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II. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Policing and Shaping
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II. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Policing and Shaping
by Jonathan Chin
Cisco Frame Relay Solutions Guide
Copyright
Dedications
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Icons Used in This Book
Command Syntax Conventions
Introduction
Goals and Methods
Who Should Read This Book?
How This Book Is Organized
I. Frame Relay Technology
1. Introduction to Frame Relay
Frame Relay Defined
Levels of Operation
Frame Relay Virtual Circuits
The Frame Relay Header
Explicit Congestion Notification Bits
Discard Eligibility Bit
The Standardization of Frame Relay
LMI
The Origins of Frame Relay: X.25
Frame Relay's Current Role
The Frame Relay Forum
The Future of Frame Relay
Frame Relay Terminology
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
2. Cisco Frame Relay Devices and Network Implementation
Understanding Frame Relay Devices and Network Implementation
Frame Relay Serial Interfaces and Cabling Standards
TIA/EIA-232
TIA/EIA-449
TIA-530
ITU-T V.35
ITU-T X.21
The Cisco Family of Router and Switch Platforms for Frame Relay WAN Connectivity
Cisco 1600/1700 and 2600 Series Routers
Cisco 3600/3700/4000 and AS5000 Series Routers
Cisco 7200/7500, 10000, and 12000 GSR Series Routers
Cisco Wide-Area Switches
Frame Relay Access Speeds and CIR
Introduction to the Cisco Frame Relay Implementation
Global Addressing Versus Local Addressing
Frame Relay Encapsulation
Frame Relay Multicasting
Frame Relay Inverse Address Resolution Protocol
Summary
Review Questions
3. Planning and Managing Frame Relay Networks
Network Planning
Knowledge of Users' Requirements
Knowledge of the Protocol Mix
Knowledge of the Traffic Pattern
Provisioning Bandwidth—Capacity Planning
Frame Relay Subscription
CIR
Committed Burst (Bc)
Excess Burst (Be)
Planning the CIR Subscription
Zero CIR (0 CIR)
Moderated CIR
Maximum CIR
Frame Relay Topology Options
Star Topology
Fully Meshed Topology
Partially Meshed Topology
Performance Management
Classifying Mission-Critical Traffic
Managing Congestion
Traffic Shaping
Queuing
Priority Queuing
Custom Queuing
Frame Relay Compression
Managing Broadcast Traffic
Providing a Backup to Frame Relay Virtual Circuits
A Common Issue Encountered in Frame Relay Networks
Split Horizon
Using Subinterfaces on Cisco Routers
Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
Multipoint Subinterfaces
Summary
Review Questions
4. Cisco Frame Relay Configurations
Configuring Frame Relay
Enabling Frame Relay Encapsulation
Configuring the LMI Type on a Frame Relay Interface
Configuring Static and Dynamic DLCI to Network Layer Address Mapping
Dynamic Mapping
Static Mapping
Configuring Frame Relay Subinterfaces
Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
Using Frame Relay Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
Using Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfaces
Configuring a Cisco Router as a Frame Relay Switch
Local Significance Approach to DLCI Assignment
Verifying Frame Relay Connections with IOS show Commands
show interface serial interface-type number
show frame-relay lmi [interface_type interface_number]
show frame-relay map
show frame-relay pvc
show frame-relay route
Troubleshooting Frame Relay Connections with Cisco IOS debug Commands
debug frame-relay events
debug frame-relay lmi
debug frame-relay packet
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
II. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Policing and Shaping
5. Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
Current Issues
Dealing with Oversubscription
Data Rate Mismatch
Solutions to Current Issues
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Explained
How Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Works
Process Switching
Fast Switching
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping on Egress Interface
Adaptive Shaping to BECN
Adaptive Shaping to ForeSight
Configuring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
Creating a Traffic Shaping Map Class
Associating the Frame Relay Map Class
Monitoring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Information
show frame-relay pvc
show traffic-shape
Results of Throttling the Output Rate Dynamically
Verifying Regulation of Output Traffic Rate
Configuring Discard Eligibility (DE)
Configuring Frame Relay Broadcast Queue
Configuring DLCI Priority Levels
Differences Between Frame Relay Traffic Shaping and Generic Traffic Shaping
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
Case Study: Managing Data Traffic
Case Study: A Small Hub-and-Spoke Network Running Voice and Video Traffic
6. Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements
Current Issues
Solutions to Current Issues
Frame Relay Switching Enhancements
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping on Switched PVC
Frame Relay Switching over ISDN B Channels
Basic Policing—Traffic Policing on UNI DCE
Congestion Management on Switched PVCs
Configuring Frame Relay Switching Enhancements on a Cisco Router
Configuring Frame Relay Switching on Switched PVC for Serial and ISDN Interfaces
Configuring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping on Outgoing Switched PVC
Configuring Frame Relay Policing on Incoming Switched Interface
Configuring Frame Relay Congestion Management
Monitoring and Verifying Frame Relay Switching Enhancements on a Cisco Router
Monitoring and Verifying Frame Relay Traffic Shaping on Switched PVCs
Monitoring and Verifying Frame Relay Policing on Ingress Interface
Monitoring and Verifying Frame Relay Congestion Management
Congestion Management on the Interface Level
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
Case Study: Frame Relay Switching over ISDN
7. Cisco Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive
Current Issues
Solutions to Current Issues
Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive Feature Defined
The Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive Timers
Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive Modes
Bidirectional Mode
Request Mode
Reply Mode
Passive-Reply Mode
Configuring Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive
Monitoring and Verifying Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive
Monitoring Broken Connections
Troubleshooting Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive Connections
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
Case Study: Using LMI and Frame Relay End-to-End Keepalive
Network Connection Failures
III. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Traffic Management
8. Frame Relay to ATM Interworking
ATM Technology
Comparing ATM to Frame Relay Protocol
Interworking Frame Relay with ATM
Frame Relay Forum Implementation Agreement Document Number FRF.5
Frame Relay Frame Entering an ATM Network
Frame Relay Discard Eligibility and ATM Cell Loss Priority
DE to CLP Bit Mapping in the Frame Relay to ATM Direction for FRF.5
CLP to DE Bit Mapping in the ATM to Frame Relay Direction for FRF.5
Congestion Indication Support in FRF.5
Frame Relay Forum Implementation Agreement Document Number FRF.8.1
FRF.8.1 Translation Mode
FRF.8.1 Transparent Mode
DE to CLP Bit Mapping in the Frame Relay to ATM Direction for FRF.8.1
CLP to DE Bit Mapping in the ATM to Frame Relay Direction for FRF.8.1
Congestion Indication Support in FRF.8.1
Supported Cisco Platforms for Frame Relay to ATM Interworking
Cisco MC3810
Cisco 2600 Series Routers
Cisco 3600 Series Routers
Cisco 7200 Series Routers
Configuring FRF.5 Network Interworking
Verifying FRF.5 Configuration
Configuring FRF.8.1 Service Interworking
Summary
Review Questions
References
9. Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion
Current Issues
Congestion in the Frame Relay Network
Solutions for Current Issues
Using map-class
Configuring Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion
Verifying Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion
Using show interface serial Command as an Alternative
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
Case Study: Without Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion
Case Study: With Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion
10. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Frame Relay
Requirements for PPP over Frame Relay
RFC 1973 and Cisco Implementation of PPP over Frame Relay
PPP over Frame Relay Development
Cisco 90i IDSL Channel Unit
PPP over Frame Relay Frame Format
Virtual Template Interfaces and Virtual Access Interfaces
Configuring Virtual Template Interfaces
Monitoring PPP over Frame Relay
Summary
Review Questions
References
Case Study: Verifying PPP over Frame Relay
11. Frame Relay Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Introduction to Frame Relay SVC
Comparing SVC to PVC
Current Issues
Solutions for Current Issues
Any-to-Any Connectivity Between Remote Sites
Bandwidth-on-Demand and Backup for PVC
Comparing SVC and PVC Usage for Different Network Applications
Setting Up an SVC Operation
SVC Signaling Operation
SVC User Call States
SVC Addressing Plan—E.164 and X.121
Cisco Implementation of Frame Relay SVC
SVC Configuration Tasks
Configuring Frame Relay LAPF Parameters
Monitoring Frame Relay SVC
Summary
Review Questions
References
Case Study: Frame Relay SVC Network Between Two Remote Offices
12. X.25 over Frame Relay: Using the Annex G Feature
Current Issues
Solutions to Current Issues
Annex G Feature
Cisco Implementation of Annex G
Basic X.25 Configuration Tasks on a Cisco Router
Configuring X.25 Encapsulation
X.25 PVC and SVC
Understanding X.121 Addressing
Configuring X.25 Subinterfaces and X.121 to Network Layer Address Mapping
Summary
Review Questions
References
Case Study: Use of the Annex G Feature
Configuring Annex G on a Cisco Router
Annex G Configuration Tasks
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Annex G
13. Frame Relay Enhanced Local Management Interface (ELMI)
Current Issues
Unable to Dynamically Obtain QoS Parameters from Frame Relay Switch
Unable to Obtain End-to-End Mapping of Frame Relay Network
Solutions to Current Issues
Frame Relay ELMI QoS Autosense
Frame Relay ELMI Address Registration
Configuring the Frame Relay ELMI Feature
Configuring Frame Relay QoS Autosense
show frame-relay qos-autosense
show frame-relay pvc
Configuring Frame Relay ELMI Address Registration
Operation of MIB
Summary
Review Questions
References
14. Multilink Frame Relay (FRF.16)
Current Issues
Solutions to Current Issues
Multilink Frame Relay Setup and Operation
Multilink Link Integrity Protocol
Initialization and Bundle Setup
Bundle Link Establishment
Bundle Management
Tearing Down the Bundle Link
Multilink Frame Relay System Parameters
Cisco Implementation of Multilink Frame Relay
Definition of Multilink Frame Relay Interface and Bundle Links
Configuring Multilink Frame Relay on Cisco Routers
Tuning Multilink Frame Relay Parameters
Load Balancing Effectively Across the Bundle Links
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Multilink Frame Relay
Verifying Resiliency Across a Bundle
Troubleshooting Multilink Frame Relay
Summary
Review Questions
References
15. Compression over Frame Relay
Current Issues
Why Use Compression?
Saving and Optimizing Bandwidth
Reducing the Existing Committed Information Rate (CIR) Requirements
Solutions to Current Issues
How Compression Works
Compression Defined
Nonreversible Data Compression Scheme
Loss-less Compression Algorithm Data Compression Scheme
Stacker Versus Predictor
Stacker Compression Algorithm
Predictor Compression Scheme
Compression Ratios
Software Versus Hardware Compression
Technical Overview of Cisco IOS Frame Relay Compression Schemes
Data Payload Compression Schemes
Packet Header Compression
Configuring Frame Relay Proprietary Payload Compression
Configuring Frame Relay FRF.9 Payload Compression
Configuring TCP/IP Header Compression over Frame Relay
Active Versus Passive TCP/IP Header Compression
Configuring TCP/IP Header Compression over Frame Relay
Configuring Frame Relay RTP Header Compression
Express Header Compression for Cisco IOS Release 12.1
Frame Relay Compression Design Guidelines
Design of the Existing Network
Types of Traffic and Traffic Patterns
CPU and Memory Constraints
Latency and Speed
Compression Ratios
Verifying and Monitoring Frame Relay Compressions on Cisco Routers
Verifying the Effects of Cisco Proprietary Payload Compression
Verifying the Effects of FRF.9 Payload Compression (Software)
Verifying the Effects of TCP/IP Header Compression
Verifying and Monitoring RTP Header Compression
Frame Relay IP RTP Priority
Troubleshooting Frame Relay Compression
Summary
Review Questions
References
16. Frame Relay Fragmentation
Current Issues
Solutions to Current Issues
Cisco Implementations of Frame Relay Fragmentation
Frame Relay Fragmentation Implementation Agreement FRF.12
End-to-End FRF.12 Fragmentation
FRF.12 Support on Switched PVC
Configuring FRF.12 Fragmentation on Switched PVCs
FRF.12 Fragmentation with Hardware Compression Support
Hardware and Software Compression Compatibility
Configuring Hardware Compression with Fragmentation
Frame Relay Fragmentation Using FRF.11 Annex C
Cisco Proprietary Fragmentation
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Frame Relay Fragmentation
Summary
Review Questions
References
Case Study: Implementing Fragmentation on a Voice and Data Network
IV. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Congestion Management
17. Frame Relay Congestion Management
The Need for Queuing on Frame Relay Networks
Hierarchical Queuing Architecture for Frame Relay
PVC-Level Queues Versus Interface-Level Queues
Dual-FIFO Queue
Frame Relay Broadcast Queue
Frame Relay PIPQ
PQ Versus Frame Relay PIPQ
Restrictions of Frame Relay PIPQ
Configuring Frame Relay PIPQ
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Frame Relay PIPQ
Summary
Review Questions
References
18. Frame Relay Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) and Low Latency Queuing (LLQ)
Overview of the MQC
Configuring a Traffic Class with the class-map Command
Setting Up a Traffic Class with the class-map Command
CBWFQ
WFQ Revisited
Understanding CBWFQ
Comparing WFQ to CBWFQ
Configuring CBWFQ for Frame Relay
Monitoring and Troubleshooting CBWFQ for Frame Relay
LLQ, or PQ/CBWFQ
Frame Relay QoS Features Related to LLQ
Features Not Supported with LLQ for Frame Relay
Configuring LLQ for Frame Relay
Monitoring and Troubleshooting LLQ for Frame Relay
Summary
Review Questions
References
19. Frame Relay Queuing and Fragmentation at the Interface
Overview of Frame Relay Queuing and Fragmentation at the Interface
Simplified Configuration for LLQ
Frame Relay Queuing at the Interface
FRF.12 End-to-End Fragmentation at the Interface
Interleaving of Frames for Transmission
Subrate Shaping at the Interface
Related Functionality
Nonsupported Functionality
Configuring Frame Relay Queuing and Fragmentation at the Interface
Example of Frame Relay Queuing and Fragmentation at the Interface
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Frame Relay Queuing and Fragmentation at the Interface
Using the Subrate Shaper
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
20. Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI) for Frame Relay Virtual Circuits
LFI Using MLP Overview
Supporting Real-Time Applications
MLP-Based LFI Mechanism
Configuring Cisco IOS MLP LFI for Frame Relay on a Cisco Router
Monitoring and Troubleshooting the Cisco IOS MLP LFI over Frame Relay Feature
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
Case Study: LFI over Frame Relay Using MLP
Configuration Examples
V. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Congestion Avoidance and Signaling
21. Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) for Frame Relay
Overview of Congestion Avoidance Mechanisms
Layer 3 Queues
Tail Drop
Random Early Detection (RED)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
WRED
Flow-Based WRED
WRED Support for Frame Relay
Configuring WRED for Frame Relay
Enabling WRED on an Interface
Enabling WRED in a Traffic Policy
Scenario: Comparison of Tail Drop and WRED for Frame Relay
Monitoring and Troubleshooting Tail Drop and WRED
Monitoring Tail Drop and WRED
Summary
Review Questions
References
22. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) for Frame Relay
General Overview of RSVP
Standard Data Traffic Versus Real-Time Traffic
Bandwidth Reservation Service
RSVP Support for Frame Relay
Benefits of RSVP Protocol Support for Frame Relay
Configuring RSVP Support for Frame Relay
Verifying RSVP Support for Frame Relay
Monitoring and Troubleshooting RSVP Support for Frame Relay
Summary
Review Questions
Reference
A. Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
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4. Cisco Frame Relay Configurations
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5. Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
Part II. Cisco Frame Relay Solutions for Policing and Shaping
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