This index section contains the page numbers on important models, concepts and applications, all of which are used in this book. The two terms (i.e., DEA and DEA environmental assessment) are discussed in chapters of Section I and those of Section II, respectively. Therefore, this section does not list their indexes. The other important terms are listed in this section. The pages listed in this index describe their locations in this book.

• Achievement assessment capability
• Acquisition, finding and development (AFD)
• Adaptive strategy
• Additive model (AM)
• Aggregation index (AI)
• Allen–Uzawa elasticity
• Allocative and scale efficiency (AEc)
• Allocative efficiency (AEv)
• Alternate optima
• Altman’s Z (AZ)
• American Accounting Association (AAA)
• Asia‐Pacific region
• Assurance region (AR)
• Atmospheric pollution
• Augmented form
• Averch–Johnson effect

• Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE)
• Base‐load power plant
• Bernoulli
• Best available control technology (BACT)
• Bidding price
• Bilateral contract
• Binary variable
• Biodiversity
• Biomass
• Bituminous coal (BIT)
• Black coal
• Block size
• British Petroleum (BP)
• Business complexity

• California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
• California Global Warming Solutions Act
• California ISO
• California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC)
• California’s Air Resources Board (CARB)
• Capacity factor
• Capacity limit
• Capitalism
• Capital accumulation
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• Carbon disclosure project (CDP)
• Central planning bureau (CPB)
• Central processing unit (CPU)
• Central limit theorem
• Chemical firms
• China
• City of London Act
• Classification and overlap identification (COI)
• Classification capability
• Classification rate
• Clean Air Act (CAA)
• Clean coal technology
• Clean Water Act (CWA)
• Client‐server computing paradigm
• Client‐server environment
• Coal‐fired power generation
• Coal‐fired power plant
• Combined heat and power (CHP)
• Common multipliers (weights)
• Complementary slackness conditions (CSCs)
  • strong complementary slackness conditions (SCSCs)
• Communist Party of China (CPC)
• Computational tractability
• Cone ratio (CR)
• Conference of the Parties (COP)
• Congestion
  • input‐oriented congestion (IC)
  • no congestion
  • output‐oriented congestion (OC)
  • weak congestion
  • strong congestion
• Consensus building capability
• Constant damages to return (CDTR)
• Constant returns to damage (CRTD)
• Constant returns to scale (CRTS)
• Consensus building
• Convex hull
• Corporate strategy
• Corporate sustainability
• Cost analysis
• Cost and scale efficiency (CEc)
• Cost efficiency (CEv)
• Cost minimization
• Cost‐based measurement
• Cost‐based scale efficiency (CSE)
• Cost‐based scale elasticity
• Council on environmental quality (CEQ)
• Crisis sensing capability
• Cross reference approach
• Cross state air pollution rule (CSAPR)
• Cross‐sectional
• Crude oil

• Damages to return (DTR)
  • constant DTR (CDTR)
  • decreasing DTR (DDTR)
  • increasing DTR (IDTR)
  • negative DTR
  • positive DTR
  • zero DTR
• Damages to scale (DTS)
  • constant DTS (CDTS)
  • decreasing DTS
  • increasing DTS
  • variable DTS
• Data adjustment
• Data envelopment analysis–discriminant analysis (DEA‐DA)
• Data independency
• Day ahead market (DAM)
• DEA‐based frontier analysis
• Debreu–Farrell criterion
• Debreu–Farrell (radial) measure
• Degree of damages to return (DgDTR)
• Degree of returns to damage (DgRTD)
• Dependent variable
• Deregulation
• Desirable congestion (DC)
• Desirable congestion under managerial disposability
  • no DC
  • strong DC
  • weak DC
• Desirable property
• Desulfurization
• Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)
• Di‐methyl ether (DME)
• Directional vector
• Directorate general (DG)
• Directorate general for the environment
• Disaggregation
• Discriminant analysis (DA)
  • discriminant function
  • discriminant hyperplane
  • discriminant score
• Disposability unification
• Dissemination capability
• Downstream
• DTS‐based strategy
• Dual relationship

• E‐candidates
• Endangered species act
• Economic growth
• Economic recession
• Ecological modernization
• Eco‐technology
• Eco‐technology innovation
• Efficiency frontier
• Efficiency growth (EG)
  • efficiency growth under managerial disposability (EGM)
  • efficiency growth under natural disposability (EGN)
  • efficiency growth index (EGI)
• Efficiency measure
• Efficiency requirement
• Efficiency score
• Elasticity of substitution (ES)
• Electricity
• Electric generating units (EGUs)
• Endangered species act (ESA)
• Energy economics
• Energy efficiency
• Energy information administration (EIA)
• Energy mix
• Enhanced Russell graph measure (ERGM)
• Environmental action programs (EAPs)
• Environmental assessment
• Environmental efficiency
• Environmental impact statement (EIS)
• Environmental performance
• Environmental pollution
• Environmental protection
• Environmental protection law
• Environmental protection agency (EPA)
• Environmental technology
• Equilibrium point (EP)
• European Commission
• European Community (EC)
• European Parliament and the Council
• European Union (EU)
  • eastern EU (EEU)
  • western EU (WEU)
• Explorative analysis

• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
• Feed‐in tariff (FIT)
• Felt crisis
• Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA)
• Fossil fuels
• Fractional programming
• Frontier
  • frontier analysis
  • frontier crossover
  • frontier shift
  • frontier shift measurability
• Fuel mix
• Fuel mix strategy
• Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

• Gas
• Gas‐fired power generation
• Gas to liquids (GTL)
• Generation capacity
• Geothermal
• Gigawatt (GW)
• Gigawatt hour (GWh)
• Gigawatt‐electrical (GWe)
• Global warming and climate change
• Goal programming (GP)
• Green management
• Greenhouse gas (GHG)
• Greenhouse gas tailoring rule (GGTR)
• Gradual improvement
• Gross domestic product (GDP)
• Gross regional product (GRP)
• Group classification

• Handling overlap (HO)
• Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
• Hazardous air toxics
• Hierarchical decomposition (HD)
• Hit rates
  • apparent
  • leave one out (LOO)
• Homogeneity
• Hybrid model
• Hydro power

• Imprecise number
• Independent system operator (ISO)
• Independent variable
• Industrial planning
• Industrial pollution
• Industrial revolution
• Industrial sectors
• Infeasible
• Infeasible solution
• Information utilization
• Input‐based slack
• Input‐oriented model
• Input‐oriented congestion (IC)
• Institutional externality
• Intensity variable
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• International Energy Agency (IEA)
• International oil companies (IOCs)
• International petroleum firm
• Inter‐temporal unified efficiency
  • inter‐temporal unified efficiency under managerial disposability (IUEM)
  • inter‐temporal unified efficiency under natural disposability (IUEN)
  • inter‐temporal unified Index
  • inter‐temporal unified index under managerial disposability (IUIM)
  • inter‐temporal unified index under natural disposability (IUIN)
• Investment
• Investment rule

• Japan crude cocktail (JCC)

• Kilowatt (KW)
• Kilowatt hour (KWh)
• Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test
• Kruskal–Wallis statistic

• L1 norm distance
• L2 norm distance
• Least absolute value (LAV)
• Liberalization
  • market liberalization
• Line limit
• Linear homogeneity
• Linear programming
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
• Logit

• Magnitude control factor (MCF)
• Malmquist index
• Malmquist index under managerial disposability (IM)
• Malmquist index under natural disposability (IN)
• Managerial disposability
• Mann–Whitney rank sum test
• Mann–Whitney statistic
• Marginal cost
• Marginal rate of transformation (MRT)
• Market clearing mechanism
• Market clearing price (MCP)
• Market liberalization
• Maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
• Maximum likelihood
• Mean test
• Measurement capability
• Megawatt (MW)
• Mercury and air toxics standards rule (MATS)
• million British thermal units (mmBtu)
• Milli‐second (MS)
• Minimum face
• Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP)
• Mixed integer programming (MIP)
  • two‐stage MIP approach
  • standard MIP approach
• Morishima elasticity
• Most productive scale size (MPSS)
• Multi‐objective optimization
• Multiple criteria
• Multiple projections
• Multiple reference sets
• Multiplicative model
• Multiplier
• Multiplier restriction
• Multi‐stage parallel process
• Municipalities

• Nameplate capacity
• National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
• National Environmental Protection Conference of China
• National oil companies (NOCs)
• National petroleum firm
• Natural disposability
• Natural gas
• Net income
• Network computing
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
• No congestion
• No damages to return (No DTR)
• No DC
• Non‐Archimedean small number
• Non‐dominated
• Non‐equality
• Non‐fossil fuel
• Non‐government organizations (NGOs)
• Non‐linear condition
• Non‐linear programming
• Non‐radial (NR)
• Non‐radial measurement
• Non‐radial model
• Normal distribution
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
• Nuclear
• Nuclear power generation
• Null hypothesis
• Null‐joint relationship

• Objective function
• Oil
• Oil company
  • International oil companies (IOCs)
  • National oil companies (NOCs)
• Oil‐fired power generation
• Operating and maintenance (O&M)
• Operational and scale efficiency (OEc)
• Operational efficiency (OE)
• Operational performance
• Operations research and management science (OR&MS)
• Operations research society of America (ORSA)
• Opportunity cost
• Optimality
• Ordinary least squares (OLS)
• Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD)
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Outlier
• Output‐based slack
• Output‐oriented
• Output‐oriented congestion (OC)
• Overlap
  • handling overlap
  • overlap identification

• Parallel computing
• Pareto optimality
• Pareto–Koopmans criterion
  • Pareto–Koopmans measure
• Particulate matter (PM)
• Performance assessment capability
• Period block (PB)
• Personal computer (PC)
• Petroleum
  • petroleum company
  • petroleum industry
• Pharmaceutical firms
• Photovoltaic (PV)
• Photovoltaic power systems (PVPS)
• PJM Interconnection
• Polluter pays (principle)
• Pollution
• Pollution possibility set (PoPS)
• Pollution prevention
• Pooled data
• Porter hypothesis
• Power purchase agreement
• Power trading
• Primal formulation
• Primal model
• Primal/dual combined model
• Primary energy
• Primary industry
• Prior information
• Private ownership
• Privatization
• Probit
• Production and pollution possibility set (Pr&PoPS)
• Production factor determination capability
• Production possibility set (PrPS)
• Production technology
• Production‐based measurement
• Production‐based scale efficiency (PSE)
• Productivity
• Projection point
• Projection set
• Property of translation invariance
• Provinces
• Public ownership
• Public utility commission

• Radial
• Radial measurement
• Radial model (RM)
  • hybrid radial model
  • radial model under constant RTS [RM(c)]
  • radial model under variable RTS [RM(v)]
• Range‐adjusted measure (RAM)
• Rank sum test
• Rate of return
• Rate of substitution (RSU)
• Ratio form
• Ratio variables
• Ratio‐based measurement
• Real time (RT)
• Reciprocating internal combustion engines and national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (RICE NESHAP)
• Reference set (RS)
• Regional greenhouse gas initiative (RGGI)
• Regional imbalance
• Regional transmission organization (RTO)
• Regression
  • L1 regression
  • L2 regression
• Regulation
• Regulation standards
• Renewable energy
• Research and development (R&D)
• Reserve‐production (RP)
• Resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA)
• Resource dependency
• Resource‐based view
• Return on assets (ROA)
• Return on equity (ROE)
• Returns to damage (RTD)
  • constant RTD (CRTD)
  • decreasing RTD (DRTD)
  • increasing RTD (IRTD)
  • negative RTD
  • no RTD
  • positive RTD
• Returns to scale (RTS)
  • constant RTS (CRTS)
  • decreasing RTS (DRTS)
  • increasing RTS (IRTS)
  • no RTS
  • RTS‐based strategy
  • variable RTS
• Russell measure

• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
• Sample
  • validation sample
  • training sample
• Scale damages (SD)
• Scale economies (SEC)
• Scale efficiency (SE)
  • scale efficiency under managerial disposability (SEM)
  • scale efficiency under natural disposability (SEN)
  • scale efficiency under natural and managerial disposability (SENM)
  • scale efficiency under desirable congestion [SENM(DC)]
• Scale elasticity
• Scale‐related measure
• Science citation index (SCI)
• Secondary energy
• Secondary industry
• Second‐order cone programming (SOCP)
• Sensing capability
• Server
• Simplex tableau
• Simulation
• Single European Act (SEA)
• Shale oil and gas
• Slack
• Slack variable
• Slack‐adjusted radial measure (SARM)
• Slack‐based efficiency measurement
• Slack‐based measure (SBM)
• Sulfurous acid gas
• Sulfur oxide (SO)
• Social capability
• Social instability
• Social intelligence
• Social network
• Social responsibility
• Social science citation index (SSCI)
• Social sustainability
• Social welfare
• Socio‐economic system
• Solar
  • solar photovoltaic power generation
• Stakeholder
• Standard and Poors
• Standard model
• Star configuration
• State environmental protection administration (SEPA)
• Step function
• Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA)
• Strategic adaptation
• Strategy making capability
• Strict monotonicity
• Strong congestion
• Strong disposability
• Strong undesirable congestion
• Subbituminous coal (SUB)
• Sulfurous acid gas
• Sulfur hexafluoride
• Super ministry reform (SMR)
• Supply chain
• Supporting hyperplane
• Sustainability
  • sustainability development

• Technology development
• Technology innovation
• Technology progress
• Terawatt hour (TWh)
• Tertiary industry
• The institute of management science (TIMS)
• Time horizon
• Time‐series data
• Tobin’s q ratio
• Total factor productivity (TFP)
• Township and village enterprises (TVEs)
• Toxic mercury
• Toxic substance control act (TSCA)
• Training sample
• Treaty of Lisbon
• Treaty of Maastricht
• Translation invariance
• Translog
• Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)
• Transmission network
• Treatment for dominance

• Unbounded solution
• Undesirable congestion (UC)
  • no UC
  • strong UC
  • undesirable congestion under natural disposability
  • weak UC
• Undesirable output
• Unified efficiency (UE)
  • inter‐temporal unified efficiency under natural disposability (IUEN)
  • inter‐temporal unified efficiency under managerial disposability (IUEM)
• Unified efficiency under managerial disposability (UEM)
• Unified efficiency under natural disposability (UEN)
• Unified efficiency under natural and managerial disposability (UENM)
• Unified efficiency under desirable congestion (UENM (DC))
• Unified index
  • inter‐temporal unified index
• Unified performance
• Unique projection
• Unit invariance
• United Kingdom (UK)
• United Nations (UN)
• United States (US)
• Unrestricted (URS)
• Upper bound
• Upstream

• Validation sample
• Variable returns to scale (VRTS)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

• Weak congestion
• Weak disposability
• Wholesale power market
• Wind
• Wind power generation
• Window (W)
• Window analysis

• X‐inefficiency

• Zone
  • inter‐zonal link
  • intra‐zonal link