66

polyimide, utilizing, 57–61

potential of, 3

seed cores, 3

seed-core assisted, 68, 74–77, 179

selective growth of polymer using patterned treatment, 82, 84–85

selective growth on atomic-scale anisotropic structures, 86–90, 92–94. See also Polymer wire alignment

self-assembled monolayers, from, 68–70

Molecular nano duplication, 173

Molecular orbital (MO) method, 125–128, 151

Molecular recognition chips, 343–344

Molecular-sensitive waveguides, 343, 344

Multidye sensitization, 287. See also Sensitized photovoltaic devices using multidye sensitization and polymer-MQD

Multiple quantum dots (MQDs), fabrication by MLD

arranging three kinds of wires, fabricating by, 117, 119–122, 124

arranging two kinds of wires, fabricating by, 113–117

conjugated polymer wires, in, 150–152

dimensionality, control of, 109, 111–113

molecular sequence control, 113

OE-ADLES, impact on, 260–262

one-dimensional systems, 111

polymer MQDs. See Polymer MQDs

shell shapes, 109

three-dimensional systems, 111

two-dimensional systems, 111

wavefunctions, 109, 111, 113, 124

Multiple quantum well light modulators, 15, 17

N

Nano-scale devices, mass production process using MLD, 100

Nano-scale optical circuits, 85

fabrication using Si waveguides, 215, 219

MLD, with combining MND, 102–103

photoinduced refractive index increase sol-gel materials. See Photoinduced refractive index increase sol-gel materials

photonic crystals. See Photonic crystals

polymer MQDs, use of, 179–180

ring resonators. See Ring resonator optical switches

Nonlinear optical effects, 128–131, 133

conjugated wire models with poly-AM backbones, 145–147, 213

guidelines for improving, 135–136

second-order, 135, 136–137, 142

third-order, 135–136, 137, 148–150

wavefunctions, controlling, 137–138, 148–150

wavefunctions, relationship to transition dipole moments, 144–145

wavefunctions, separation, 137

wavefunctions, shapes, 138–139, 141

wire lengths, effects of, 142, 144

O

OE amplifier/driver-less substrate (OE-ADLES), 258–259

PLZT, with, 260, 261

polymer MQDs, impact of, 260–262

OE-ADLES. See OE amplifier/driver-less substrate (OE-ADLES)

Optical circuits, three-dimensional

overview, 246–247

stacked waveguides with 45-degree mirrors, 247

waveguide films with vertical SOLNET waveguides, 249–250

Optical interconnects within boxes

box-to-box, 256

multilayer OE board and 3-D stacked OE multi-chip modules, 257–258

OE amplifier/driver-less substrate (OE-ADLES). See OE amplifier/driver-less substrate (OE-ADLES)

overview, 256–257

three-dimensional OE platform, 256

within-box, 256

Optical switches, three-dimensional, 202, 204–205

Optical waveguide films with vertical mirrors, 245–246

Optical-Z connections, 272–273

Optoelectronic large-scale integrated circuits, 85

Organic functional thin-film materials

carrier mobility, 1

dimensionality, 1

electron wavefunctions, 1

molecular layer deposition (MLD). See Molecular layer deposition (MLD)

resource issues, 1

synthesis, 1

P

Photodynamic therapy using liquid-phase MLD, 337–340

Photoinduced refractive index increase sol-gel materials

advantages, 215–216

core width reductions via, 219

faabrication process, 216–217

find three-dimensional structures for all-air-clad waveguides, 223–224

insolubility in A1 etchant, 223

linear waveguides, 217, 219–220

S-bending waveguides, 220–223

Y-branching waveguides, 220–223, 234

Photonic band gap, 177

Photonic crystals, 85

band gap, 177

energy bands, 177

energy gap, 177

light beam confinement, 178–179

simulation using FDTD method, 177–178

Photosynethsis devices, 330–331, 333–334

Photovoltaic devices

sensitized. See Sensitized photovoltaic devices using multidye sensitization and polymer-MQD

waveguide-types with a charge storage/photosynthesis function, 333–334

PL-Pack with SORT

3D-MOSS, use with, 264

advantages, 236–237

conventional flip-chip bonding, versus, 236–237

IPECS, use in, 312, 330

optical waveguide lenses, of, 242–244

polymer waveguide lenses, of, 240–242

process flow, 234–236

process simplicity, 239

resources savings achieved through, 237–238

thermal stress reduction, 239

usage, 234

Plasma vapor deposition (plasma CVD)

a-SiN_x:H/a-Si:H interface, 24–28, 30–31

amorphous superlattices, 23–24

overview, 23

Pockels effect, 130, 131, 133f, 134, 157, 162, 184–186, 188–191, 193

Poled polymers, 183, 184, 197, 199

Poly-AM. See Polyazomethine

Polyazomethine, 46, 68, 69, 209

conjugated wires with poly-Am backbones, 145–147

EO waveguides, 212–213

FTIR-RAS spectra, 74–75

growth via carrier gas-type organic CVD, 72f, 73–74

growth via seed cores, 74–77

MPDA, formation with, 211

quantum wire, 120, 122

refractive index, 211

TPA/PPDA film, absorption spectra of, 114, 115

Polydiacetylene (PDA) wires, 183

backbones, 145, 150

conjugated polymers, 61

desnity, 142

quantum dots formation, 151

Polymer film growth. See also specific growth methods

molecular gas flow, relationship between, 78–79

substrates used, 17

Polymer MQDs

3D MOSS, impact on, 280–281

large scale integrated optical interconnects, use in, 173

nano-scale optical switches, use in, 179–180

optical switch performances, impact on, 172–173

PV devices, use with sensitized. See Sensitized photovoltaic devices using multidye sensitization and polymer-MQD

Polymer wire alignment

applications, 94

birefringence induced by, 92–94

channel optical waveguide, 86–87

controlling, 86

growth process, 88–89

optical characterization, 89–90

patterned surface treatment concept, 88

vacuum evaporation, growth via, 87

Polymer wire, EO. See Electro-optic (EO) polymer wires

Q

Quantum corral, 12

Quantum mirage, 12

Quantum wells, 15, 17, 22

R

Ring resonator optical switches, 158–159

development, 174–176

finite difference time domain method, simulation via, 174

resonance condition, 176

wavelength filtering role, 176–177

Rotation-type domain-isolated MLD, 79, 81

S

Scanning tunneling microscopy

atomic manipulation process, 9, 11

potential energy, 9

quantum corral, 12

quantum mirage, 12

wavefunctions, detection of, 11

Self-assembled monolayers, 66

absorbance ratio, 75, 76

double reactions, 76

MLD from, 68–70

organic CVD from, 70–71

Self-limiting effect, 18–19

Self-organized lightwave network (SOLNET)

concept of, 224–225, 227–228

integrated photonic/electronic/chemical system (IPECS), use in, 312, 330

mode size mismatching, 227

offset in angle, 227

offset in position, 227

one-beam-writing, 227, 228

reflective, 228, 230–234, 340–342

three-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS), use with. See Three-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS)

two-beam-writing, 227–228, 229–230

Sensitized photovoltaic devices using multidye sensitization and polymer-MQD

concepts, 285, 287, 306–307

guided light configuration, 302, 304

n-type dye molecules, 292, 294, 297, 299, 301

normally incident light configuration, 302, 304

p-type dye molecules, 292, 294, 299, 301

p/n-stacked structures constructed by liquid-phase MLD, 302, 304–305

photocurrents, sensitization of, 294, 297, 299, 301

reflection spectrum, 294

spectral sensitization, 292–294, 301

surface potential measurements, 292, 293

waveguide type, 289–291, 307–309

Small-polaron absorption, 40–42, 43t, 45

Solar-beam tracking mechanisms, 310

SOLNET. See Self-organized lightwave network (SOLNET)

Sputtering

description, 37

rf reactive magnetron, 39

WO_x thin films, coloration efficiency, 38–46

WO_x thin films, electrochomism in, 37–38

Styrylpyridinium cyanine dye (SPCD) thin-film crystals

2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA), 193–197

birefringence, 187

EO coefficient matrix, 192–193

growth of, 187

measurement, 188

optical properties, 187–188

overview, 186–187

photoluminescence spectra, 187–188

Pockels effect, 188–191

SHG effciency, 192

Superlattices, 12, 14

a-SiN_x:H/a-Si:H Interface, 31–32

amorphous, 23–24

atomic later disposition, with, 22

electron-trapping states, 34–35

photocurrent decay, 34–35

plasma CVD, with, 23–24

T

Tetracyanoquinodimethane, 66, 67

Tetrathiafulvalene, 66, 67

Thin-film photovoltaic systems, 330, 332–333

Three-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS)

configurations, 263–264

Three-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS)

concept, 263–264

design, 262

electrical characteristics, 279

high-index contrast nano-scale waveguides, impact of, 280–281

insertion loss, 274–279

optical-switches, 273

optical-Z connections, 272–273

overview, 262

performance predictions, 274

polymer MQDs, impact of, 280–281

propagation losses, 275

size, 274–279

SOLNET implementation, 264–267, 276, 277, 279

structural model, 267–269, 271–272

structure, 262, 264

switching speed, 279

thickness, 277

Three-dimensional optoelectronic (OE) platform

3-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS). See Three-D micro optical switching system (3D-MOSS)

concept of, 255

S-FOLM, 255–256, 258

S-MOSS, 255

Train-type domain-isolated MLD, 79

U

Uncertainty principle, 17

V

Vacuum deposition polymerization

applications, 46

chemical vapor method, 46

film thickness of poly-AM, 73

methodology, 46

Variable well optical ICS (VWOICS), 158

3D-MOSS, use with, 273

design of, 161–162

electrodes, 159

stability, 161

voltage applications, 159

W

Ward’s expression, 133–134

Waveguide prism detectors (WPD), 158

2 x 2 switch, 164

3 x 3 switch, 164

3D-MOSS, use with, 273, 279

deflection angle, 164

diffraction angle, 164

electrodes, 158

integration issues, 173

Kerr effect design, 167

optical switches, 260

PLZT slab waveguide, use of, 174

Pockels effect, use of, 162

simulation procedure, Kerr, 167, 169, 172

simulation procedure, Pockels, 162–163

stability, 161

structural model, Kerr effect, 167–169

structural model, Pockels effect, 163–164

switching time, 165–167, 172

transmission efficiency, 172

waveguide lenses, 159

Z

Z-scheme electron transfer, 289