Pressure
by Christie John Geankoplis
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations) Fourth Edition
- Copyright
- About Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
- Preface
- Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, and Mass
- Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
- CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND SEPARATION PROCESSES (UNIT OPERATIONS)
- SI SYSTEM OF BASIC UNITS USED IN THIS TEXT AND OTHER SYSTEMS
- METHODS OF EXPRESSING TEMPERATURES AND COMPOSITIONS
- GAS LAWS AND VAPOR PRESSURE
- CONSERVATION OF MASS AND MATERIAL BALANCES
- ENERGY AND HEAT UNITS
- CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND HEAT BALANCES
- NUMERICAL METHODS FOR INTEGRATION
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Principles of Momentum Transfer and Overall Balances
- INTRODUCTION
- FLUID STATICS
- GENERAL MOLECULAR TRANSPORT EQUATION FOR MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND MASS TRANSFER
- VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS
- TYPES OF FLUID FLOW AND REYNOLDS NUMBER
- OVERALL MASS BALANCE AND CONTINUITY EQUATION
- OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
- OVERALL MOMENTUM BALANCE
- SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE AND VELOCITY PROFILE IN LAMINAR FLOW
- DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
- COMPRESSIBLE FLOW OF GASES
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Principles of Momentum Transfer and Applications
- FLOW PAST IMMERSED OBJECTS AND PACKED AND FLUIDIZED BEDS
- MEASUREMENT OF FLOW OF FLUIDS
- PUMPS AND GAS-MOVING EQUIPMENT
- AGITATION AND MIXING OF FLUIDS AND POWER REQUIREMENTS
- NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF CONTINUITY
- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER OR MOTION
- USE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF CONTINUITY AND MOTION
- OTHER METHODS FOR SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION
- BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW AND TURBULENCE
- DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN MOMENTUM TRANSFER
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer
- INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
- CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
- CONDUCTION THROUGH SOLIDS IN SERIES
- STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION AND SHAPE FACTORS
- FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE PIPES
- HEAT TRANSFER OUTSIDE VARIOUS GEOMETRIES IN FORCED CONVECTION
- NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
- BOILING AND CONDENSATION
- HEAT EXCHANGERS
- INTRODUCTION TO RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
- ADVANCED RADIATION HEAT-TRANSFER PRINCIPLES
- HEAT TRANSFER OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
- SPECIAL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
- DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN HEAT TRANSFER
- NUMERICAL METHODS FOR STEADY-STATE CONDUCTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer
- DERIVATION OF BASIC EQUATION
- SIMPLIFIED CASE FOR SYSTEMS WITH NEGLIGIBLE INTERNAL RESISTANCE
- UNSTEADY-STATE HEAT CONDUCTION IN VARIOUS GEOMETRIES
- NUMERICAL FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR UNSTEADY-STATE CONDUCTION
- CHILLING AND FREEZING OF FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
- DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF ENERGY CHANGE
- BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW AND TURBULENCE IN HEAT TRANSFER
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Principles of Mass Transfer
- Principles of Unsteady-State and Convective Mass Transfer
- UNSTEADY-STATE DIFFUSION
- CONVECTIVE MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
- MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS GEOMETRIES
- MASS TRANSFER TO SUSPENSIONS OF SMALL PARTICLES
- MOLECULAR DIFFUSION PLUS CONVECTION AND CHEMICAL REACTION
- DIFFUSION OF GASES IN POROUS SOLIDS AND CAPILLARIES
- NUMERICAL METHODS FOR UNSTEADY-STATE MOLECULAR DIFFUSION
- DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN MASS TRANSFER
- BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW AND TURBULENCE IN MASS TRANSFER
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
- Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations)
- Evaporation
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION METHODS
- OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN EVAPORATORS
- CALCULATION METHODS FOR SINGLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
- CALCULATION METHODS FOR MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATORS
- CONDENSERS FOR EVAPORATORS
- EVAPORATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
- EVAPORATION USING VAPOR RECOMPRESSION
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Drying of Process Materials
- INTRODUCTION AND METHODS OF DRYING
- EQUIPMENT FOR DRYING
- VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER AND HUMIDITY
- EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF MATERIALS
- RATE-OF-DRYING CURVES
- CALCULATION METHODS FOR CONSTANT-RATE DRYING PERIOD
- CALCULATION METHODS FOR FALLING-RATE DRYING PERIOD
- COMBINED CONVECTION, RADIATION, AND CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER IN CONSTANT-RATE PERIOD
- DRYING IN FALLING-RATE PERIOD BY DIFFUSION AND CAPILLARY FLOW
- EQUATIONS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF DRYERS
- FREEZE-DRYING OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
- UNSTEADY-STATE THERMAL PROCESSING AND STERILIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Stage and Continuous Gas–Liquid Separation Processes
- TYPES OF SEPARATION PROCESSES AND METHODS
- EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS BETWEEN PHASES
- SINGLE AND MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM CONTACT STAGES
- MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN PHASES
- CONTINUOUS HUMIDIFICATION PROCESSES
- ABSORPTION IN PLATE AND PACKED TOWERS
- ABSORPTION OF CONCENTRATED MIXTURES IN PACKED TOWERS
- ESTIMATION OF MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR PACKED TOWERS
- HEAT EFFECTS AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN ABSORPTION
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Vapor–Liquid Separation Processes
- VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS
- SINGLE-STAGE EQUILIBRIUM CONTACT FOR VAPOR–LIQUID SYSTEM
- SIMPLE DISTILLATION METHODS
- DISTILLATION WITH REFLUX AND McCABE–THIELE METHOD
- DISTILLATION AND ABSORPTION EFFICIENCIES FOR TRAY AND PACKED TOWERS
- FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION USING ENTHALPY–CONCENTRATION METHOD
- DISTILLATION OF MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Liquid–Liquid and Fluid–Solid Separation Processes
- INTRODUCTION TO ADSORPTION PROCESSES
- BATCH ADSORPTION
- DESIGN OF FIXED-BED ADSORPTION COLUMNS
- ION-EXCHANGE PROCESSES
- SINGLE-STAGE LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESSES
- TYPES OF EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN FOR LIQUID–LIQUID EXTRACTION
- CONTINUOUS MULTISTAGE COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION
- INTRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID–SOLID LEACHING
- EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONS AND SINGLE-STAGE LEACHING
- COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE LEACHING
- INTRODUCTION AND EQUIPMENT FOR CRYSTALLIZATION
- CRYSTALLIZATION THEORY
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Membrane Separation Processes
- INTRODUCTION AND TYPES OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES
- LIQUID PERMEATION MEMBRANE PROCESSES OR DIALYSIS
- GAS PERMEATION MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- COMPLETE-MIXING MODEL FOR GAS SEPARATION BY MEMBRANES
- COMPLETE-MIXING MODEL FOR MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES
- CROSS-FLOW MODEL FOR GAS SEPARATION BY MEMBRANES
- DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR COUNTERCURRENT AND COCURRENT FLOW FOR GAS SEPARATION FOR MEMBRANES
- DERIVATION OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE NUMERICAL METHOD FOR ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANES
- REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- APPLICATIONS, EQUIPMENT, AND MODELS FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS
- ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- MICROFILTRATION MEMBRANE PROCESSES
- PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
- Mechanical–Physical Separation Processes
- Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
- Gas Law Constant R
- Volume and Density
- Length
- Mass
- Standard Acceleration of Gravity
- Volume
- Force
- Pressure
- Power
- Heat, Energy, Work
- Thermal Conductivity
- Heat-Transfer Coefficient
- Viscosity
- Diffusivity
- Mass Flux and Molar Flux
- Heat Flux and Heat Flow
- Heat Capacity and Enthalpy
- Mass-Transfer Coefficient
- Temperature
- Physical Properties of Water
- Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
- Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials
- Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
- Notation
- About the Author
- Evaporation
- Index
A.1-8. Pressure
1 bar = 1 × 105 Pa (pascal) = 1 × 105 N/m2
1 psia = 1 lbf/in.2
1 psia = 2.0360 in. Hg at 0°C
1 psia = 2.311 ft H2O at 70°F
1 psia = 51.715 mm Hg at 0°C (ρHg = 13.5955 g/cm3)
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 1.01325 × 105 N/m2 = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 760 mm Hg at 0°C = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 1.01325 × 102 kPa
1 atm = 29.921 in. Hg at 0°C
1 atm = 33.90 ft H2O at 4°C
1 psia = 6.89476 × 104 g/cm · s2
1 psia = 6.89476 × 104 dyn/cm2
1 dyn/cm2 = 2.0886 × 10−3 lbf/ft2
1 psia = 6.89476 × 103 N/m2 = 6.89476 × 103 Pa
1 lbf/ft2 = 4.7880 × 102 dyn/cm2 = 47.880 N/m2
1 mm Hg (0°C) = 1.333224 × 102 N/m2 = 0.1333224 kPa
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