Index

2D to 3D conversion, 7, 56, 85, 293

3D artifacts, 205–220

3D content capturing, 85

3D content creation, 85

3D display, 63

3D gaming system, 295–8

3D mobile, 298–302

3D modeling, 5–6

3D multi-view generation, 125–6

3D quality of experience, 9–10

3D representation, 5–6

3D scanner, 29, 38

3D scene modeling, 85

3D-DCT, 241

3DVC, 167

accommodation, 63, 248

active 3D-glass display, 290

adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), 11, 191

additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 177

ad-hoc network, 193

Advanced Video Coding (AVC), 129

aliasing, 77, 81

all-IP architecture, 200, 330

alpha matting, 56

amplify-and-forward (AF), 284

anaglyph, 65

angular disparity, 64

angular intra-prediction, 141

animation framework extension (AFX), 165–6

application layer, 174

approximating scheme, 35–6

arbitrary slice order (ASO), 140

arithmetic coding, 136

asymmetric motion partition (AMP), 141

asymmetric stereo video coding, 142–3

asymmetries in stereo camera rig, 216–17

augmented reality, 302–9

autofocus processing, 91

automatic 2D-to-3D conversion (a3DC), 103–11

automatic repeat request (ARQ), 173

automultiscopic, 79

autostereoscopic display, 9, 71–8

autostereoscopy, 289

banding artifact, 218

base layer (BL), 323

basis function, 32

B-frame, 137

bilateral filter, 153

binarization process, 136

binary bin, 136

binary format for scenes (BIFS), 165

binary phase shift keying (BPSK), 176

binocular depth cue, 64, 205

binocular rivalry, 217

binocular suppression theory, 7, 142, 318

block matching (BM), 241

blocky artifact, 136, 218

blur gradient, 248

blurring artifact, 218

broadband channel, 181

B-slice, 137

capture cues, 247

cardboard effect, 215–16

cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE), 71

center of use (CoU), 226

channel, 175

channel code rate, 175

channel delay spread, 181

channel encoder, 174

channel-induced distortion, 259

checkerboard format, 7, 145

chromatic aberration, 217

circuit switching, 171

circular polarization, 69

coding block, 141

coding unit (CU), 137, 141

coherence bandwidth, 181

coherence time, 188

color bleeding artifact, 218

color cues, 64

color dispersion, 77

color matching function, 66

color rivalry, 68

color separation, 77

colorimetric asymmetry, 217

comoplementary decimation, 146

complexity model, 314

compression artifact, 218

context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), 135–6

context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), 135–6

contrast masking, 229

contrast sensitivity, 229

conventional stereo video (CSV), 291

converence point, 206

cooperative communications, 14, 284

coordinate transform, 207

corner cutting, 35

corner-table mesh, 26

corona artifact, 164

correlation, 318

crossed disparity, 206

crossed parallax, 207

cross-layer design, 12, 282

crosstalk, 73, 82, 217

curve fitting, 321

data-driven animation, 20

data link layer, 173

datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP), 329

DCT compression artifact, 218–19

deblocking filter, 130

deblocking process, 136

decimation, 146, 281

decode-and-forward (DF), 284

decoding drift, 324

de-correlation transform, 130

deficit round robin (DRR), 331

defocus cues, 63

depth camera, 88

depth cue, 205

depth from focus and defocus, 103–4

depth from geometric cues, 103

depth from motion, 104–5

depth from planar model, 103

depth from shading, 104

depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), 148

depth image-based representation, 6, 18, 51–7

depth map bleeing, 219

depth map ringing, 219

depth offset, 156

depth-plane curvature, 212

depth ringing, 219

depth video camera, 5

descriptive quality, 223

diagonal scan, 141

DIBR-based error recovery, 324

diplopia, 206

discrete cosine transform (DCT), 133

disparity, 87

disparity compensation, 157

disparity correlation, 269

disparity estimation, 160

disparity map, 6

displaced frame difference (DFD), 317

displacement map, 33

distortion-quantization, 320

distributed source coding, 14

divergent parallax, 207

Doppler shift, 188

Doppler spectrum, 188

Doppler spread, 188

double flash, 70

downsampling, 281

drifting artifact, 139

dual LCD panel, 78

Digital Video Broadcast (DVB), 328

DVB-C, 329

DVB-H, 329

DVB-S, 329

DVB-T, 329

earliest deadline first (EDF), 331

earliest deadline first with deficit round robin (EDF-DRR), 331

edge, 24

edge collapse, 30

edge-preserving, 153

end-to-end 3D visual ecosystem, 3–5

end-to-end distortion, 265

enhancement layer (EL), 323

eNodeB, 195

entropy coding, 129–130, 135–6

error concealment, 5, 8, 270

error protection, 324

error resilience, 267

evolved packet core (EPC), 195, 200

evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), 195

Exp-Golomb coding, 135

external preference mapping, 224

extraordinary vertex, 36

extrinsic matrix, 162

face, 24

face-vertex mesh, 25

false contouring artifact, 218

false edge artifact, 218

fast binary arithmetic coding, 136

fast fading, 188

fatigue, 249

feature based metrics, 232–3

feature-based 3D QA, 244–6

femtocell, 12

film-type patterned retarder (FPR), 69

FinePix Real 3D System, 291

finite impulse response (FIR), 136

flat-fading channel, 181

flexible macroblock order (FSO), 140

focus cues, 63, 247

focus value (FV), 91

forward error control (FEC), 8, 324

frame-compatible, 7

frame-compatible stereo video streaming, 318

free viewpoint video, 166

free-viewpoint 3DTV (FVT), 9

frequency-selective channel, 181

full-reference (FR) metrics, 227

full-resolution frame-compatible, 146–8

full-resolution frame-compatible stereo video streaming, 318

Gaussian kernel, 153

generalized procrustes analysis (GPA), 224

geometric cues, 63

geometry-based modeling, 6, 85–6

geometry-based representation, 17, 22–43, 166

glass-less two-view systems, 289

global Illumination, 21, 32

global system for mobile communications (GSM), 194

google street, 48

Grammian matrix, 67

graphics pipeline, 31

group of GOP (GGOP), 318

group of pictures (GOP), 137

H.264, 129

H.264/MPEG-2 multivew profile, 143

half-edge mesh, 27

half-resolution frame-compatible, 144–6

Hardamard transform, 134

head tracking, 79

header, 172

hierarchical B-frame, 138, 159

high efficiency video coding (HEVC), 129, 140–142

high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), 195

hill-climbing focusing, 94

hole, 150, 219

hole-filling algorithm, 150

hologram, 83–4

holographic 3DTV, 9

horizontal disparity, 64

Horopter circle, 206

HTC EVO 3D, 298–9

Huffman coding, 135

human vision system based metrics, 228–32

human visual system (HVS), 9, 63, 205–6

hybrid modeling, 6, 85, 87

IEEE 802.16–WiMAX, 202

I-frame, 137

image-based modeling, 6, 85–6

image-based representation, 18, 43–51, 166

individual view coding, 142–3

information fidelity criterion (IFC), 234

information theoretic QA, 234

instantaneous decoder refresh (IDR), 137

integer DCT transform, 134

integral image, 75

integral videography (IV) overlay, 305

intensity cues, 64

interactive 2D-to-3D conversion, 111

interference, 177

inter-frame prediction, 130

interocular distance, 205

interpolating scheme, 35–6

inter-symbol interference (ISI), 183

inter-view bilateral error concealment (IBEC), 273

inter-view correlation, 269

inter-view prediction, 143

intra-frame prediction, 130–132

intrinsic matrix, 162

IP multicast, 321

IPv4, 174

IPv6, 174

IS-95, 194

I-slice, 137

joint multi-program rate control, 318

just-noticeable threshold (JNT), 143

Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), 133

key frame extraction, 116

key-framed animation, 20

keystone distortion, 211

Kinect, 88, 293–4

Lagrange multiplier, 317, 320

large-scale propagation effect, 177

largest coding unit (LCU), 140

lattice artifacts, 217–18

layer depth image (LDI), 54–6

layered depth video (LDV), 7, 163–5

least squared, 321

lenticular lens, 9, 75–8, 80, 290

light field, 49–50

linear polarization, 69

local illumination, 21, 31–2

logical link control, 173

log-normal fading, 178

long-term evolution (LTE), 11, 194

long term evolution-advance (LTE-A), 194, 201

luma-based chroma prediction, 141

lumigraph, 49–50

luminance masking, 229

macroblock (MB), 137

magnification factor, 215

M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK), 176

mean of absolute difference (MAD), 132–3, 316

mean square error (MSE), 227

medical visualization, 304

medium access control, 173

mesh compression and encoding, 29–31

mesh-based, 326

Mirage Table, 294

mismatch compensation, 158

mixed resolution stereo (MRS), 291

mixed-resolution, 7, 269

mixed-resolution video coding, 143

mode decision algorithm, 160

modulation, 175

monocular depth cue, 63–4, 205

mosquito noise, 219

motion compensation, 133

motion compensation mismatch, 219

motion confusion, 70

motion estimation, 132–3

motion judder artifact, 219

motion modeling based QA, 235–6

motion parallax, 64, 79, 247–8

motion vectors, 95–6, 268

moving pictures quality metric (MPQM), 231

MPEG-2 test model 5 (TM5), 314

MPEG-4 Part 10, 129

MPEG-4 verification model (VM), 316

MPEG-A, 166

MPEG-C Part 3, 150

MPEG-FTV, 167

multi-band filter, 68

multicarrier modulation, 196

multi-hypothesis error concealment (MHEC), 274

multimedia application format (MAF), 166

multipath channel, 179

multiple description coding (MDC), 8, 269, 327

multiple description (MD) coding, 279

multiple texture technique, 48–50

multiple view coding (MVC), 156–160

multiple view image, 50

multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), 11

multiuser video communications, 13

multi-view camera, 88

multi-view correspondence, 87

multi-view matching, 6, 87

multi-view system, 78–83

multi-view video coding (MVC), 1, 7, 146

multi-view video plus depth (MVD), 7, 160–163

MVC streaming, 318–19

MVD streaming, 319–21

Nakagami fading, 190

narrowband channel, 181

negative parallax, 207

network abstraction layer (NAL), 278

network layer, 174

non-square quad-tree transform (NSQT), 141

non-uniform rational B-spline surface (NURBS), 32–4

no-reference (NR) metrics, 227

N-view video camera, 5

object classification, 120–121

object orientation, 119

object segmentation, 117–19

object thickness, 119

occlusion, 5, 50, 64

occlusion-based, 9, 71–5, 79

octree, 41

open profiling quality (OPQ), 223–4

optical augmented display, 303

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 11, 196

orthogonal projection, 65

over-under format, 7, 145

packet, 172

packet switching, 172

Panum's fusional area, 206

parallax, 209

parallax barrier, 9, 71–5, 79–80, 289–290

parallel camera configuration, 207–8

parallel stereoscopic camera, 207

path loss, 177–8

path loss exponent, 178

patterned retarder (PR), 69

peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), 227

peer-to-peer (P2P), 13

peer-to-peer streaming, 325–8

perceptual distortion metric (PDM), 231

perceptual evaluation of video quality (PEVQ), 233

Percival's zone of comfort, 248

P-frame, 137

PHSD-3D, 242–4

PHVS-3D, 240–242

physical layer, 173

physically-based animation, 21

picket-fence effect, 217–8

pixel-based metrics, 227–8

platelet, 154

plenoptic function, 43–6, 86, 166

point-based modeling, 6

point-based representation, 37–9

polarization multiplexing, 9, 69

polygonal mesh, 24–32

positive parallax, 207

power delay profile, 180

prediction, 129

prediction path, 129

prediction unit (PU), 141

primary color system, 65

progressive mesh, 30

projection matrix, 162

pseudoscopic, 73

P-slice, 137

PSNR-HVS, 231

PSNR-HVS-M, 231–2

psychoperceptual, 222

puppet-theater effect, 213–5

quad-edge mesh, 27

quad-lateral filter, 154

quadratic model, 316

quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 176

quadrilateral, 24

quad-tree, 140

quad-tree decomposition, 155

quality accessment (QA), 220

quality of expeience (QoE), 3, 220

quality of perception (QoP), 222

quality of sevice (QoS), 11

quantization, 129, 130

quantization parameter (QP), 134

quantization step size, 134

quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), 176

Quicktime VR, 47–8

radial distortion, 217

radiosity, 32

rate control, 313

rate distortion optimization (RDO), 316

rate-quantization, 320

ray marching, 42–3

Rayleigh fading, 189

ray-tracing, 32

real-time transport protocol (RTP), 329

recontruction path, 129

reduced-reference (RR) metrics, 227

redundant slice, 140

reference picture buffer, 137

refraction-based, 9, 75–8, 79

relay, 283

reproduction magnification factor, 215

residual, 129

residual quad-tree (RQT), 141

retinal disparity, 206

RGB, 130

ringing artifact, 218

Sarnoff JND vision model, 230

scalable MVC streaming, 323

scalable video coding (SVC), 146

scene geometric structure, 117

scheduling, 331

screen cues, 247–8

semantic object, 117

semantic rule, 122

shadow fading, 178

shape-from-silhouette, 86

shared motion vectors, 273

shear distortion, 212–3

shutter glasses, 70

side-by-side format, 7, 145

single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), 200

single texture technique, 47–8

size maganification factor, 215

slanted multi-view display, 80

slice, 137

slice group, 140

slow fading, 188

small-scale propagation effect, 177

SNR asymmetry, 143

source encoder, 174

source encoding distortion, 259

spatial asymmetry, 142–3

spatial light modulator (SLM), 83

spatial monocular depth cue, 63–4

spatial multiplexing, 71

spatial redundancy, 130

spatial scalability, 146

spatially multiplexed systems, 290

spatial-temporal monocular depth cues, 64

spectral absorption function, 66

spectral density function, 65

splating, 39

spot focus window, 92

staircase artifact, 218

stereo band limited contrast (SBLC), 236

Stereobrush, 293

stereo camera, 87

stereo camera rig, 216

stereo correspondence, 87

stereo matching, 87

stereoscopic artifact, 10

stereoscopic display, 65–71

store-and-forward, 172

structural similarity (SSIM) index, 232–3

structure based metrics, 232–3

structure from motion (SfM), 89

subdivision surface representation, 34–7

subpixel, 77

subpixel motion estimation, 133

sum of squared difference (SSD), 317

surface-based modeling, 6

surface-based representation, 17, 23–37

sweet spot, 71

switching I (SI)-slice, 139

switching P (SP)-slice, 139, 324

synchronization, 328

temporal asymmetry, 143

temporal bilateral error concealment (TBEC), 273

temporal correlation, 269

temporal random access, 157

temporal redundancy, 132

temporal scalability, 146

temporally multiplexed systems, 290

Teo and Heeger model, 230

texture-based representation, 18, 43–51

texturing techniques, 27

tile, 141

tiling artifact, 218

time multiplexing, 9, 69–71

time-of-flight, 88

toed-in camera configuration, 207–8

toed-in stereoscopic camera, 207

transform, 129

transform unit (TU), 141

transmission artifact, 219

transmission control protocol (TCP), 174

transmission-induced distortion, 259

tree-based, 326

triangle, 24

trilateral filter, 153–4

triple flash, 70

two-layer overlay, 327

two-view stereo video streaming, 318

uncrossed disparity, 206

uncrossed parallax, 207

unequal error protection (UEP), 5, 8, 275

uniform scattering environment, 188

universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), 194

user datagram protocol (UDP), 174, 329

user-centered, 222

user-centered quality of experience, 225–6

vector Huffman coding, 136

vergence angle, 64

vergence-accommodation coupling, 250

vertex, 24

vertex insertion, 35

vertex split, 30

vertex-vertex mesh, 25

video augmented display, 303

video broadcasting, 326, 328

video plus depth (V+D), 1, 7, 148–56, 291

video quality metric (VQM), 233

video structure analysis, 116

video-on-demand, 326

Vieth-Muller circle, 206

view switching, 321–5

view switching latency, 323

view synthesized artifact, 219–220

view-dependent texture, 49

viewing zone, 71

view-switching, 157

view-switching latency, 327

view-synthesis prediction (VSP), 162

virtual environment (VE), 302

virtual reality, 71

virtual reality model language (VRML), 165

visible difference predictor (VDP), 230

visual discomfort, 10

visual fatigue, 10

visual hull, 86

visual information fidelity (VIF), 234

visual signal-to-noise ratio (VSNR), 230

volume-based modeling, 6

volume-based representation, 17, 40–43

voxel, 40

voxelization, 41

wavefront parallel processing, 141–2

wavelength division multiplexing, 9, 65–8

wedgelet, 154

weighted prediction, 133

wideband-CDMA, 194

Wiener-Ziv coding, 14

WiMAX, 11

winged-edge mesh, 27

YCbCr, 130

Z-buffer-basd 3D surface recovering, 98–100

zero parallax, 207

zigzag, 135