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Dedication Page
by Thomas Dillinger
VLSI Design Methodology Development, First Edition
Cover Page
About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Topic I: Overview of VLSI Design Methodology
I.1 Methodology Guidelines for Logical and Physical Design Hierarchy Correspondence
I.2 Managing Inter-Block Glue Logic
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Intellectual Property (IP) Models
1.3 Tapeout and NRE Fabrication Cost
1.4 Fabrication Technology
1.5 Power and Clock Domains On-chip
1.6 Physical Design Planning
1.7 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 2. VLSI Design Methodology
2.1 IP Design Methodology
2.2 SoC Physical Design Methodology
2.3 EDA Tool and Release Flow Management
2.4 Design Methodology “Trailblazing” and Reference Flows
2.5 Design Data Management (DDM)
2.6 Power and Clock Domain Management
2.7 Design for Testability (DFT)
2.8 Design-for-Manufacturability (DFM) and Design-for-Yield (DFY) Requirements
2.9 Design Optimization
2.10 Methodology Checks
References
Further Research
Chapter 3. Hierarchical Design Decomposition
3.1 Logical-to-Physical Correspondence
3.2 Division of SRAM Array Versus Non-Array Functionality
3.3 Division of Dataflow and Control Flow Functionality
3.4 Design Block Size for Logic Synthesis and Physical Design
3.5 Power and Clock Domain Considerations
3.6 Opportunities for Reuse of Hierarchical Units
3.7 Automated Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) Limitations
3.8 Intangibles
3.9 The Impact of Changes to the SoC Model Hierarchy During Design
3.10 Generating Hierarchical Electrical Abstracts Versus Top-Level Flat Analysis
3.11 Methodologies for Top-Level Logical and Physical Hierarchies
3.12 Summary
References
Further Research
Topic II: Modeling
Chapter 4. Cell and IP Modeling
4.1 Functional Modeling for Cells and IP
4.2 Physical Models for Library Cells
4.3 Library Cell Models for Analysis Flows
4.4 Design for End-of-Life (EOL) Circuit Parameter Drift
4.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Topic III: Design Validation
Chapter 5. Characteristics of Functional Validation
5.1 Software Simulation
5.2 Testbench Stimulus Development
5.3 Hardware-Accelerated Simulation: Emulation and Prototyping
5.4 Behavioral Co-simulation
5.5 Switch-Level and Symbolic Simulation
5.6 Simulation Throughput and Resource Planning
5.7 Validation of Production Test Patterns
5.8 Event Trace Logging
5.9 Model Coverage Analysis
5.10 Switching Activity Factor Estimates for Power Dissipation Analysis
5.11 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 6. Characteristics of Formal Equivalency Verification
6.1 RTL Combinational Model Equivalency
6.2 State Mapping for Equivalency
6.3 Combinational Logic Cone Analysis
6.4 Use of Model Input Assertions for Equivalency
6.5 Sequential Model Equivalency
6.6 Functional and Test-Mode Equivalence Verification
6.7 Array Equivalence Verification
6.8 Summary
References
Further Research
Topic IV: Design Implementation
Chapter 7. Logic Synthesis
7.1 Level of Hardware Description Language Modeling
7.2 Generation and Verification of Timing Constraints
7.3 Technology Mapping to the Cell Library
7.4 Signal Repowering and “High-Fan-out” Net Synthesis (HFNS)
7.5 Post-Synthesis Netlist Characteristics
7.6 Synthesis with a Power Format File
7.7 Post-Technology Mapping Optimizations for Timing and Power
7.8 Hold Timing Optimization
7.9 Clock Tree Synthesis (CTS)
7.10 Integration of Hard IP Macros in Synthesis
7.11 Low-Effort Synthesis (LES) Methodology
7.12 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 8. Placement
8.1 Global Floorplanning of Hierarchical Units
8.2 Parasitic Interconnect Estimation
8.3 Cell Placement
8.4 Clock Tree Local Buffer Placement
8.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 9. Routing
9.1 Routing Introduction
9.2 Global and Detailed Routing Phases
9.3 Back End Of Line Interconnect “Stacks”
9.4 Routing Optimizations
9.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Topic V: Electrical Analysis
Chapter 10. Layout Parasitic Extraction and Electrical Modeling
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cell- and Transistor-Level Parasitic Modeling for Cell Characterization
10.3 Decoupling Capacitance Calculation for Power Grid Analysis
10.4 Interconnect Extraction
10.5 “Selected Net” Extraction Options
10.6 RLC Modeling
10.7 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 11. Timing Analysis
11.1 Cell Delay Calculation
11.2 Interconnect Delay Calculation
11.3 Electrical Design Checks
11.4 Static Timing Analysis
11.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 12. Noise Analysis
12.1 Introduction to Noise Analysis
12.2 Static Noise Analysis, Part I
12.3 Noise Impact on Delay
12.4 Electrical Models for Static Noise Analysis
12.5 Static Noise Analysis, Part II
12.6 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 13. Power Analysis
13.1 Introduction to Power Analysis
13.2 Models for Switching Activity Power Dissipation
13.3 IP Power Models
13.4 Device Self-Heat Models
13.5 Design-for-Power Feedback from Power Analysis
13.6 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 14. Power Rail Voltage Drop Analysis
14.1 Introduction to Power Rail Voltage Drop Analysis
14.2 Static I*R Rail Analysis
14.3 Dynamic P/G Voltage Drop Analysis
14.4 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 15. Electromigration (EM) Reliability Analysis
15.1 Introduction to EM Reliability Analysis
15.2 Fundamentals of Electromigration
15.3 Power Rail Electromigration Analysis: powerEM
15.4 Signal Interconnect Electromigration Analysis: sigEM
15.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 16. Miscellaneous Electrical Analysis Requirements
16.1 SleepFET Power Rail Analysis
16.2 Substrate Noise Injection and Latchup Analysis
16.3 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Checking
16.4 Soft Error Rate (SER) Analysis
16.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Topic VI: Preparation for Manufacturing Release and Bring-Up
Chapter 17. ECOs
17.1 Application of an Engineering Change
17.2 ECOs and Equivalency Verification
17.3 Use of Post-Silicon Cells for ECOs
17.4 ECOs and Design Version Management
17.5 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 18. Physical Design Verification
18.1 Design Rule Checking (DRC)
18.2 Layout-Versus-Schematic (LVS) Verification
18.3 Electrical Rule Checking (ERC)
18.4 Lithography Process Checking (LPC)
18.5 DRC Waivers
18.6 Summary
Further Research
Chapter 19. Design for Testability Analysis
19.1 Stuck-at Fault Models and Automated Test Pattern Generation (ATPG)
19.2 DFT Design Rule Checking
19.3 Memory Built-in Self-Test (MBIST)
19.4 Logic Built-in Self-Test (LBIST)
19.5 Delay Faults
19.6 Bridging Faults
19.7 Pattern Diagnostics
19.8 Summary
References
Further Research
Chapter 20. Preparation for Tapeout
20.1 Introduction to Tapeout Preparation
20.2 Foundry Interface Release Tapeout Options
20.3 Tapeout Checklist Review
20.4 Project Tapeout Planning
Further Research
Chapter 21. Post-Silicon Debug and Characterization (“Bring-up”) and Product Qualification
21.1 Systematic Test Fails
21.2 “Shmoo” of Performance Dropout Versus Frequency
21.3 Product Qualification
21.4 Summary
Reference
Further Research
Epilogue
Summary
Index
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Contents at a Glance
To Pat, for his inspiration
and
To Martha, who loved to write
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