CREDITS

Frontispiece. Saint Barbara, 15th-century German or French polychromed walnut sculpture. 127.0 × 58.4 × 33.0 cm (50 × 23 × 13 in.). The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. The Williams Fund, 1968.

Chapter One

1-1. Impressed tablet from Godin Tepe, Iran. West Asian Department, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

1-2. Facsimile of the cuneiform impression on a clay tablet, after Hansard.

1-3. The Pyramids at Giza, from The Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art by Johann Georg Heck, 1851.

1-4. Egyptian Old Kingdom False Door Stele, limestone. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Museum Purchase: The Williams Fund.

1-5. Cuneiform tablet. Sumero-Akkadian. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Acquired by exchange with J. Pierpont Morgan Library, 1911.

1-6. Photograph of Stonehenge; courtesy of the British Tourist Authority.

1-7. Egyptian polychromed wood sculpture, XVIII–XIX Dynasty. Ushabti. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Museum Purchase: The Williams Fund, 1955.

1-8. The Book of the Dead of Tuthmosis III. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Horace L. Meyer.

1-10. Phoenician inscription. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Cesnola Collection. Purchased by subscription, 1874–76.

1-12. Photograph of the Parthenon; courtesy of the Greek National Tourist Office.

1-13. Photograph of Greek record of sale; Agora Excavations, American School of Classical Studies, Athens.

1-15. Photograph of a wall in Pompeii, by James Mosley.

1-17. Photographer anonymous; c. 1895. Private collection.

1-18. Funerary inscription of Lollia Genialis. Marble. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

1-19. Photographer anonymous; c. 1895. Private collection.

1-20. Photograph; courtesy of the Italian Government Travel Office.

1-24. Detail, “Christ attended by angels,” from the Book of Kells, fol. 32v; photograph; courtesy of the Irish Tourist Board.

1-25 and 1-26. Photographs; courtesy of the Irish Tourist Board.

1-28. Photograph; courtesy of the French Government Tourist Office.

1-30. Bronze and copper Crucifix. The Virginia Museum of Fine Art, Richmond. Museum Purchase: The Williams Fund, 1968.

1-32. Madonna and Child on a Curved Throne. Wood, 0.815 × 0.490 m (32 1/8 × 19 3/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington. Andrew W. Mellon Collection, 1937.

1-34. Lippo Memmi; Sienese, active 1317–47. Saint John the Baptist. Wood, 0.95 × 0.46 m (37 1/4 × 18 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington. Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1939.

1-35. Photograph courtesy of the Italian Government Tourist Office.

1-37. Fra Filippo Lippi; Florentine c. 1406–69. Madonna and Child. Wood, 0.80 × 0.51 m (31 3/8 × 20 1/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington. Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1939.

1-38. The Rosenwald Collection; The Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

1-39. Woodcut illustration from Standebuch by Jost Amman, 1568.

1-40. Photographer anonymous; c. 1895. Private collection.

1-42. Typography from Lactantu. . . . Printed by Sweynheym and Pannartz; Rome, 1468. The Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC.

1-43. From De evangelica praeparatione by Eusebius Pamphilii. Printed by Nicolas Jenson; Venice, 1470.

1-44. From The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by Raoul Le Fevre. Printed by William Caxton and Colard Mansion; Bruges, c. 1475.

1-45. Filippino Lippi; Portrait of a Youth. Wood, 0.510 × 0.355 m (20 × 13 7/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Andrew Mellon Collection, 1937.

1-46. Erhard Ratdolt, earliest extant type specimen sheet. Published April 1, 1486, in Augsburg, Germany. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.

1-47. Woodcut portrait of Aldus Manutius. Published by Antoine Lafrery; Rome, 16th century.

1-48. From De aetna by Pietro Bembo. Published by Aldus Manutius, Venice, 1495.

1-49. Page from Virgil. Published by Aldus Manutius; Venice, 1501.

1-50. Photograph by Rommler and Jonas; 1892. Private collection.

1-53. From Underweisung der Messung by Albrecht Dürer; Nuremburg, 1525.

1-54. From Champ Fleury by Geoffroy Tory; Paris, 1529.

1-57. Titian; Venetian, c. 1477–1565. Cardinal Pietro Bembo. Canvas, 0.945 × 0.765 m (37 1/8 × 30 1/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1952.

1-58. Title page for Elementary Geometry by Oronce Fine. Printed by Simone de Colines; Paris, 1544.

1-59. From Hypnerotomachia Poliphili by Fra Francesco Colonna. Printed by Jacques Kerver; Paris, 1546.

1-60. El Greco, Spanish, 1541–1614. Saint Martin and the Beggar. Canvas, 1.935 × 1.030 m (76 1/8 × 40 1/2 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Widener Collection, 1942.

1-61. From Nejw Kunstliches Alphabet by Johann Theodor de Bry; Germany, 1595.

1-62. Photographer anonymous; c. 1895. Private collection.

1-63. Detail, typographic specimens of Jean Jannon; Sedan, 1621.

1-64. Page from Stamperia Vaticana Specimen; Rome, 1628.

1-65. Photograph; courtesy of the Government of India Tourist Office.

1-66. Sir Anthony van Dyck; Flemish, 1599–1641. Henri II de Lorraine, Duc de Guise. Canvas, 2.046 × 1.238 m (80 5/8 × 48 5/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, 1947.

1-67. Jan Vermeer, Dutch 1632–75. Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664. Canvas, 0.425 × 0.380 m (16 3/4 × 15 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Widener Collection, 1942.

1-69. Photograph; courtesy of the British Tourist Authority.

1-71. Photographer anonymous; 1896. Private collection.

1-72. From the 1764 specimen book of W. Caslon and Son, London.

1-73. Photograph; courtesy of the Irish Tourist Board.

1-74. Title page for Cato Major, or His Discourse on Old Age by M. T. Cicero. Printed by Benjamin Franklin; Philadelphia, 1744.

1-75. Francois Boucher; French 1703–70. The Love Letter, 1750. Canvas, 0.813 × 0.741 m (32 × 29 1/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Timken Collection, 1959.

1-76. Anonymous; engraved portrait of John Baskerville.

1-77. From the specimen book of Thomas Cottrell, English typefounder; London, c. 1765.

1-78. Detail, title page of Historie de Louis de Bourbon..., using types and ornaments designed by Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune. Published by Lottin; Paris, 1768.

1-79. Johann David Steingruber, 1702–87. Engraved letter A from Architektonisches Alphabet, Schwabach, 1773. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Elisha Whittelsey Collection, 1955. The Elisha Whittelsey Fund.

1-80. Photograph; courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

1-82. Detail, title page using type designed by Bodoni. Dante's Divine Comedy; Pisa, Italy, 1804.

1-83. From Thorowgood's New Specimen of Printing Types, late R. Thome's, No. 2; London, 1821.

1-84. Jacques-Louis David, French 1748–1825. Napoleon in his Study, 1812. Canvas, 2.039 × 1.251 m (80 1/4 × 49 1/4 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1961.

1-85 and 1-86. From Specimen of Printing Types by Vincent Figgins; London, 1815.

1-87. From Specimen of Printing Types by William Caslon IV; London, 1816.

1-88. From Manuale Tipografico. Published by Signora Bodoni and Luigi Orsi; Parma, Italy, 1818.

1-89. From Thorowgood's New Specimen of Printing Types, late R. Thome's, No. 2; London, 1821.

1-90. Photograph; courtesy of the Virginia State Travel Service.

1-91. From Bower, Bacon & Bower's Specimen of Printing Types; Sheffield, England, c. 1825.

1-92. Wood engraving of Darius Wells, from The Inland Printer; Chicago, July 1888.

1-93. From Specimen of Printing Types by Vincent Figgins; London, 1833.

1-94. Poster by the Davy & Berry Printing Office; Albion, England, 1836.

1-95. From Specimen of Printing Types by V. & J. Figgins, successors to Vincent Figgins, Letter-Founder; London, 1836.

1-96. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC.

1-97. Photograph; courtesy of the British Tourist Authority.

1-98. From The Specimen Book of Types Cast at the Austin Foundry by Wood & Sharwoods; London, c. 1841.

1-99. From A General Specimen of Printing Types. Published by W. Thorowgood and Company; London, 1848.

1-100. Photograph; The Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC.

1-101. Photograph; The Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC.

1-102. From the wood type specimen book of William H. Page & Company; Greenville, CT, 1859.

1-103. Private collection.

1-104. Honoré Daumier; French 1808–79. The Third-Class Carriage. Oil on canvas, 65.4 × 90.2 m (25 3/4 × 35 1/2 in.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929. The H. O. Havemeyer Collection.

1-105. Private collection.

1-106. Private collection.

1-107. Courtesy of The New York Convention and Visitors Bureau.

1-108. Private collection.

1-109. Private collection.

1-110. Wood engraving from The Inland Printer; Chicago, December 1889.

1-112. Courtesy of the French Government Tourist Office.

1-113. Photograph; courtesy of the Archives: The Coca-Cola Company.

1-114. Paul Gauguin, French 1848–1903. Fatata Te Miti (By the Sea), 1892. Canvas, 0.679 × 0.915 m (26 3/4 × 36 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. The Chester Dale Collection, 1962.

1-117. William Morris. News from Nowhere. Published by Kelmscott Press; London, 1892.

1-118. Title page from Van nu en Straks. Designed by Henri van de Velde, 1893.

1-119. Title page from Limbes de Lumières by Gustave Kahn; Brussels, 1897.

1-120. From The Inland Printer; Chicago, June 1900.

1-121. Title page from A Lady of Quality by Frances Hodgson Burnett. Published by Charles Scribner's Sons; New York, 1897.

1-122. Cover for Vienna Secession Catalog No. 5; Vienna, 1899.

1-123. Photograph; courtesy of the French Government Tourist Office.

1-124. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Dedication page from Feste des Lebens und der Kunst: Ein Betrachtung des Theaters als höchsten Kultursymbols (Celebrations of Life and Art: A Consideration of the Theater as the Highest Cultural Symbol) by Peter Behrens; Darmstadt, 1900.

1-125. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Filippo Marinetti, Futurist poem, S.T.F., 1914.

1-126. Cover, Delikatessen Haus Erich Fromm, Haupt-List 2; Cologne, c. 1910.

1-127. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Wassily Kandinsky. Improvisation 31 (Sea Battle), 1913. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund.

1-128. War Bond Fund Drive poster for the British government by Bert Thomas, c. 1916.

1-129. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Advertisement for the Kleine Grosz Mappe (Small Grosz Portfolio) from Die Neue Jugend. Designed by John Heartfield. Published by Der Malik-Verlag, Berlin, June 1917.

1-130. First cover for De Stijl, the journal of the de Stijl movement. Designed by Vilmos Huszar. Published/edited by Theo van Doesburg, The Netherlands; October 1917.

1-131. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Raoul Hausmann. Poème Phonetique, 1919.

1-132. Piet Mondrian, Dutch, 1872–1944. Diamond Painting in Red, Yellow, and Blue. Oil on canvas, 40 × 40 in. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of Herbert and Nannette Rothschild, 1971.

1-133. Poster announcing availability of books, by Alexander Rodchenko; Moscow, c. 1923. Private collection.

1-135. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Title page from Die Kunstismen by El Lissitzky and Hans Arp. Published by Eugen Rentsch Verlag; Zurich, 1925.

1-136. Proposed universal alphabet. Designed by Herbert Bayer as a student at the Bauhaus.

1-137. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Constantin Brancusi; Romanian 1876–1957. Bird in Space. Marble, stone, and wood, hgt. 3.446m (136 1/2 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of Eugene and Agnes Meyer, 1967.

1-138. Title page for special insert, “Elementare Typographie” from Typographische Mitteilungen; Leipzig, October 1925.

1-139 and 1-140. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Advertisements by Piet Zwart; courtesy of N. V. Nederlandsche Kabelfabriek, Delft.

1-141. Trial setting using Futura. Designed by Paul Renner. Published by Bauersche Giesserei; Frankfurt am Main, 1930.

1-142. Photograph; courtesy of New York Convention and Visitors Bureau.

1-143. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Max Bill. Poster for an exhibition of African art at the Kunstgewerbemuseum, Zurich.

1-144. Alexey Brodovitch. Poster for an industrial design exhibition at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

1-145. Walker Evans. Photograph, Fields Family, Sharecroppers, Hale County, Alabama. The Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

1-146. Jean Carlu. Advertisement for Container Corporation of America, December 21, 1942.

1-147. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Max Bill. Poster for an exhibition of Art Concrete at the Kunsthalle, Basel.

1-148. Paul Rand. Title page for On My Way by Hans Arp. Published by Wittenborn, Schultz Inc.; New York, 1948.

1-149. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Willem de Kooning. Painting, 1948. Enamel and oil on canvas, 42 5/8 × 56 1/8 in. Collection; Museum of Modern Art, New York. Purchase.

1-150. Ladislav Sutnar. Cover for Catalog Design Progress by K. Lonberg-Holm and Ladislav Sutnar. Published by Sweet's Catalog Service; New York, 1950.

1-151. Illustration by Stephen Chovanec.

1-152. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Henri Matisse; French 1869–1954. Woman with Amphora and Pomegranates. Paper on canvas (collage), 2.436 × 0.963 m (96 × 37 7/8 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund, 1973.

1-153. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Josef Müller-Brockmann. Poster for a musical concert; Zürich, January 1955.

1-154. Saul Bass. Advertisement from the Great Ideas of Western Man series, Container Corporation of America.

1-155. Willem Sandberg. Back and front covers for Experimenta Typographica. Published by Verlag Galerie der Spiegel; Cologne, 1956.

1-156. Saul Bass, designer. Film title for Anatomy of a Murder. Produced and directed by Otto Preminger, 1959.

1-157. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Photograph; courtesy of the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau.

1-158. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Carlo L. Vivarelli. Cover for Neue Grafik. Published by Verlag Otto Walter AG; Olten, Switzerland, 1959.

1-159. Henry Wolf. Cover for Harper's Bazaar magazine, December 1959.

1-160. Gerald Holton. Symbol for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Great Britain, c. 1959.

1-161. Otto Storch. Typography from McCall's magazine; July 1959.

1-162. Karl Gerstner. Poster for the newspaper National Zeitung; Zürich, 1960.

1-163. Herb Lubalin. Advertisement for Sudler and Hennessey Advertising Inc.; New York.

1-164. George Lois. Advertisement for A.H. Robins Company Incorporated.

1-165. Photograph; courtesy of the Virginia State Travel Service.

1-166. Seymour Chwast and Milton Glaser, Push Pin Studios Inc. Poster for the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, New York.

1-167. George Lois. Cover for Esquire magazine, October 1966.

1-168. Seymour Chwast and Milton Glaser, Push Pin Studios Inc. Poster for Filmsense, New York.

1-169. Photograph; courtesy of the Public Relations Department, City of Montreal, Canada.

1-170. Designer not known. Symbol widely used in the environmental movement.

1-171. Photograph; courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

1-172. Wolfgang Weingart. Experimental interpretation of a poem by Elsbeth Bornoz; Basel, Switzerland.

1-173. Herb Lubalin. Volume 1, Number 1, of U&lc. Published by the International Typeface Corporation, New York.

1-174. Cook and Shanosky, commissioned by the American Institute of Graphic Arts under contract to the U.S. Department of Transportation. From Symbol Signs, a series of thirty-four passenger-oriented symbols for use in transportation facilities.

1-175. Bruce Blackburn, then of Chermayeff and Geismar Associates. Symbol for the U.S. Bicentennial Commission and stamp for the U.S. Postal Service, first released in 1971.

1-176. Photograph; courtesy of the French Government Tourist Office.

1-177. Trademark reproduced by permission of Frederic Ryder Company; Chicago, IL.

1-178. Willi Kuntz. Poster for an exhibition of photographs by Fredrich Cantor, FOTO Gallery, New York.

1-179. Title film for All That Jazz, Twentieth Century-Fox. Director/designer Richard Greenberg, R/Greenberg Associates Inc., New York.

1-180. MTV logo courtesy of Pat Gorman, Manhattan Design, New York.

1-181. Photograph; courtesy of the Office of the Mayor, Portland, OR.

1-182. Warren Lehrer, designer. Published by ear/say, Purchase, NY, and Visual Studies Workshop, Rochester, NY.

1-183. Emperor 8, 10, 15, and 19 designed by Zuzana Licko in 1985. Courtesy of Emigre Inc., Berkeley, CA.

1-184. David Carson, designer; Art Brewer, photographer. Beach Culture next issue page, 1990.

1-185. Ted Mader and Tom Draper, designers. Ted Mader + Associates, Seattle, WA. Published by Peachpit Press Inc., Berkeley, CA.

1-186. Template Gothic designed by Barry Deck in 1990. Courtesy of Emigre Inc., Berkeley, CA.

1-187. Exocet Heavy designed by Jonathan Barnbrook in 1991. Courtesy of Emigre Inc., Berkeley, CA.

1-188. Fetish typeface designed by Jonathan Hoefler. Copyright 1994, The Hoefler Type Foundry Inc.

1-189. Meta typeface designed by Erik Spiekerman and released by FontShop, c. 1991.

1-190. Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly, designers. Myriad Multiple Master typeface designed by courtesy of Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA.

1-191. Ron Kellum, designer. Courtesy of Kellum McClain, Inc., New York.

1-192. James Victore, designer. Racism poster, 1993.

1-193. Registered logo of Netscape, used by permission of America Online Inc.

1-194. Matthew Carter, designer. Walker typefaces, 1994.

1-195. Landor Associates, designers. Courtesy of Xerox/The Document Company.

1-196. Stefan Sagmeister, designer. Courtesy of Sagmeister Inc.

1-197. Frank Gehry, architect. Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, 1997. Photograph courtesy of the Tourist Office of Spain, New York.

1-198. Paula Scher and Keith Daigle, designers. Courtesy of Pentagram Design Inc., New York.

1-199. Robert Slimbach, designer. Adobe Garamond, 1989. Courtesy of Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA.

1-200. Janice Fishman, Holly Goldsmith, Jim Parkinson, and Sumner Stone, designers. ITC Bodoni, 1994–95.

1-201. Mrs Eaves Roman designed by Zuzana Licko in 1996. Courtesy of Emigre Inc., Berkeley, CA.

1-202. Neville Brody, designer. Fuse 98: Beyond Typography poster, 1998.

1-203. Wolfgang Weingart, designer.

1-204. Jennifer Sterling, designer. Fox River Paper Company calendar, 2001.

1-205. Jim Sherraden. Courtesy of Hatch Show Print, a division of the Country Music Foundation, Inc.

1-206. Emil Ruder, designer. Courtesy of Daniel Ruder.

1-207. Irma Boom, designer.

1-208. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Philippe Apeloig, designer.

1-209. Max Kisman, designer.

1-210. Hesign Design Team. Courtesy of Hesign International, GmbH.

1-211. Rob Carter, Photographer.

1-212. Lawrence Weiner, designer/artist. Courtesy of Anderson Gallery.

1-213. Mevis & Van Deursen, designers. Courtesy of Mevis & Van Deursen.

1-214. Jean-Benoît Lévy, designer. Courtesy of AND Trafic Grafic.

1-215. Martin Venezky, designer. Courtesy of Appetite Engineers.

1-216. Joost Grootens, designer; Arjen van Susteren, author. Courtesy of 010 Publishers.

1-217. Helmut Schmid, designer. With permission of Victor Malsy, Philipp Teufel, and Fjodor Gejko. Courtesy of Birkhäuser Publishers.

1-218. Experimental Jetset, designers.

1-219. Lanny Sommese, designer.

1-220. Ed Fella, designer.

1-221. Harmen Liemburg, designer.

1-222. Mirko Ilić, designer. Courtesy of the New York Times.

1-223. Stephen Vitiello, sound artist; Paul Green, photographer. Courtesy of Sydney Park Brickworks, 20th Kaldor Public Art Project.

1-224. Skolos and Wedell, designers. Poster honoring Matthew Carter.

1-225. Doug and Mike Starns, artists. © 2011 Doug + Mike Starns. Courtesy of the New York Times Magazine.

1-227. Rick Valicenti, designer and art director; Jackson Cavanaugh/Okay Type, lettering; Rogelio Guzman/Classic Color, 3D modeler. Courtesy of Thirst.

1-228. Studio Dumbar, designers; Pieter Claessen, photographer (portraits).

1-229. Bill Gicker, creative director; Antonio Alcalá, art director; Michael Dyer, designer; Helen McNiell, color consultant.

1-230. Experimental Jetset, graphic identity designers; Jens Mortensen, photographer. Courtesy of the Whitney Museum of American Art.

1-231. Realmac, designer.

1-232. Martin Venezky's Appetite Engineers, designers.

Chapter Three

3-26. Rob Carter, designer; Ann Zwinger, text.

Chapter Four

4-1. Designer: Jan Tschichold. Title page for special insert, “Elementare Typographie,” from Typographische Mitteilungen; Leipzig, October 1925.

4-7. Psalterium, 12th century. Spencer Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

4-10. Paul Rand, designer. Courtesy of the Estate of Paul Rand.

4-11. Martin Venezky's Appetite Engineers, designers.

4-15. Cover and spread from Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke (Insel-Bucherei Nr. 1) 1957. Courtesy of Insel Verlag, Frankfurt.

4-16. Rob Carter, designer; Leo Divendal, photographer.

4-17. Victor Levie, designer. Courtesy of Anne Frank House, Amsterdam.

4-23. Wigger Bierma, designer.

4-24. Christian Beckwith, creative director; Sam Serebin, designer. Courtesy of Alpnist.

4-25. Typography, Interiority & Other Serious Matters, designers. Courtesy of Stichting De Best Verzorgde Boeken.

4-26. Photograph; courtesy of the Burdick Group.

4-28. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Josef Müller-Brockmann, designer. Courtesy of Verlag Niggli AG, Switzerland.

4-31. Keith Jones, designer.

4-32. Photograph; courtesy of Graphic Thought Facility, London.

4-33. Photograph; courtesy of Main Street Design, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

4-34. Juan Benedit, website design. Courtesy of Demographik.

4-35. Mark Sanders, website designer.

4-36. Mevis & Van Deursen, designers.

4-37. David Colley, designer.

Chapter Five

5-1. Robert Boyle, designer.

5-2. Gail Collins, designer.

5-3, 5-14, 5-21. Frank Armstrong, designer. Courtesy of Armstrong Design Consultants, New Canaan, CT.

5-4. Willi Kunz, designer. Poster; 14 × 16 1/2 in.

5-5. Paul Rand, designer. Courtesy of the Estate of Paul Rand.

5-6. Q Collective, designers.

5-7. John Rodgers, designer.

5-8, 5-34. Sergio de Jesus, designer.

5-9. Walter Ballmer, designer. Courtesy of Olivetti.

5-11, 5-48, 5-52. Ivy Li, designer.

5-12. Cheryl Van Arnam, designer.

5-13, 5-37, 5-50. Wolfgang Weingart, designer.

5-15. Warren Lehrer, designer.

5-18. Spread from the book Eva Zeisel: Life, Design, and Beauty. Pirco Wolfframm, designer. Courtesy of Pirco Wolfframm.

5-19. John Malinoski, designer. Courtesy of Anderson Gallery.

5-20. David Colley, designer.

5-22. Ben Day, art director; Anne Stewart, designer.

5-27. Jeff Barnes, designer.

5-28. Jean Brueggenjohann, designer.

5-29. Spread from the book Eva Zeisel: Life, Design, and Beauty. Pirco Wolfframm, designer. Courtesy of Pirco Wolfframm.

5-30. Frank Armstrong, designer; Sally Anderson-Bruce, photographer.. Courtesy of Armstrong Design Consultants, New Canaan, CT.

5-31, 5-47, 5-49. Lark Pfleegor, designer.

5-32. Philip B. Meggs, designer.

5-33. Jennifer Mugford Wieland, designer.

5-35. Ben Day, designer.

5-51, 5-56. Paul Rand, designer. Courtesy of the Estate of Paul Rand.

5-53. Bryan Leister and Rebecca Lantz, designers.

5-54. Erik Brandt, designer. Courtesy of the designer.

5-55. Nick Schrenk, design.

5-57. Danne and Blackburn designer. Courtesy of NASA.

5-62. Ben Day, designer.

5-67. David Colley, designer.

Chapter Six

6-1. Eugen Gomringer. “ping pong,” from Concrete Poetry: A World View. Edited by Mary Ellen Solt, Indiana University Press, 1970.

6-2. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, “Les mots en liberté futuristes.”

6-3. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Der Dada, #1, cover.

6-4. Theo van Doesburg, designer.

6-5. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / El Lissitzky, Veshch, cover, 1921–22.

6-7. Jerzy Janiszewski, designer.

6-10. Carol Anthony, Linda Dronenburg, and Rebecca Sponga, designers.

6-11. Donna Funk, designer.

6-12. Lou Dorfsman, designer.

6-13. Rick Valicenti, design director; John Pobojewski and Rick Valicenti, designers. Courtesy of Thirst.

6-15. Herb Lubalin, designer. Courtesy of Reader's Digest.

6-16, 6-24. Steff Geissbuhler, designer.

6-17. David Colley, designer.

6-18. Don Weller, designer.

6-19. Mark Sanders, designer.

6-20. Photograph; courtesy of Olivetti.

6-21. Q Collective, designers.

6-22. Richard Rumble, designer.

6-23. David Colley, designer.

6-25. © 2007 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / Gerrit Rietveld, designer. Red and Blue Chair, 1918. Collection Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.

6-26. Image courtesy of Eye Magazine Ltd., Eye Logo: concept by Nick Bell, drawn by Magnus Rakeng, melkeveien.no.

6-28. Jean-Benoît Lévy, designer.

6-29. J. Abbott Miller, James Hicks, Paul Carlos, and Scott Davendorf, designers. Courtesy of Pentagram Design Inc., New York.

6-30. Rick Valicenti, design director; John Pobojewski and Rick Valicenti, designers. Courtesy of Thirst.

6-31. Sandra Maxa, designer.

6-32. Rob Carter, designer.

6-33. Mirko Ilić, designer.

Chapter Seven

7-4 to 7-6. Photographs; courtesy of Mergenthaler Linotype Company.

7-9. George Nan, photographer.

7-18. Courtesy of Autologic Inc., Newbury Park, CA.

7-24. Mark Sanders, designer.

7-25. Tim Collins, designer.

7-26. Berger & Föhr, designers.

7-27. Luke Beard, designer. Courtesy of Elepath Inc.

Chapter Eight

8-1 to 8-4, 8-6. Matt Woolman, designer.

8-7. Matthew Carter, designer. Copyright Microsoft.

8-9. Emperor 8, 10, 15, and 19 designed by Zuzana Licko in 1985. Courtesy of Emigre Inc., Berkeley, CA.

8-12. Courtesy of medium.com.

8-13. Ben Higgins, designer.

8-19. Gina Kang, designer.

8-21. Duane King, Ian Coyle, Shane Bzdok, and Frank Chimero, designers.

8-22. Laura Peters, designer.

8-23. Tristan Scow, designer.

8-24. Experimental Jetset, designers.

8-31 to 8-34. Andreas Kohl and Benjamin Schudel, designers.

8-35 to 8-40. Students of the course Schmid Today under Victor Malsy and Philipp Teufel, Professors at Fachhochschule, Duesseldorf, designers.

8-41 to 8-43. Nicholas Davidson, designer.

8-44 to 8-49. Philippe Vendrolini and Martin Venezky, designers.

Chapter Nine

9-2. Carlos Carrà. Interventionist Demonstration (Manifestazione interventista), 1914. Gianni Mattioli Collection (on long-term loan at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice).

9-7, 9-8, 9-21. Level Design Group, design. Courtesy of Level Design Group.

9-10. Sandra Maxa, designer.

9-12. Erica Peterson, designer; completed with Rachele Riley. Courtesy of Rachele Riley.

9-13 and 9-14. Hong Wei, designer.

9-15. Jason M. Gottlieb, designer.

9-16. Anna Bitskaya, designer.

9-17. Tiffany Small, designer.

9-22. Sandra Maxa, photographer.

9-23. Jamie Carusi, designer.

9-24. Xiaozhou Li, designer; completed with Jennifer Bernstein. Courtesy of Jennifer Bernstein.

9-30. Joshua Howard, designer; completed with Jennifer Bernstein. Courtesy of Jennifer Bernstein.

9-31. Eduardo Palma, designer; completed with Jennifer Bernstein. Courtesy of Jennifer Bernstein.

9-32. Angad Medi, designer.

9-33 and 9-34. © 2014 The Museum of Modern Art. Julia Hoffmann, creative director; Samuel Sherman, art director; Tony Lee, designer and animator; David Yen, programmer; Martin Seck, photographer. Courtesy of The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA, Department of Advertising and Graphic Design.

Chapter Ten

10-1 to 10-7. Courtesy of Jean-Benoît Lévy, designer.

10-8 to 10-12. Courtesy of United States National Park Service.

10-13 to 10-18. Courtesy of Stephen Farrell, designer. Coauthors, Stephen Farrell and Steve Tomasula.

10-19 to 10-23. Courtesy of Richard Greenberg, designer.

10-24 to 10-34. Courtesy of Diseño Shakespear, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

10-35 to 10-40. Joost Grootens, designer. Courtesy of 010 Publishers. Arjen van Susteren, author.

10-41 to 10-50. Courtesy of John Malinoski, designer.

Chapter Eleven

11-1 and 11-2. Penny Knudsen, designer.

11-3. Colene Kirwin, designer.

11-4. Linda Evans, designer.

11-5. J. P. Williams, designer.

11-6 to 11-9. Li Zhang, designer.

11-10. Joe Easter, designer.

11-11. Paul Dean, designer.

11-12 and 11-13. Brandon Luhring, designer.

11-14. Trina Denison, designer.

11-15. Kara Holtzman, designer.

11-16 to 11-20. Virginia Commonwealth University sophomores, designers.

11-21 to 11-23. University of Cincinnati sophomores, designers.

11-24. Steve Cox, designer.

11-25. Bill Jolley, designer.

11-26. Susan Dewey, designer.

11-27. Kyle Wiley, designer.

11-28. Elisa Robels, designer.

11-29. Kelly Olsen, designer.

11-30. Cheri Olsen, designer.

11-31. Paris Jones, designer.

11-32. Xiaozhou Li, designer. Courtesy of Jennifer Bernstein.

11-33. Napasawan Sirisukont, designer. Courtesy of Jennifer Bernstein.

11-34. Heinz Klinkon, designer.

11-35 to 11-40. Anna Rising, designer.

11-41. Jeremy Doan, designer.

11-42 to 11-45. Ryoji Ohashi, designer.

11-46. Todd Duchynski, designer.

11-47. Monique Maiorana, designer.

11-48. Erin Roach, designer.

11-49. Susan Ulsh, designer.

11-50. Craig McLawhorn and Matt Monk, designers.

11-51 to 11-54. Sarah Boley, designer.

11-55 to 11-59. Laurie Duggins, designer.

11-60. Alan Bayot, designer.

11-61. Christian Pearson, designer.

11-62. Aisha Bushawareb, Aldana Al-Malki, Fatema Al-Doh, Fatma Al-Remaihi, Fatma Al-Jassim, Kholoud Al Sada, Mariam Gasan, Maryam Al-Homaid, Reem AlHajri, Rihab Mohamed, Rouda Al Thani, Sarah Husni, Abeer Al-Kubaisi, Angela Guy, Asma Al-Thani, Esra Abduljawad, Fatima Zainal, Hadeer Omar, Najla Al-Kuwari, Riam Ghani, Sahwa Elnakhli, and Sara Qubrosi, designers.

11-63. Beth April Smolev, designer.

11-64. Katherine St. James, designer.

11-65. Bruce Morgan, designer.

11-66. Fatima Bukhshaisha, designer.

11-67. Khadija Safri, designer.

11-68. Joanne Bermejo, designer.

11-69. Allison Holing, designer.

11-70. Chul Kam, designer.

11-71. Kyra Jacobs, designer.

11-72. C.J. Hawn, designer.

11-73. Jung Kwon, designer.

11-74 to 11-76. Erin Hall, designer.

11-77 to 11-79. Ginny Winston, designer.

11-80 to 11-82. Chiu-Ping Chiu, designer.

11-83. University of Cincinnati juniors, designers.

11-84. Kerry DeBruce, designer.

11-85. Nakyoung Sung, designer.

11-86. Kayla Kern, designer.

11-87. Brian Mueller, designer.

11-88. Sara Zahedi, designer.

Chapter Twelve

12-2. Yoon-Young Chai, Brent McCormick, and Matthew Stay, designers.

12-3. Rob Carter, designer.

12-4. Matt Klimas, designer.

12-7. Jessica Salas, designer.

12-8. Alan Bayot, designer.

12-9 and 12-10. Chinedue Chukwu, designer.

12-11 to 12-13. Roland Ilog, designer.

12-14. Todd Timney, designer.

12-15. Courtesy of Holland Fonts.

12-16. Guilherme Villar, designer.

12-18 to 11-21. Courtesy of Thomas Detrie.

12-22 to 11-43. Courtesy of Ernest Bernhardi.

12-44 to 11-59. Courtesy of Ned Drew.

12-60 to 11-67. Courtesy of David W. Steadman.

Chapter Thirteen

13-5. From American Advertising Posters of the Nineteenth Century by Mary Black; courtesy of Dover Publications Inc., New York.

Sources for specimen quotations

Pages iv, 263, 273, 279, 285, 291, 301, 311, and 321. From The Book Beautiful by Thomas James Cobden-Sanderson. Hammersmith: Hammersmith Publishing Society, 1902.