Index
A
Access economy, 44
Access rights, 280
Account reliability constraints, 228
Affordable electric service, 213
function of, 379
Alternative business models, 364
Annual Energy Outlook, 208
Appliance purchases, 50
Artificial intelligence (AI), 3
Asset-neutral approach, 30
Asset ownership, 30
Australia
Australian Consumer Energy Alliance, 390
Australian Consumer Law (ACL), 279
Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), 51
Australian Renewable Energy Authority (ARENA), 392
Australian State and Federal Energy Ministers, 261
Australian System of National Accounts Information Technology
net capital stock, 58
behind-the-meter storage forecasts to 2030, 266
composition of retail price, of electricity, 191
electrical loads (customers), 188
energy market, challenges, 283
essential energy services, 13
evolution of feed-in tariffs 2008–2015, 192
household expenditures, 55
national accounts, 57
net consumption, 195
price paid
for output of embedded generation, 195
by retail load, 195
retail load in, 194
tariffs for, 191
self-produce electricity, 187
status quo in, 195
tariffs for embedded generation in, 192
Authentication, 250
Auto configuration, 248
Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI), 252
Automotive battery technology, 109–110
cost of, 109
Autonomous cars, 103
companies, Tesla, 108
B
Barcelona metropolitan zone, 230
Battery-powered vehicles (BEV), 102
projected uptake of, 110
Battery storage capacity, 112
Battery storage devices, 291
Berkshire Hathaway Energy (BHE), 45
Best of 96 product, 350
flexible demand, 352
Bias investment, 236
Big Bang Disruption, 149
methodologies, 35
Billing code, 50
Bitcoin, 4
Black box, 235
Breaking up microgrid/embedded network, 194
Building design, 53
digitalized, typology of competitors in, 313
paradigm shifts, 60
transformation process, 310–313
success factors, 310–312
digitalization, customization and size, 311
entrepreneurship, 312
marketing, 311
realization and adaptation, 312
Business practices, 150
Business-to-customer (B2C), 288
potentials and major game changers, 291–301
competition, 296
energy communities, 296–301
limitations, 298
peer-to-peer business, lessons learnt, 300–301
market potential, 294–296
target groups and customer benefit, 292
Business transformation, 150
C
California
CAISO duck curve, 172
California Independent System Operator’s (CAISO) markets, 171
Californian Energy Commission, 396
California Public Utilities Code, 69
California Solar Initiative (CSI) program, 171
commercial buildings by type, 403
duck curve, 341
electricity consumption by sector, 401
energy efficiency programs, 169
energy savings potential, 403
heat maps, 178
impacts of climate change, 169
locational benefits of DER, 179
Purchased Power Agreements (PPAs), 182
regulatory approaches, 174
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), 174
DER planning and deployment, 174
potential benefits and challenges, 174
technical aspects, of identifying ideal locations for DER, 174
virtual net metering, 200
Canada
energy efficiency programs, 213
limits on volume of embedded generation, 201
Capital-intensive assets, 227
Carbon emission, 227
Carbon neutral energy, 73
Carbon pricing, 51
Car ownership rate, 112
Car sharing, 248
Clean-energy policies, 68
Cloud computing, 250
Cloud-hosted service, 324
Combined heat and power (CHP), 208
Commercial enterprise, load profile, 397
Commercial solar uptake
Australia, 395–399
California, 396–398
Commons-based smart energy system, 365
Communication networks, 252
in California, 68
comparison of cases, 78
energy services, 70–71
governance and structure, 69
grid resilience and storage, 71
Community energy system, 365
Community solar, 65
challenges, 67
development, 66
growth, 66
Companies
business models, 44
Competitive markets, 283
Concentrated solar power (CSP), 389
projected fall in cost, 403
with thermal energy storage, 404
Connected economy, 44
Consolidated Edison of New York, 74
Consumer behavior, 34
Consumer demand, for electricity, 208
Consumer empowerment, 123
Consumer price index, 125
Consumers, 367
investments, 221
protections, 279
in distributed energy marketplace, 279
for use of solar energy, 281
regulators role, 5
surplus, 59
vs. prosumers, 8
Consumption profiles, 222
Continuous load growth, 44
Controlled load circuit, 282
Cooktops, 41
Cooling, 227
Cost development of grid stabilization measures
by German transmission system operators, 338
Cross-subsidization, 234
Cryptography, 251
Cumulative corporate renewable energy purchases, 404
Customer assets
beyond meter, 54–59
Customer-centric business models, 363
Customer-centric energy system, 261
Customer energy management service, 242
Customer internal electricity infrastructure, 53
Customers bifurcation, 8–10
Customer service, 35
Customer-side value chain, 53
Customers’ individual loads, 44
Cybersecurity, 250
programs, 251
D
Data acquisition, 156
Data analytics, 154
Data processing technologies, 34
Data protection, 250
issues, 250
Day-ahead market prices, 228
Decentralized decision-making, 36
Decentralized energy resources (DER), 148
Decentralized industry, 26
Decentralized storage, 236
Deelectrification, 61
Demand- and supply-side management technologies, 368
Demand management benefit, 60
Demand response (DR), 333
Demand–response management service, 242
energy efficiency and Demand Response, 213
programs and activities, 213
Demand-side response, 237
Department of Energy, 66
DER assets, 271
Developing countries
grid infrastructure, 6
Diesel vs. electric cars, 227
Digital and customer-centric transformation, 26
Digital signatures, 250
Dispute-resolution services, 284
Distributed automation, 26
Distributed commercial/solar rise, 393–397
benefits, 365
CAISO duck curve, 172
capacity analysis, hosting, 177
challenges and opportunities of high levels of, 169
demand response programs, 169
drivers spurring, current evolution of, 170
intersection of distribution network and customers’ premises, 169
consumer pyramid, 8
critical factors, 17
economics, 17
innovation and disruptions, 17
regulations, 17
customer load and demographic data, 177
economics vs. traditional bundled service economics, 5–8
financial motives with, 183–184
forms of, 182
household prosumers and PV utility scale, 134–140
economic assessment of domestic PV installation, 137–139
utility-scale PVs, 139–140
Integration Capacity Analysis (ICA) map, 178
levels of penetration, 182
Locational Net Benefits Analysis (LNBA), 179
market drivers, 172
need for granular geographical and temporal data, 175
prosumer energy space, 168
public policy drivers, 170
sample pacific gas and electric company ICA circuit data, 179
sourcing, 180
technologies, 272
utility/grid needs drivers, 171–172
Distributed energy systems
business models for, 301–309
based on blockchain technology, 308
innovative contracting, 305–308
flat rates, 307
local green energy for tenants, 307
PV leasing and contracting, 307
storage cloud, 306
overview, 301
peer-to-peer energy delivery, 303–304
national, 303
regional, 304
future market structure for, 312
Distributed intelligence, 26
Distributed power generation, 389
Distributed self generation, 5
Distribution capacity expansion, 216
Distribution network
augmentation, 60
regulators role, 5
service provider (DNSP), 280
Distribution system operators (DSOs), 380
Distribution System Platform Providers (DSPPs), 174
Divergent customer requirements, 276
Diverting load, 194
Domestic scale batteries, 30
Dynamic Innovation Cycle, 151
Dynamic network tariffs, 9
E
Economic savings, 73
Economic theory, 227
EEG law, 289
Efficient tariffs, for generation and load in theory, 189
cost of production, of electricity, 189
delivery unit of electricity, 189
locational marginal prices, 190
lower-voltage distribution network level, 190
marginal generator/load, 189
peer-to-peer trading in electricity, 189
public policy issues, 189
time-averaged retail prices, 190
virtual net metering, 189
e-Health, 248
Electrical heating equipment, 36
Electrical resistance storage hot water systems, 41
Electrical storage, 137
Electric charging infrastructure, 14
Electric grid, 300
Electric heating load, 331
Electricity
bill, 224
customers, 58
long term interest, 58
distribution system, 208
economics, 83
generation, 391
and household appliances
relative prices, 56
markets, 333
prices, 125
production, 83
retailer, 321
sector, 41
service, 15
storage, 33
supply industry, 221
Electricity-delivery system
factors affecting growth and decline in demand for, 209
modernization of, 208
Electricity service
greater comfort and convenience, 42–46
Electricity utilities investments
business model for, 45
cross-subsidies, 59
DER additions, 54
DER benefits, effect of, 59
DER costs, effect of, 59
DER, role of, 59–61
economy, role in, 59
grid impacts, effect of, 59
hot shower and cold beer approach, 59
Lancaster characteristics theory, 59
Electric meters, 15
Electric power sector, 3
Electric power trains, 106
Electric Service Agreement, 73
benefits, 154
business model, 154
Electric vehicle–charging stations, 249
battery technology, 114–116
commercial drivers of uptake, 108
comparative cost of, 106
cost advantages, 105
fueling infrastructure, 106
global and country uptake of, 102
government and regulatory drives of uptake, 116–118
international comparison of policy support, 114
investment in, 108
issues needed to be addressed, 141
peak car and, 103
power outlets, 107
government subsidies for, 107
projections for electricity demand, 113
refueling infrastructure, 111–114
sales, 101
storage capacity of, 112
subsidization of, 116
Electrification, 104
Encryption, 250
End-customers
differences in prices for generation and load affects incentives, 195
incentive, to install embedded generation, 199
End-to-end security, 250
End-use customers, 42
Energy, 223
alternatives, 149
application, 208
conservation law, 124
distribution networks, 375
economy stakeholders, 148
ecosystem, 150
efficiency, 249
imports, 275
internet, 149
market volatility, 33
modernization process, 35
policies, 123
resilience, 65
service costs, 3
storage, 261
technologies, 221
suppliers, 367
supply agreement, 37
supply arrangements, 280
supply chain, decarbonization of, 148
systems technoeconomic changes, 366
transformation, 223
transition, 223
utilities, 363
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, 208
Energy innovation market, 160–163
marketing data, 161
rising prosumers, 160–161
Energy management, 9
technologies, 367
Energy Networks Association (ENA), 270
Energy sector transformation, 29
challenges associated, 26–29
Energy trading, 32
bilateral model, 33
e-Privacy, 250
Ergon Energy, 271
Estonia, 35
Ethernet, 248
European Commission
clean energy package, 32
European countries
feed-in-tariffs (FiTs), 6
European Federation for Renewable Energy Cooperatives (RESCOOP), 372
European Power Exchange, 348
European Union
energy market legislation, 371
greenhouse gas emissions, reduction of, 25
ongoing market design changes, 32
utility stocks performance
vs. EU stocks, 28
Exchange energy, 319
Expensive reinforcements, 235
Experimental ZNE house, 7
Export energy, 277
Exporting solar generation, 275
F
Factory line shaft power drive, 61
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 15
Feed-in management cost, 335
Flexibility providers, 379
Flexible biogas plant, 355
Fossil fuels, 41
generation, 140
Fuel-oil boilers vs. heat pumps heati, 227
Fully automated home, 50
Future energy company
characteristics, 30–37
automation tools, 35–37
big data control, 34–35
customers demands, 37
flexible demand, access to, 30
optimization, 32–33
portfolio generation, access to, 30
risk management, 32–33
storage, access to, 30
trading, 32–33
user-friendly applications, 35–37
G
Garbage collection service, 15
Generalized DiffServ architecture, 254
Generation output, from wind turbines, 326
Germany
average day-ahead prices, 343
development
of demand for flexibility, 360
of price volatility since 2012, 342
electricity future prices, development since 2012, 339
energy cooperatives, 364
energy market, 288–291
liberalization of, 288
market structure, 288
smart metering, 291
support schemes for renewable energy, 289
German grid operators, 335
German power utilities, 337
market premium model, 341
priority access to grid, 372
renewable energy law, 371
scheduled reduction of conventional generation capacity, until 2022, 334
thermal generators, 337
GHG emissions, 116
Paris agreement, 116
Government bonds, 125
Granular tariffs, 13
Great rebalancing act, 9
Green electricity, 296
Green-energy suppliers, 296
Green Mountain Power, 405
Grid
boundary, 52
defection, 5
demand, 273
depend on technology choices, customer requirements, 278
electricity value proposition, 60
elements pricing models, 61
expansion, 379
feeding net energy metering (NEM) laws, role of, 7
investment in, 51
operators, 331
parity, 83
redesign, 150
sources, 279
stability, 271
supplied
power, 394
GridCredits product, 270
Grief Cycle, 152
definition of, 197
increase in on-site generation, 198
on-site inspection, 199
policy director, of clean energy council, 198
requirement, for separate metering, 198
summary, of key policy issues, 197
Guarantee of Origin certification, 321
H
Hawaii, impacts of climate change, 169
Heating, 227
pumps, 237
Heterogeneous virtual service networks, 254
High-priced energy, 234
Home energy storage system, 273
Home Plug, 248
Hourly
changing energy prices, 238
energy price, 225
final demand, 228
payments, 224
Household
electricity asset, 54
asset imbalance, 54
energy demand, 262
Hydrogen-powered car, 116
Hydro storage, 331
I
IBIS world revenue estimates, 57
Ideal network tariff curve, 229
Import
energy, 277
power supply, 275
Incentive-compatible pricing, 255
Independent System Operators (ISOs), 174
Industrial revolution, 60
Industry maturity, 50
Industry transformations, 29
innovations and standards as drivers for microgrids, 242
Integrated community energy systems (ICESs), 363
actors, role and responsibilities of, 379
benefits
affordable energy, 370
increased awareness, 370
reduced CO2 emissions, 370
reduced energy cost, 370
reduced energy poverty, 370
(self-) governance, 370
challenges, 364
community participation, 371
complexity in decision-making, 364
revenue adequacy, 371
split-incentive problems, 364
citizens’ engagement, role of, 379
energy costs, effect on, 382
energy services, 377
grid access issues, 374
grid-defected or autarkic, 378
grid-integrated, 378
institutional design, 379–383
costs and benefit allocation, 382–383
design and coordination of local exchange, 380
future-proof, 383
ownership and (self-) governance, 380–382
role and responsibilities, 379
institutional design through technoeconomic perspective, 375–383
economic perspective, 379
business case, 379
collective financing, 379
wholesale and retail price, mismatch between, 379
technical perspective, 375–378
autarkic design, 377
energy services, 376
flexibility, 375
storage, 376
institutional precursors, 371–375
aligning institutions and technology, 374–375
grid access and local balancing, 373–374
regulation, 371–372
support incentives, 372–373
Netherlands, postcode regulation, 373
New York, community net metering, 373
ownership and governance model, 382
revenue generation, 382
service and cooperative model
functions and actors, overview of, 381
smart grids, role in, 366
social network relationship, role in, 367
storage, different functionalities of, 376
technical and social innovation, role in, 369
technical and socioeconomic integration, 369
trade-offs in autarkic design, 378
Integrated energy services model, 11
Integrated product/service combination, 11
Integration capacity analysis (ICA), 177
Integrators, 10–11
Intermediaries, 10–11
Internal combustion engine automobile (ICV), 101
Internal rate of return (IRR), 137
International climate change policy, 51
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 242
International Weather for Energy Calculations, 92
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 242
Internet of everything, 41
Internet of things-electric (IOT-E), 216
Investment planning, 25
Investments customers, 61
Investor, 46
IP-based sensor networks, 248
IP-based standards for virtual microgrids, evolution of, 247
IP-based wired home networks, 249
IPv4 protocol, 250
J
Joint consumption, 236
L
Larger energy system
energy services, 377
Last leg link, 249
estimates for selected generation technologies, 390
solar/grid cost gap, 391
Load diversity
critical advantages, 44
Load profiles, 272
Local distributed system, 363
Local energy creation, 42
Local energy initiatives, 364
Local energy projects, 365
economic growth, role in, 365
job creation, role in, 365
Local energy systems, 364–371
integrated approach, added value of, 369
integrated community energy systems (ICESs), 365–368
actors, 368
benefits, 370
challenges, 370–371
Local exchange
forms, 380
peer–peer exchange, 380
prosumer community groups, 380
transactive energy trading, 380
Local generators, 323
Locally generated energy, 364
Local sustainability, 65
Locational grid pricing, 326–329
Locational marginal prices, 190
Locational net benefits analysis (LNBA), 179
consolidated components for PG&E’s, 181
Locational pricing
case study, 328
open utility’s model, schematic outline, 328
Location-based netting, 374
Location-specific pricing, 270
Logically isolated network partitions (LINPs), 245
Long-term marginal network cost, 236
Low-carbon energy system, 365
Low-carbon generation penetration, 234
Lowell, Massachusetts community choice power plan
case study, 72–74
energy procurement, 74
goals, 73
governance and structure, 72
Low energy consumption appliances, 55
Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6 LoWWPANs), 248
Low valley network tariff, 232
Low-voltage electricity network, 244
Low-voltage microgrids, 242
Low-voltage network, 232
M
drawbacks, 228
Marin Clean Energy (MCE)
case study, 68–71
energy procurement options, 70
Deep Green program, 70
local solar option, 70
standard, 70
feed-in tariff program, 71
formation, 70
grid resilience benefits, 71
net metering program, 71
Marin Energy Authority, 69
Markets
competitive landscape, 28
mechanisms, 61
nature of risks, 32
participants, 33
price risk, 32
values, 51
Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 73
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, 72
Massachusetts Municipal Aggregation Statute, 72
Mass-market business models, 37
Mastery Cycle, 152
Meter
identifier, 50
mystery beyond, 50–59
Microenergy grid, 242
characterization of, 243–245
ICT traffic management, 254
internet protocol–based virtual microgrids, 246–247
nodes of distribution networks, 252
and relation to next generation networks, 251
outside communications, 251
and virtual networks, 245
Minimum load problem, 344
Mobile phone
industry, 14
network, 14
Mobile technologies
services, effect on, 28
Modern power-delivery infrastructure, 208
Monotonic
curves of power flowing, 231
network flow curves, 231
network tariff curve, 232
Multifaceted smart energy system, 366
Multiple generation sources, 367
N
National electricity grid, 279
National electricity law (NEL), 261
National electricity market (NEM), 262
consumer market developments in, 262–264
distributed technologies, outlook for, 264
electric vehicles, 268–269
energy storage, 265–267
Solar PV, 264
virtual power plants, 269–271
virtual power plants
National electricity rules, 281
National Energy Consumer Framework (NECF), 279
National grids, 319
National Regulatory Authority, 224
Natural gas, 150
Net electricity demand, 208
Net energy consumption, 235
Net energy metering (NEM), 216
Netherlands, energy cooperatives, 364
Net hourly energy consumption, 235
Net metering
average retail utility energy rate, 200
extended forms of, 199
failure of, 202
integration of generation and load, 199
local distribution network, 199
problems, 201
solar panels, 199
scope of, 201
Network acknowledged costs, 230
driven costs, 222
Network costs, 222
Network fee methodologies, 228
Networking physical microgrids, 244
Network investments, 222
Network layer security (IP security/IPsec), 250
map, 233
Network virtualization, 245
New energy company, 37–38
consumers’ needs, 38
conventional generation investments, 38
relationships with customers, 37
trading and risk management tools, invest in, 38
New York
community net-metering, 372
reforming the energy vision (REV), 372
regulatory approaches, 174
DER planning and deployment, 174
New York Public Service Commission (NYPSC), 174
potential benefits and challenges, 174
Reforming the Energy Vision (REV), 174
New York ISO (NYISO), 174
New York State Electric & Gas Corporation (NYSEG), 74
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), 77
incentive-compatible QoS differentiation within, 253
Next Kraftwerke
customer portfolio, 349
key facts and figures, 358
principle of demand-side management, 351
virtual power plant concept, 357
Nontree networks, 234
Nuclear generation, 41
O
Off-grid customer, 53
Ofgem E-serve, 321
Old grid model, 45
Ombudsman, 284
On-site renewable generation, 319
Open utility, 35
Output curtailment, 281
P
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), 71
Paid through capacity, 237
Paris Agreement, 150
Peak car, socioeconomic drivers of, 103
Peak demand days, 275
Peak/valley price ratio, 232
Pecan Street project, 215
Peer economy, 44
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
business models, 298
models, 319
transparency and choice, 320–325
Personal energy, 150
Phone bills, 14
Photovoltaic (PV), 123
drivers of low prices, 140
rooftop PV, 140
solar, 389
in Australia, 389
dominated power supply, future, 402–404
financing and management of corporate uptake, 399–400
price and installed capacity in the USA, 396
and storage installations, 390
in the United States, 389
technical potential, estimated suitable area and rooftop, 390
Piclo Platform, 323
business model, 325
Platform economy, 44
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), 208
Plug-in hybrids (PHEV), 106
impact on distribution networks, 106
projected uptake of, 110
Policymakers, 284
Portugal, net-metering law, 371
Power charge, 227
Power generation, tax on, 125
Power industry
aggregators, integrators, and intermediaries, role of, 10
Power sector, 221
technological innovations in, 101
Power system
different networks of, 234
economic incentives, 125
Power transmission and distribution, 124
remuneration, 125
Power utilities, 124
Precio Voluntario para el Pequeño Consumidor, See PVPC
Premium feed-in tariff, 194
Pretax investment, 125
Price parity, 5
Privatized distribution grids, 373
energy space, 168
regulators role, 20
Public Service Commission, 74
Purchasing power agreements (PPAs), 389
shaping by PV uptake, 394
PVPC (fall-back tariff), 226
PVPC market energy, 227
Q
QoS-enabled transport technologies, 252
QoS parameters, 255
Quality of Service, 253
Quasitax, 235
Quasitax-free energy
self-generation of, 235
Quintessential innovation (Q2i), 154–160
data analytics and disruption, 154–156
for electric utilities, 158–160
iterative business transformation cycle, 156–158
iterative data innovation cycle, 156
R
Radio frequency identification (RFID) networks, 246
Rate of return regulation, 211
advantages, 212
comparison with transactive energy (TE) and, 218
disadvantages, 212
fair and reasonable prices, for electricity, 211
power plants and power-delivery systems, 211
regulatory compact, 211
Real price deflation, 54
Real time–based generation, 241
Reckon LLP, 327
Reference retailers, 224
in New York (NY REV), 365
Regional power systems, 221
Regional transmission operators (RTOs), 174
adoption of DERs, 210
development and adoption of new uses, of electricity, 210
focus on consumer, 210
full-service strategy development, 210
great rebalancing, 210
innovative and dynamic rate design options, 210
role, 12–17
fundamental guiding principle, 12
Remote control, 241
via smartphone, 36
guarantee of origin, 321
policies, 250
potential for, 168
retailers, 270
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), 290
Renewable generation plants, 31
economic incentives for, 125
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), 171
Renewable power, 389
generation, 389
electricity demand from, 129
payment rates for, 124
regulatory promotion of, 124
resources, electricity produced from, 287
Reposit power, 270
Residential electricity bill breakdown, 225
Retail tariff, 53
for generation and load in practice, 191
existing retail tariffs for loads, 191
composition of retail price, of electricity, 191
fixed costs, types of, 191
presence of substantial fixed costs, 191
ubiquitous practice of time, 191
Right for customers, 282
Risk management services, 31
Rooftop PV installations, in Australia, 84
PVs, 5
systems, 275
Rural customers, 6
S
Salt River Project (SRP), 214
Scale economies, 44
benefits, 44
Scotland, dedicated intermediary organizations, 372
Security standards, 250
Self-produce electricity, 187
Self-sufficiency ratio, 138
Semiautonomous microgrids, 6
Service cost
components, 12
electric energy price, 12
energy-related services price, 12
network-related services price, 13
policy-related objectives costs of, 13
Shared cars (SV), 103
Share economy, 44
business models, 322
Smart electrical thermal storage (SETS), 36
Smart energy technology, 36
Smart grid connection, 249
Smart-grid technologies, 368
Smart inverters, Hawaii’s Grid, 170
Smart thermostats, 36
Smoke/CO detectors, 36
Solar customers, 6
Solar electricity, 391
cost watershed, 390–393
grid parity, 391
for selected countries, 392
timeline, 393
Solar energy products, 280
Solar exist fees, 9
Solar exports, 275
Solar generation, 271
Solar net metering, 66
Solar panels, investment in, 112
analytical methodology, 91–94
bill reduction, 92
and average prices, 90
daily load profile before and after, 91–93
installation, summary statistics on difference in bills, 94
payback period, summary statistics, 95
power, 207
sensitivities, 91
fixed charges into variable charges convertion, 92
increase feed-in tariff by 5 cents per kwh, 92
Solar power, 271
plants, 139
projected US solar uptake to 2020, 397
uptake in the USA and Australia, 391–393
Solar system, 273
Solar thermoelectric
rates, 125
Solar thermoelectric plants, 125
Solar vs. nonsolar customers, 8
Sophisticated decision-making, 36
Space heaters, 41
Spain
development of renewables and costs, 129–134
electricity system
regulated costs of, 132
renewable energy produced, 135
photovoltaic power development, 133
regulation/legislation on renewables, 124–126
RD 13/2012, 125
RD 647/2011, 126
RDL 24/2013, 126
National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 127
Plan Energético Nacional (PEN) 1991–2000, 127
Renewable Energy Plan 1986–1988, 127
Renewable Energy Promotion Plan 2000–2010, 127
renewable energy sources in, 127
development of accumulated, 131
Spain
case study, 230–233
government, 224
network costs, 235
PV developments, 235
regulations, 223
residential electricity bills, 223
Spinning reserve, 270
State budget, 227
State territorial policy, 227
Status quo, 195
in Australia, 195
material public policy issues, 195
Stock market, 108
Storage, 236
Stored electricity, 188
Store energy, 236
Subscription product, 277
Sun’s power, harnessing, 167
Supercapacitors, 115
Supergrid, 4
Surcharge, 289
Sustainable Westchester, 77
Switch-rated power, 222
System-size restrictions, 281
T
generation pricing, role of, 51
Tariff for generation, 192
differences in price paid for, 192
price paid, for output of embedded generation, 194
Tariff for load, 192
differences in price paid for, 192
Tariff network, 234
Tariffs on incentives
impact of differences in
differences in price paid for, 193
TCP/IP protocol, 252
Technology
advancements, 221
change, 65
connections, 280
development, 123
innovation, 207
neutral framework for grid connections, 282
Telecommunications, 254
Standardization Sector of ITU (ITU-T), 242
assets, 26
projected load factors for, 27
Thermal power
plants, 335
stations, 319
Third energy package, 371
Top-down grid management, 149
Total cost of ownership (TCO), 141
Total energy flow, 230
Total low-voltage demand, 232
Total tariff cost stack value, 52
Trading hedges, risk mitigation, 33
Trading instruments, 33
Traditional centralized utility network model
advantages, 43
Traditional consumers, 235
Traditional electricity grid value chain, 52
Traditional grid, 4
Traditional merit order, in electricity market, 332
comparison of Rate of Return Regulation and, 218
distribution system operators (DSOs), 216
regulatory model, 207
Transmission network, 229
Transmission system operators (TSOs), 338
Transportation, 227
TSO forecasts, 233
Two-way flow of electricity, 208
U
United Kingdom
dedicated intermediary organizations, 372
United States
energy efficiency programs, 213
limits on volume of embedded generation, 201
net metering, 200
residential customers by numbers, 16
solar market, 214
US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 213
Universal Smart Energy Framework (USEF), 376
User-friendly apps
with energy applications, 37
Utility business models, 9
future of, 14
Utility public relations, 42
Utility-scale generation, 10
Utility sector applications, 34
Utility value chain, 10
V
Value chain, 46–50
institutional and financial elements, 43
Value of customer reliability (VCR), 57
Variable renewable generation
breakdown in German electricity generation mix, 336
demand future, 354–361
flexibility in context, 335–344
Victoria
consumption, export, and load profile data pre- and post-PV installation, 94
count of retail offers, by distribution zone, 86
electricity market
residential rooftop PV market, 98
electricity tariffs, 85
annual charges and fixed charges, 87
summary statistics, October 2016, 88
reduction in annual bill vs. average price, 93
residential electricity bill components, 88
residential rooftop PV market
annual bill, 93
investment, 95–97
Victorian Essential Services Commission, 84
Virtualization, 254
and next generation networks, 252
Virtual net metering, 188
Virtual networks, 254
and role of aggregators, 344–354
Virtual resource management, 253
Virtual solar/renewable customers, 10
W
Westchester, New York
case study, 74–78
governance and structure, 75
Westchester Power program, 74
energy procurement, 75
services/community solar/demand response/microgrids, 76
governance and structure, 75
structure, 75
Wholesale markets, 26
energy prices, 229
Wholesale+network+retail tariff cost stack, 51
WiFi, 248
Wireless networks, 249
Z
Zero electric bills, 6
Zero net energy (ZNE), 391
ZigBee IP, 248
Smart Energy Protocol V2.0, 248
standard version IEEE 2030.5, 248
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