GLOSSARY

A

@font-face. A cascading style sheet (CSS) rule that allows fonts from a third-party website to be viewed with a user's browser, allowing designers to select fonts that may not be widely available.

ABA form. A design principle of form interrelationships, involving repetition and contrast.

Accents. Small marks over, under, or through a letterform, indicating specific punctuation or changes in stress.

Agate. A vertical unit used to measure space in newspaper columns, originally 5 1/2-point type. Fourteen agate lines equal approximately one inch.

Alignment. Precise arrangement of letterforms upon an imaginary horizontal or vertical line.

Alphabet length. Horizontal measure of the lowercase alphabet in a type font, used to approximate the horizontal measure of type set in that font.

Ampersand. A typographic character (&) representing the word and.

Antialiasing. The blurring of a jagged line or edge on a screen to give the appearance of a smooth line.

App. Abbreviation for mobile application. A self-contained program designed for mobile phones, tablets, and some computers that performs a specific task assigned by its developer.

Application program. Computer software used to create and modify documents.

Ascender. A stroke on a lowercase letter that rises above the meanline.

Aspect ratio. The ratio of an image, screen, or other medium's height to its width. Images will become distorted if forced into a different aspect ratio during enlargement, reduction, or transfers.

Auto-flow. A page-layout program setting for placing blocks of text from page to page without user intervention.

Auto-runaround. A page-layout program feature that flows text smoothly around graphics or headlines placed within the normal text area.

B

Backslant. Letterforms having a diagonal slant to the left.

Baseline. An imaginary horizontal line upon which the base of each capital letter rests.

Bezier curves. A type of curve with nonuniform arcs and defined by specifying control points that set the shape of the curve. Used to create letter shapes and other vector graphics.

Binary code. Number system using two digits: zero and one.

Bit. Contraction of binary digit, which is the smallest unit of information that a computer can hold. The value of a bit (1 or 0) represents a two-way choice, such as yes or no, on or off, positive or negative.

Bitmap. A computerized image made up of dots. These are “mapped” onto the screen directly from corresponding bits in memory.

Body size. The depth of a piece of metal type, usually measured in points.

Body type. Text material, usually set in sizes from 6 to 12 points. Also called text type.

Boldface. Type with thicker, heavier strokes than the regular font.

Byte. Unit of computer information. The number of bits used to represent a character. For personal computers, a byte is usually eight bits.

C

Cap height. The height of the capital letters, measured from the baseline to the capline.

Capitals. Letters larger than, and often differing from, the corresponding lowercase letters. Also called uppercase.

Capline. An imaginary horizontal line defined by the height of the capital letters.

Caps. See Capitals.

Caption. A title, explanation, or description accompanying an illustration or photograph.

Character. A symbol, sign, or mark in a language system.

Character count. The number of characters in a block of text. In typography, spaces are counted but other nonprinting characters usually are not.

Chase. A heavy metal frame into which metal type is locked for proofing or printing.

Cicero. A European typographic unit of measure, approximately equal to the American pica.

Cold type. Type that is set by means other than casting molten metal. A term most frequently used to indicate strike-on composition rather than photo or digital typesetting.

Colophon. An inscription, frequently placed at the end of a book, that contains facts about its production.

Column guide. Nonprinting lines that define the location of columns of type.

Comp. See Comprehensive layout.

Compensation. In visual organization, the counterbalancing of elements.

Composing stick. An adjustable handheld metal tray used to hold handset type as it is being composed.

Comprehensive layout. An accurate representation of a printed piece showing all type and pictures in their size and position. Comps are used to evaluate a design before producing final type and artwork.

Condensed. Letterforms whose horizontal width has been compressed.

Connotation. An idea that communicates implicit meaning and encourages associations based on personal experience.

Consonance. In design, harmonious interaction between elements.

Copyfitting. Calculating the area that will be occupied by a given manuscript when set in a specified size and style of type.

Counter. The space enclosed by the strokes of a letterform.

Counterform. Negative spatial area defined and shaped by letterforms, including both interior counters and spaces between characters.

CSS. Abbreviation for cascading style sheets. A style-sheet language used to describe the look and format of web pages, including typography specifications.

Cursive. Typestyles that imitate handwriting, although often with letters that do not connect.

Cut-off rules. Rules used to separate pages into various units, such as advertisements or news stories.

D

Dazzle. A visual effect caused by extreme contrast in the strokes of letterforms.

Denotation. An idea that communicates objective meaning and is based on facts learned from collective experience.

Descender. A stroke on a lowercase letterform that falls below the baseline.

Digital type. Type stored electronically as digital dot or stroke patterns rather than as photographic images.

Display type. Type sizes 14 points and above, used primarily for headlines and titles.

Dissolve. A transition used in film in which the subject gradually changes into a new image.

Dissonance. In design, visual tension and contrast between typographic elements.

Dithering. A technique of making different colors for adjacent dots or pixels to give the illusion of a third color; for example, a printed field of alternating cyan and yellow dots appears green. Dithering gives the effect of shades of gray on a black-and-white display or the effect of more colors on a color display.

Dot-matrix printer. A printer that forms characters out of a pattern of dots; many have pins that strike against an inked ribbon to transfer the pattern of dots making up each character onto paper.

Dots per inch (dpi). A measure of the resolution of a screen image or printed page. Dots are also known as pixels.

Drop initial. A display letterform set into the text. Also called drop cap.

E

Egyptian. Typefaces characterized by slab-like serifs similar in weight to the main strokes.

Elite. A size of typewriter type approximately equal to 10-point typography.

Ellipses. Three dots used to indicate an omission in quoted material.

Em. The square of the body size of any type, used as a unit of measure. In some expanded or condensed faces, the em is also expanded or condensed from the square proportion.

Em dash. A dash one em long. Also called a long dash.

Em leader. Horizontal dots or dashes with one em between their centers.

Em space. A space equal to the width of an em quad.

En. One-half of an em. See Em.

En dash. A dash one en long. Also called a short dash.

En leader. Horizontal dots or dashes with one en between their centers.

En space. A space equal to the width of an en quad.

EPS. Abbreviation for encapsulated PostScript. A file format for encoding images. These can be stored, edited, transferred, and output in the form of structured PostScript code.

Exception dictionary. See Hyphenation.

Expanded. Letterforms whose horizontal width has been extended.

Export. To send text, graphics, or layouts created in one program from the computer memory in a form suitable for use with other programs.

F

Face. The part of metal type that is inked for printing. Also called typeface.

Fade in. A transition used in film in which the subject gradually becomes lighter or darker to contrast with the background.

Fade out. A transition used in film in which the subject gradually becomes lighter or darker to match the background so it disappears.

Family. See Type family.

Film font. A photographic film master used in some typesetting machines. Characters from a film font are exposed through lenses of different sizes onto paper or film. Unlike digital typesetting, typesetting systems using film fonts cannot set an entire page complete with graphics.

Fit. The spatial relationships between letters after they are set into words and lines.

Flush left (or right). The even vertical alignment of lines of type at the left (or right) edge of a column.

Folio. Page number.

Font. A complete set of characters in one design, size, and style. In traditional metal type, a font meant a particular size and style; in digital typography, a font can output multiple sizes and even altered styles of a typeface design.

Footer. An identifying line, such as a page number and/or a chapter title, appearing in the bottom margin of a document. Footers repeated throughout a document are called running footers or running feet.

Format. The overall typographic and spatial schema established for a publication or any other application.

Formatting. In typesetting, the process of issuing specific commands that establish the typographic format.

Foundry type. Metal type used in hand composition.

Frame. The smallest segment of a film. Several frames make up a shot.

Furniture. Rectangular pieces of wood, metal, or plastic used to fill in excess space when locking up a form for letterpress printing.

G

Galley. A three-sided, shallow metal tray used to hold metal type forms before printing.

Galley proof. Originally, a type proof pulled from metal type assembled in a galley. Frequently used today to indicate any first proof, regardless of the type system.

Geometric. Term used to describe sans serif typefaces composed of circles and rectangles. Characteristics include uniform stroke width and single-storied a and g characters.

GIF. Abbreviation for graphics interchange format. A graphic image format limited to 256 colors and widely used in websites and to create simple animations.

Gigabyte (GB). A unit of data storage equal to one thousand megabytes.

Grayscale. An arbitrary scale of monochrome (black and white) intensity ranging from black to white, with a fixed number of intermediate shades of gray.

Greeking. Type set using random or Greek characters to simulate typeset text in a layout or comp.

Grid. An underlying structure composed of a linear framework used by designers to organize text and images.

Grotesque. Term used to describe sans serif typefaces. Characteristics include strokes with varied contrast in width, and square-like curves that terminate obliquely.

Gutter. The interval of space separating two facing pages in a publication.

Gutter margin. The inner margin of a page in a publication.

H

Hairline. The thinnest strokes on a typeface having strokes of varying weight.

Hand composition. A method of setting type by placing individual pieces of metal type from a type case into a composing stick.

Hanging indent. In composition, a column format in which the first line of type is set to a full measure while all additional lines are indented.

Hanging punctuation. Punctuation set outside the column measure to achieve optical alignment.

Header. An identifying line at the top margin of a document. A header can appear on every page and can include text, pictures, page numbers, the date, and the time. Headers repeated throughout a document are called running headers or running heads.

Heading. Copy that is given emphasis over the body of text, through changes in size, weight, or spatial interval.

Headline. The most significant type in the visual hierarchy of a printed communication.

Hierarchy. A system of different sizes, weights, and other attributes in a text that indicate what the reader should read first, second, and so on.

Hinting. A technique used to add greater realism to a digital image by smoothing jagged edges on curved lines and diagonals.

Hot type. Type produced by casting molten metal.

HTML. Abbreviation for hypertext markup language. The basic computer programming language used to design web sites.

Humanist. Term used to describe sans serif typefaces with proportions similar to handwritten Roman capitals. Characteristics include letterforms with diagonal stress and two-storied a and g characters.

Hypertext. Text on a computer screen that contains pointers enabling the user to jump to other text or pages by clicking on highlighted material.

Hyphenation. The syllabic division of words used when they must be broken at the end of a line. In typesetting, hyphenation can be determined by the designer or automatically by the computer.

I

Import. To transfer text, graphics, or layouts into a program in a form suitable for its use.

Imposition. The arrangement of pages in a printed signature to achieve the proper sequencing after the sheets are folded and trimmed.

Incunabula. European books printed during the first half-century of typography, from Gutenberg's invention of movable type until the year 1500.

Indent. An interval of space at the beginning of a line to indicate a new paragraph. Also used to visually separate quotes, lists and other types of content.

Inferior characters. Small characters, usually slightly smaller than the x-height, positioned on or below the baseline and used for footnotes or fractions.

Initial. A large letter used at the beginning of a column, for example, at the beginning of a chapter. See Drop initial.

Insertion point. The location in a document where the next text or graphics will be placed, represented by a blinking vertical cursor.

Interletter spacing. The spatial interval between letters, also called letterspacing.

Interline spacing. The spatial interval between lines, also called leading.

Interword spacing. The spatial interval between words, also called wordspacing.

Italic. Letterforms having a pronounced diagonal slant to the right. See Oblique.

J

Jaggies. The jagged “staircase” edges formed on raster-scan displays when displaying diagonal and curved lines. See Antialiasing.

JavaScript. A programming language used to create dynamic and interactive web pages.

JPEG. Abbreviation for joint photographic experts group. JPEG is a file format used to compress images. The amount of compression can be adjusted to allow for small or large file sizes and varying image quality.

Justified text. Copy in which all lines of a text, regardless of the words they contain, are exactly the same length, so that they align vertically at both the left and right margins.

K

K. Abbreviation for kilobyte. A term for 1,024 bytes of memory.

Kerning. In typesetting, kerning refers to the process of adjusting space between specific pairs of characters so that the overall letterspacing appears to be even. Compare Tracking.

L

Latin. Typestyle characterized by triangular, pointed serifs.

Leader. Typographic dots or periods that are repeated to connect other elements.

Lead-in. Introductory copy set in a contrasting typeface.

Leading. (Pronounced “LED-ing”) In early typesetting, strips of lead were placed between lines of type to increase the interline spacing, hence the term. See Linespacing, Interline spacing.

Letterpress. The process of printing from a raised inked surface.

Letterspacing. See Interletter spacing.

Ligature. A typographic character produced by combining two or more letters.

Line breaks. The relationships of line endings in a ragged-right or ragged-left setting. Rhythmic line breaks are achieved by adjusting the length of individual lines of type.

Line length. The measure of the length of a line of type, usually expressed in picas.

Linespacing. The vertical distance between two lines of type measured from baseline to baseline. For example, “10/12” indicates 10-point type with 12 points base-to-base (that is, with 2 points of leading). See Leading, Interline spacing.

Lining figures. Numerals identical in size to the capitals and aligned on the baseline: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.

Linotype. A machine that casts an entire line of raised type on a single metal slug.

Logotype. A distinct combination of two or more type characters that are combined as a sign and used to represent a company, institution, brand, or product in a variety of media.

Lowercase. The alphabet set of small letters, as opposed to capitals.

Ludlow. A typecasting machine that produces individual letters from hand-assembled matrices.

M

Machine composition. General term for the mechanical casting of metal type.

Majuscules. A term in calligraphy for letterforms analogous to uppercase letterforms, usually drawn between two parallel lines, the capline and the baseline. See Minuscules.

Margin. The unprinted space surrounding type matter on a page.

Master page. In a page-layout program, a master page is a template providing standard columns, margins, and typographic elements that appear on a publication's individual pages.

Masthead. The visual identification of a magazine or newspaper, also called a flag. Also, a section placed near the front of a publication containing names and titles of publishers and staff, along with addresses.

Matrix. In typesetting, the master image from which type is produced. The matrix is a brass mold in linecasting and a glass plate bearing the font negative in phototypesetting.

MB. Abbreviation for megabyte. A unit of measurement equal to 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes.

Meanline. An imaginary line marking the tops of lowercase letters, not including the ascenders.

Measure. See Line length.

Minuscules. A term in calligraphy for letterforms analogous to lowercase letters and usually drawn between four parallel lines determining ascender height, x-height, baseline, and descender depth. See Majuscules.

Minus spacing. A reduction of interline spacing, resulting in a baseline-to-baseline measurement that is smaller than the point size of the type. See Reverse leading.

Modern. Term used to describe typefaces designed at the end of the eighteenth century. Characteristics include vertical stress, hairline serifs, and pronounced contrasts between thick and thin strokes.

Monocase alphabet. A language alphabet, such as Hebrew and Indic scripts, having only capital-height letters and no lowercase letterforms.

Monochrome. Refers to material or a display consisting of a single color, typically black or white.

Monogram. Two or more letterforms interwoven, combined, or connected into a single glyph, typically used as abbreviations or initials.

Monoline. Used to describe a typeface or letterform with a uniform stroke thickness.

Monospacing. The spacing in a font with characters that all have the same set width or horizontal measure; often found in typewriter and screen fonts. See Proportional spacing.

Monotype. A trade name for a keyboard-operated typesetting machine that casts individual letters from matrices.

Montage. A series of shots that combine into a sequence to condense space or time, or suggest a feeling or idea.

Multiple master fonts. An extension of PostScript fonts that contain two or more masters from which a wide range of typestyles can be created. Replaced by OpenType.

N

Neo-grotesque. Term used to describe a derivation of Grotesque sans serif typefaces. Characteristics include less contrast in stroke width, curved strokes that terminate as a horizontal, higher x-heights, and shorter descenders.

O

Oblique. A slanted roman character. Unlike many italics, oblique characters do not have cursive design properties.

Offset lithography. A printing method using flat photomechanical plates in which the inked image is transferred or offset from the printing plate onto a rubber blanket and then onto the paper.

Old Style. Typeface styles derived from fifteenth- to eighteenth-century designs and characterized by moderate thick-and-thin contrasts, bracketed serifs, and a handwriting influence.

Old Style figures. Numerals that exhibit a variation in size, including characters aligning with the lowercase x-height, and others with ascenders or descenders: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.

OpenType. A font file format created by Adobe Systems and Microsoft that works on both platforms and supports expanded character sets.

Optical adjustment. The precise visual alignment and spacing of typographic elements done by eye to achieve consistent spacing.

Orphan. A single word on a line, left over at the end of a paragraph, sometimes appearing at the top of a column of text. See Widow.

Outline type. Letterforms described by a contour line that encloses the entire character on all sides. The interior usually remains open.

P

Pagination. The sequential numbering of pages. Sometimes presented as a diagram of small thumbnails of the cover and each spread.

Panning shot. A camera movement used in film or simulated in animation where the subject is stationary and the camera moves from left to right.

Pantone Matching System (PMS). The trademarked name of a system for specifying colors and inks that is a standard in the printing industry.

Paragraph mark. Typographic elements that signal the beginning of a paragraph. For example, ¶.

Parallel construction. In typography, the use of similar typographic elements or arrangements to create a visual unity or to convey a relationship in content.

PDF. Abbreviation for portable document format. A file format that encodes a description of the layout, typefaces, and images, allowing accurate display and printing of the file without the software used to create it.

Photocomposition. The process of setting type by projecting light onto light-sensitive film or paper.

Photodisplay typesetting. The process of setting headline type on film or paper by photographic means.

Phototype. Type matter set on film or paper by photographic projection of type characters.

Pica. A typographic unit of measurement: 12 points equal 1 pica; 6 picas equal approximately 1 inch. Line lengths and column widths are measured in picas.

Pixel. Abbreviation for picture element; the smallest dot that can be displayed on a screen.

Point. A measure of size used principally in typesetting. One point is equal to 1/12 of a pica, or approximately 1/72 of an inch. It is most often used to indicate the size of type or amount of leading added between lines.

PostScript. A page-description programming language created by Adobe Systems that handles text and graphics, placing them on the page with mathematical precision.

Proof. Traditionally, an impression from metal type for examination and correction; now applies to initial output for examination and correction before final output.

Proportional spacing. Spacing in a font adjusted to give wide letters (M) a larger set width than narrow letters (I).

Q

Quad. In metal type, pieces of type metal shorter than type-high, which are used as spacing matter to separate elements and fill out lines.

Quoins. Wedges use to lock up metal type in the chase. These devices are tightened and loosened by a quoin key.

R

Ragged. See Unjustified type.

Recto. In publication design, the right-hand page. Page one always appears on a recto, as do all odd-numbered pages. The left-hand page is called the verso.

Resolution. The degree of detail and clarity of a display; usually specified in dots per inch (dpi/ppi). The higher the resolution, or the greater the number of dpi, the sharper the image.

Responsive design. A design strategy in which content responds to the screen size it is being viewed on, fitting text and images into the frame for each device.

Reverse. Type or image that is dropped out of a printed area, revealing the paper surface.

Reverse leading. A reduction in the amount of interline space, making it less than normal for the point size. For example, 12-point type set on an 11-point body size becomes reverse leading of 1 point. See Minus spacing.

Revival. A little-used historic typeface previously unavailable in current font formats, now released for contemporary technology.

River. In text type, a series of interword spaces that accidentally align vertically or diagonally, creating an objectionable flow of white space within the column.

Roman. Upright letterforms, as distinguished from italics. More specifically, letters in an alphabet style based on the upright, serifed letterforms of Roman inscriptions.

Rule. In handset metal type, a strip of metal that prints as a line. Generally, any line used as an element in typographic design.

Runaround. Type that is set with a shortened line measure to fit around a photograph, drawing, or other visual element inserted into the running text.

Run in. To set type without a paragraph indentation or other break. Also, to insert additional matter into the running text as part of an existing paragraph.

Running foot or running footer. A line of text repeated throughout a document and positioned at or near the bottom of a page. See Footer.

Running head or running header. Type at the head of sequential pages, providing a title or other information. See Header.

S

Sans serif. Typefaces without serifs.

Scene. A segment of a film. Several shots make up a scene. Several scenes make up a sequence.

Script. Typefaces based on handwriting, usually having connecting strokes between the letters. Compare Cursive.

Semantics. The science of meaning in linguistics; the study of the relationships between signs and symbols, and what they represent.

Sequence. A segment of a film. Several scenes make up a sequence. Several sequences make up a film.

Serifs. Small elements added to the ends of the main strokes of a letterform in serifed type styles.

Set width. In metal type, the width of the body upon which a letter is cast. In phototype and digital type, the horizontal width of a letterform measured in units, including the normal space before and after the character. This interletter space can be increased or decreased to control the tightness or looseness of the fit.

Shot. A segment of a film. Several frames make up a shot. Several shots make up a scene.

Shoulder. In metal type, the flat top of the type body that surrounds the raised printing surface of the letterform.

Sidebar. A narrow column of text, separated from the main text by a box or rule and containing a secondary article.

Side head. A title or other heading material placed to the side of a type column.

Slab serifs. Square or rectangular serifs that align horizontally and vertically to the baseline and are usually the same (or heavier) weight as the main strokes of the letterform. See Egyptian.

Slug. A line of metal type cast on a linecasting machine, such as the Linotype. Also, strips of metal spacing material in thicknesses of 6 points or more.

Small capitals. A set of capital letters having the same height as the lowercase x-height, frequently used for cross-reference and abbreviations. Also called small caps.

Smoothing. The electronic process of eliminating jaggies (the uneven staircase effect on diagonal or curved lines).

Solid. Lines of type that are set without additional interline space. Also called set solid.

Sorts. In metal type, material that is not part of a regular font, such as symbols, piece fractions, and spaces. Also, individual characters used to replace worn-out type in a font.

Stet. A proofreader's mark meaning that copy marked for correction should not be changed; rather, any instructions for changes should be ignored and the text should be left as originally set.

Stress. The gradual variation in the thickness of a curved character part or stroke; often used for any variation in the thickness of a character part or stroke.

Style sheets. Formatting instructions such as type weights, size, and leading for creating standardized documents.

Subscript. A small character beneath (or adjacent to and slightly below) another character.

Superscript. A small character above (or adjacent to and slightly above) another character.

Swash letters. Letters ornamented with flourishes or flowing tails.

Syntax. In grammar, the way in which words or phrases are put together to form sentences. In design, the connecting or ordering of typographic elements into a visual unity.

T

Text. The main body of written or printed material, as opposed to display matter, footnotes, appendices, etc.

Text type. See Body type.

Thumbnail. A miniature image of a page, either a small planning sketch made by a designer or a reduction in a page-layout program.

TIFF. Abbreviation for tag image file format. A file format for encoding pictures as high-resolution bitmapped images.

Tilting shot. A camera movement used in film or simulated in animation where the subject is stationary and the camera moves up and down.

Tracking. The overall tightness or looseness of the spacing between all characters in a line or block of text. Sometimes used interchangeably with kerning, which more precisely is the reduction in spacing between a specific pair of letters.

Tracking shot. A camera movement used in film or simulated in animation where the subject is stationary and the camera moves forward or backward through space, or parallel to the action.

Transitional. Classification of typestyles combining aspects of both Old Style and Modern typefaces; for example, Baskerville.

Type color. Optical effect that gives the illusion of lighter or darker text and which is the result of visual qualities inherent in individual typefaces and the spacing of letters, words, and lines of type.

Typeface. The design of alphabetical and numerical characters unified by consistent visual properties.

Type family. The complete range of variations of a typeface design, including roman, italic, bold, expanded, condensed, and other versions.

Type-high. The standard foot-to-face height of metal types; 0.9186 inches in English-speaking countries.

Typesetting. The composing of type by any method or process.

Type specimen. A typeset sample produced to show the visual properties of a typeface.

Typography. Originally the composition of printed matter from movable type. Now the art and process of typesetting by any system or method.

U

Unjustified type. Lines of type set with equal interword spacing, resulting in irregular line lengths. Also called ragged.

Uppercase. See Capitals.

URL. Abbreviation for uniform resource locator. A location pointer name used to identify the location of a file on a server connected to the World Wide Web.

V

Verso. In publication design, the left-hand page. Page two always appears on a verso, as do all even-numbered pages. The right-hand page is called the recto.

W

Weight. The lightness or heaviness of a typeface, which is determined by ratio of the stroke thickness to character height.

White space. The “negative” area surrounding a letterform. See Counter and Counterform.

Widow. A very short line that appears at the end of a paragraph, column, or page, or at the top of a column or page. These awkward typographic configurations should be corrected editorially.

Width tables. Collections of information about how much horizontal room each character in a font should occupy, often accompanied by information about special kerning pairs or other exceptions.

Wipe. A transition used in film in which the subject is replaced with another image in a systematic motion, usually from left to right.

Woodtype. Hand-set types cut from wood by a mechanical router. Formerly used for large display sizes that were not practical for metal casting.

Wordspacing. The spatial interval between words. In setting justified body type, space is added between words to extend each line to achieve flush left and right edges. See Interword spacing.

WYSIWYG. Abbreviation for “what you see is what you get,” pronounced Wizzywig. This means the image on the screen is identical to the image that will be produced as final output.

X

x-height. The height of lowercase letters in a font, excluding characters with ascenders and descenders. This is most easily measured on the lowercase x.

Z

Zooming shot. A camera movement used in film or simulated in animation where the subject is stationary and the camera gets closer to the subject over time.